近年來，新興污染物一直是被持續關注的議題，並且被視為對人類的內分泌系統以及環境生態是具有高危害風險的環境污染物。布洛芬（IBF）是一類非類固醇類抗炎藥物（NSAIDs），被歸類為藥物和個人護理產品類（PPCPs），目前被廣泛的使用在治療疼痛、消炎、發燒等症狀，由於布洛芬很難被自然降解以及其無法在傳統的水處理程序中有效地被去除，因此在出流水，地下水和地表水中都可以發現布洛芬的存在，而布洛芬也被證實在低濃度下便會干擾人類的內分泌系統以及對生物具有毒性。目前主要用於處理新興污染物的技術包括活性碳吸附、薄膜處理、生物處理以及高級氧化處理。然而，活性碳吸附、薄膜處理和生物處理皆需要花費較長的處理時間以及較昂貴的成本。因此，利用光觸媒降解新興污染物是一具潛力且對環境友善的技術。
本研究所開發之可見光驅動的g-C3N4 / Bi2WO6 / rGO複合材料通過簡便、快速和低溫微波輔助的方法成功製備，並在可見光（λ > 420 nm）下降解布洛芬。g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/rGO複合材料之表面特性以XRD、FT-IR、TEM、SEM、UV-vis、PL及XPS進行分析。
從UV-vis分析結果中，0.25 g-C3N4 / Bi2WO6 / 3％ rGO複合材料之有較理想的能隙值，其值為2.55 eV。在光降解實驗中，發現以微波合成60分鐘之0.25g-C3N4 / Bi2WO6 / 3％ rGO光催化劑具有最佳的可見光活性，其在240分鐘內達到約93％的布洛芬去除效率。此外，在本研究中亦有探討不同的操作條件(包括觸媒濃度、汙染物濃度、pH質及不同水體)對光催化效率之影響，並進一步研究布洛芬光降解產生之中間產物與反應機構，最後以酵母菌生物試驗法評估布洛芬及其中間產物對人體健康的影響，其結果可以得知布洛芬經過光催化降解後轉化成對於人體內分泌系統結抗活性較低的物質。

In recent years, emerging contaminants have received concerns about the potential for significant environmental impact from water pollution. It has been recognized the environmental contaminants have the risk to human endocrine systems and wildlife. Ibuprofen (IBF) is classified as one of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). IBF is used for treatment of pain and fever widely. However, it is difficult to remove completely with natural degradation and conventional water treatment processes, thus it can be found in the effluent water, groundwater and surface water. IBF also has been proven that it has harmful effects on human and ecosystem even in low concentrations. In order to remove emerging contaminants from water, there are three major methods: phase-changing technologies (e.g. activated carbon, membrane technology), biological processes and advanced oxidation processes. However, phase-changing technologies and biological processes need longer treatment time and higher cost. Therefore, photocatalysis may be an ideal and eco-friendly strategy for the removal of emerging contaminants.
In this study, the visible-light-driven Z-scheme g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/rGO composites were successfully prepared via a facile, rapid and low temperature microwave-assisted method. The prepared g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/ rGO photocatalysts are tested under the visible light (λ>420 nm) irradiation. The physical properties and morphologies of the photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM, SEM, PL, FT-IR, UV-Visible spectroscopy and so on.
From the UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum, the band gaps of the g-C3N4 /Bi2WO6/3% rGO composites is 2.55 eV, which have the stronger visible light absorption to improve the photoexcitation efficiency. In the photodegradation experiments, it is found that the 0.25g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/3% rGO which was microwave treated for 60 min possesses the superior visible-light activity (IBF removal efficiency=ca. 93%) within 240 min. Moreover, the effects of different operating conditions such as catalyst concentration, IBF concentration, pH and water matrix on photocatalyst efficiency are also discussed. IBF photodegradation intermediates and corresponding reaction mechanism are further investigated by using LC-MS/MS. The effects of ibuprofen and the intermediate products on the human health are also evaluated by the bioassay antagonist activity experiments, the result shows that the intermediate products of photodegraded IBF have the lower effect on inhibiting human endocrine systems than the pristine IBF.

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