台灣於2023年正式將2050淨零排放目標正式納入《氣候變遷因應法》，隨著目標年逐漸接近，政府、企業及社會大眾對於其議題關注程度持續提升。因應碳費及碳關稅機制，產業不僅需重視自身產業的碳排放量下降，亦須對供應鏈上、下游進行碳盤查及管理，且具研究顯示，約77%碳排放來自產業供應鏈上、下游碳排，自身產業碳排放只佔了23%。水泥產業無論是在全球還是台灣，皆為高碳排產業，水泥產業在製程過程中，原料石灰石會煅燒分解釋放大量二氧化碳，為難以避免的排放來源，此部分碳排放佔了水泥產業總碳排放量的50%。因此對於水泥產業而言，除了降低自身產業的直接碳排放外，也應該將產業上、下游供應鏈納入考量，降低衍生的間接碳排，從供應鏈角度進行碳管理，以全面評估並降低整體生命週期之碳排放，推動水泥業達成深度減碳。
本研究透過投入產出分析結合廢棄物流資訊創建台灣2021年廢棄物投入產出模型，透過投入產出分析可以追溯其產業上游影響，而廢棄物投入產出進一步將廢棄階段納入供應鏈中考量。將其模型加入溫室氣體排放資料，即可以得知供應鏈連帶關係影響下的溫室氣體排放結果。資源循環為水泥產業重要的減碳策略，許多關鍵減碳方法與廢棄物再利用及資源替代相關。故本研究以水泥業資源循環策略設計情境模擬:(1)AFs情境，減少廢棄物焚化處理，將其廢棄物作為水泥業替代燃料使用；(2)RCMs情境:透過回收營建廢棄物中的廢混凝土作為水泥產業的替代原料使用；(3)IBMs情境:水泥廠收受來自其他產業的廢棄物，作為替代原料使用；(4)BLE情境:透過延長建築壽命，影響對水泥的需求，為評估不同資源循環策略的環境效益，以上述四個情境作為本研究的情境分析，以評估情境下的減碳潛力。
根據研究結果顯示，資源循環減碳策略對於水泥業具有減少溫室氣體排放潛力，不僅能夠更有效率的處理其廢棄物，也使水泥業降低生產過程中的碳排放，進一步降低水泥生產的單位碳排放，其中以BLE情境的延長房屋壽命至75年，減少碳排放效果最為顯著，減少13,578,023公噸二氧化碳當量。本研究所建構之模型可作為未來評估不同產業資源循環策略及其溫室氣體排放影響的分析工具；研究結果則可作為水泥產業及政府規劃資源循環措施與減碳策略參考依據，並協助產業淨零轉型與資源循環發展。

The cement industry is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions and has become a key sector in global net-zero transition efforts. Owing to the high-temperature characteristics of cement kilns, the industry possesses significant potential for implementing resource circularity strategies, such as the use of alternative fuels and alternative raw materials. Numerous organizations and studies have indicated that resource circularity measures can effectively reduce carbon emissions in the cement industry. In addition, under the growing influence of global supply chain management and carbon border adjustment policies, industries are increasingly required to assess carbon emissions throughout their upstream supply chains. Although many previous studies have employed input–output analysis to evaluate carbon emissions associated with the cement industry, most have not incorporated waste generation, treatment, and recycling stages into their assessments. Therefore, this study develops an Environmentally Extended Waste Input–Output model to capture the interrelationships between supply chains and waste flows. By integrating greenhouse gas emission information into the model, the carbon reduction potential of resource circularity strategies in the cement industry can be evaluated. The results indicate that resource circularity strategies have considerable potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the cement industry. These strategies not only improve waste management efficiency but also reduce carbon emissions during cement production, thereby lowering the carbon intensity of cement products. Among the scenarios analyzed, the Building Lifetime Extension (BLE) scenario, which extends the average building lifetime to 75 years, achieved the greatest carbon reduction effect, reducing emissions by 13,578,023 t-CO₂-eq. The model developed in this study can serve as an analytical tool for evaluating resource circularity strategies and their greenhouse gas implications across different industries. The findings may also provide valuable references for the cement industry and government agencies in formulating resource circularity measures and decarbonization strategies, thereby supporting industrial net-zero transitions and advancing resource circularity.

Aguilar-Hernandez, G. A., Sigüenza-Sanchez, C. P., Donati, F., Rodrigues, J. F. D., & Tukker, A. (2018). Assessing circularity interventions: a review of EEIOA-based studies. Journal of Economic Structures, 7(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-018-0113-3
Ahmad, J., Kontoleon, K. J., Majdi, A., Naqash, M. T., Deifalla, A. F., Ben Kahla, N., Isleem, H. F., & Qaidi, S. M. A. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production. Sustainability, 14(14), 8783.
Aktas, C. B., & Bilec, M. M. (2012). Impact of lifetime on US residential building LCA results. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(3), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0363-x
Andersen, R., & Negendahl, K. (2023). Lifespan prediction of existing building typologies. Journal of Building Engineering, 65, 105696. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105696
Barbhuiya, S., Kanavaris, F., Das, B. B., & Idrees, M. (2024). Decarbonising cement and concrete production: Strategies, challenges and pathways for sustainable development. Journal of Building Engineering, 86, 108861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108861
Beylot, A., Boitier, B., Lancesseur, N., & Villeneuve, J. (2016). A consumption approach to wastes from economic activities. Waste Management, 49, 505-515. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.023
Bicknell, K. B., Ball, R. J., Cullen, R., & Bigsby, H. R. (1998). New methodology for the ecological footprint with an application to the New Zealand economy. Ecological Economics, 27(2), 149-160.
Cantini, A., Leoni, L., De Carlo, F., Salvio, M., Martini, C., & Martini, F. (2021). Technological Energy Efficiency Improvements in Cement Industries. Sustainability, 13(7), 3810.
Chen, C.-F., Wu, C.-T., & Lin, J.-Y. (2025). Challenges and Opportunities of Aging Houses and Construction and Demolition Waste in Taiwan. Buildings, 15(4), 595.
Chinyama, M. (2011). Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing. In M. Manzanera (Ed.), Alternative Fuel. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/22319
Del Vecchio, C., Ludovico, M. D., & Prota, A. (2020). Repair costs of reinforced concrete building components: from actual data analysis to calibrated consequence functions. Earthquake spectra, 36(1), 353-377.
Díaz-Piloneta, M., Terrados-Cristos, M., Álvarez-Cabal, J. V., & Vergara-González, E. (2021). Comprehensive Analysis of Steel Slag as Aggregate for Road Construction: Experimental Testing and Environmental Impact Assessment. Materials, 14(13), 3587.
Duchin, F. (1990). The conversion of biological materials and wastes to useful products. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 1(2), 243-261.
Environmental Ministry, T. (2023). National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report.
Erik Bradley, P., & Kohler, N. (2007). Methodology for the survival analysis of urban building stocks. Building research & information, 35(5), 529-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210701266939
Fořt, J., & Černý, R. (2018). Carbon footprint analysis of calcined gypsum production in the Czech Republic. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177, 795-802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.002
Gagg, C. R. (2014). Cement and concrete as an engineering material: An historic appraisal and case study analysis. Engineering Failure Analysis, 40, 114-140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.004
Gillett, N. P., Kirchmeier-Young, M., Ribes, A., Shiogama, H., Hegerl, G. C., Knutti, R., Gastineau, G., John, J. G., Li, L., Nazarenko, L., Rosenbloom, N., Seland, Ø., Wu, T., Yukimoto, S., & Ziehn, T. (2021). Constraining human contributions to observed warming since the pre-industrial period. Nature Climate Change, 11(3), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9
Guo, J., Li, R., Zhang, R., Qi, J., Li, N., Xu, C., Chiu, A. S. F., Wang, Y., Tanikawa, H., & Xu, M. (2025). Shedding light on the shadows: Transparency challenge in background life cycle inventory data. Journal of industrial ecology, 29(3), 766-776. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.70010
Guo, Y., Luo, L., Liu, T., Hao, L., Li, Y., Liu, P., & Zhu, T. (2024). A review of low-carbon technologies and projects for the global cement industry. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 136, 682-697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.021
Hashem, F. S., Razek, T. A., & Mashout, H. A. (2019). Rubber and plastic wastes as alternative refused fuel in cement industry. Construction and Building Materials, 212, 275-282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.316
Hills, T., Leeson, D., Florin, N., & Fennell, P. (2016). Carbon Capture in the Cement Industry: Technologies, Progress, and Retrofitting. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(1), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03508
Horkoss, S. (2008). Reducing the SO2 emission from a cement kiln. Int. J. Nat. Soc. Sci, 1, 7-15.
Hsiao, T. Y., Huang, Y. T., Yu, Y. H., & Wernick, I. K. (2002). Modeling materials flow of waste concrete from construction and demolition wastes in Taiwan. Resources Policy, 28(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4207(03)00004-7
Huang, Y. A., Weber, C. L., & Matthews, H. S. (2009). Categorization of Scope 3 Emissions for Streamlined Enterprise Carbon Footprinting. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(22), 8509-8515. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901643a
Huuhka, S., & Lahdensivu, J. (2016). Statistical and geographical study on demolished buildings. Building research & information, 44(1), 73-96.
IEA, W. (2009). Cement Technology Roadmap 2009–Carbon emissions reductions up to 2050. Paris, France, 1-2.
Jakobs, A., Schulte, S., & Pauliuk, S. (2024). Where is my footprint located? Estimating the geographical variance of hybrid LCA footprints. Journal of industrial ecology, 28(5), 1073-1088.
Kermeli, K., Edelenbosch, O. Y., Crijns-Graus, W., van Ruijven, B. J., Mima, S., van Vuuren, D. P., & Worrell, E. (2019). The scope for better industry representation in long-term energy models: Modeling the cement industry. Applied energy, 240, 964-985. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.252
Khongprom, P., Champanoi, S., & Suwanmanee, U. (2020). An Input-Output Approach for Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Cement Production. CET Journal-Chemical Engineering Transactions, 81.
Kittipongvises, S. (2017). Assessment of environmental impacts of limestone quarrying operations in Thailand. Rigas Tehniskas Universitates Zinatniskie Raksti, 20(1), 67-83.
Kitzes, J. (2013a). An Introduction to Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis. Resources, 2(4), 489-503.
Kitzes, J. (2013b). An Introduction to Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis. Resources, 2(4), 489-503. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/2/4/489
Leontief, W. (1970). [Environmental Repercussions and the Economic Structure: An Input-Output Approach]. The Review of Economics and Statistics(3), 262-271. https://doi.org/None
Leontief, W. (2018). Environmental repercussions and the economic structure: an input-output approach. In Green accounting (pp. 385-394). Routledge.
Luo, J., Huang, R., Wang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Carbon Sequestration by Preparing Recycled Cement, Recycled Aggregates, and Recycled Concrete from Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes. Materials, 17(20), 5020.
Ma, M., Huang, Z., Wang, J., Niu, L., Zhang, W., Xu, X., Xi, F., & Liu, Z. (2024). Carbon uptake by cement in China: Estimation and contribution to carbon neutrality goals. Science China Earth Sciences, 67(6), 2056-2067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1276-6
Meinrenken, C. J., Chen, D., Esparza, R. A., Iyer, V., Paridis, S. P., Prasad, A., & Whillas, E. (2020). Carbon emissions embodied in product value chains and the role of Life Cycle Assessment in curbing them. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 6184. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62030-x
Mishra, S., & Siddiqui, N. A. (2014). A review on environmental and health impacts of cement manufacturing emissions. International Journal of Geology, agriculture and environmental sciences, 2(3), 26-31.
Mishra, U. C., Sarsaiya, S., & Gupta, A. (2022). A systematic review on the impact of cement industries on the natural environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(13), 18440-18451.
Mokhtar, A., & Nasooti, M. (2020). A decision support tool for cement industry to select energy efficiency measures. Energy Strategy Reviews, 28, 100458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100458
Mokrzycki, E., Uliasz-Bocheńczyk, A., & Sarna, M. (2003). Use of alternative fuels in the Polish cement industry. Applied energy, 74(1), 101-111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-2619(02)00136-8
Morales, M. F., Passuello, A., Kirchheim, A. P., & Ries, R. J. (2021). Monte Carlo parameters in modeling service life: Influence on life-cycle assessment. Journal of Building Engineering, 44, 103232.
Nakajima, K., Nansai, K., Matsubae, K., Kondo, Y., Kagawa, S., Inaba, R., Nakamura, S., & Nagasaka, T. (2011). Identifying the substance flow of metals embedded in Japanese international trade by use of waste input-output material flow analysis (WIO-MFA) model. isij international, 51(11), 1934-1939.
Nakamura, S., & Kondo, Y. (2002a). Input-Output Analysis of Waste Management. Journal of industrial ecology, 6(1), 39-63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971632
Nakamura, S., & Kondo, Y. (2002b). Input‐output analysis of waste management. Journal of industrial ecology, 6(1), 39-63.
Nakamura, S., & Kondo, Y. (2002c). Recycling, landfill consumption, and CO2 emission: analysis by waste input–output model. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 4(1), 2-11.
Nakamura, S., & Kondo, Y. (2018). Toward an integrated model of the circular economy: Dynamic waste input–output. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 139, 326-332.
Nässén, J., Holmberg, J., Wadeskog, A., & Nyman, M. (2007). Direct and indirect energy use and carbon emissions in the production phase of buildings: An input–output analysis. Energy, 32(9), 1593-1602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.01.002
Olsson, J. A., Miller, S. A., & Kneifel, J. D. (2024). A review of current practice for life cycle assessment of cement and concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 206, 107619. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107619
Pavlík, Z., Fořt, J., Záleská, M., Pavlíková, M., Trník, A., Medved, I., Keppert, M., Koutsoukos, P. G., & Černý, R. (2016). Energy-efficient thermal treatment of sewage sludge for its application in blended cements. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 409-419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.072
Peters, G. P., & Hertwich, E. G. (2008). CO2 Embodied in International Trade with Implications for Global Climate Policy. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(5), 1401-1407. https://doi.org/10.1021/es072023k
Phair, J. W. (2006). Green chemistry for sustainable cement production and use. Green chemistry, 8(9), 763-780.
Plaza, M. G., Martínez, S., & Rubiera, F. (2020). CO2 Capture, Use, and Storage in the Cement Industry: State of the Art and Expectations. Energies, 13(21), 5692.
Raffetti, E., Treccani, M., & Donato, F. (2019). Cement plant emissions and health effects in the general population: a systematic review. Chemosphere, 218, 211-222.
Rahman, A., Rasul, M. G., Khan, M. M. K., & Sharma, S. (2015). Recent development on the uses of alternative fuels in cement manufacturing process. Fuel, 145, 84-99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.029
Rama, M., Entrena-Barbero, E., Dias, A. C., Moreira, M. T., Feijoo, G., & González-García, S. (2021). Evaluating the carbon footprint of a Spanish city through environmentally extended input output analysis and comparison with life cycle assessment. Science of The Total Environment, 762, 143133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143133
Ronald E. Miller, & Blair, P. D. (2022). Input-Output Analysis.
Reutter, B., Lant, P., Reynolds, C., & Lane, J. (2017). Food waste consequences: Environmentally extended input-output as a framework for analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 153, 506-514. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.104
Ruiz-Peñalver, S. M., Rodríguez, M., & Camacho, J. A. (2019). A waste generation input output analysis: The case of Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 210, 1475-1482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.145
Salemdeeb, R., Al-Tabbaa, A., & Reynolds, C. (2016). The UK waste input–output table: linking waste generation to the UK economy. Waste Management & Research, 34(10), 1089-1094.
Shah, I. H., Miller, S. A., Jiang, D., & Myers, R. J. (2022). Cement substitution with secondary materials can reduce annual global CO2 emissions by up to 1.3 gigatons. Nature communications, 13(1), 5758. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33289-7
Shih, H.-C., Lai, Y.-T., Yang, H.-Y., & Ma, H.-w. (2024). Development of secondary material competition modelling for evaluation of incentive policies on plastic waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 140195.
Shinichiro Nakamura, & Kondo, Y. (2009). Waste Input-Output Analysis.
Sirico, A., Bernardi, P., Belletti, B., Sciancalepore, C., Milanese, D., Paini, A., & Vignali, G. (2024). Environmental and mechanical analysis of low-carbon concrete with vitrified MSW incineration bottom ash as cement replacement. Structural Concrete, 25(4), 2968-2990. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202300615
Siy, A. L., Wang, A., Zheng, T., & Hu, X. (2023). Research on the Impact of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Based on the GTAP Model. Sustainability, 15(6), 4761.
Song, J., Su, X., Hou, L., Chu, C., Wu, T., Dai, H., Ou, Y., Nishiura, O., Cao, Z., & Ju, M. (2025). Integrating Stock-Flow Modeling and Energy System Optimization to Explore Decarbonization Pathways for China’s Cement Industry. Environmental Science & Technology, 59(14), 6938-6948. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c14724
Sousa, V., Bogas, J. A., Real, S., & Meireles, I. (2023). Industrial production of recycled cement: Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission estimation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 8778-8789.
Stajanča, M., & Eštoková, A. (2012). Environmental impacts of cement production.
Su, T.-L., Chan, D. Y.-L., Hung, C.-Y., & Hong, G.-B. (2013). The status of energy conservation in Taiwan's cement industry. Energy Policy, 60, 481-486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.002
Supriya, Chaudhury, R., Sharma, U., Thapliyal, P. C., & Singh, L. P. (2023). Low-CO2 emission strategies to achieve net zero target in cement sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 417, 137466. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137466
Taiwan Cement Corporation. (2026). 台泥DAKA再生資源利用中心 _水泥窯協同處理技術. Retrieved 06/21 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ae5mLwQq8Q&t=72s
Tang, S., Wang, Y., Geng, Z., Xu, X., Yu, W., A, H., & Chen, J. (2021). Structure, Fractality, Mechanics and Durability of Calcium Silicate Hydrates. Fractal and Fractional, 5(2), 47.
Tawfeeq, H. N., Salih, S. A., & Frayyeh, Q. J. (2020). Production of friendly cementations materials containing nano limestone powder. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 737(1), 012176. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012176
Tisserant, A., Pauliuk, S., Merciai, S., Schmidt, J., Fry, J., Wood, R., & Tukker, A. (2017). Solid waste and the circular economy: a global analysis of waste treatment and waste footprints. Journal of industrial ecology, 21(3), 628-640.
Towa, E., Zeller, V., & Achten, W. M. J. (2020). Input-output models and waste management analysis: A critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 249, 119359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119359
van Ruijven, B. J., van Vuuren, D. P., Boskaljon, W., Neelis, M. L., Saygin, D., & Patel, M. K. (2016). Long-term model-based projections of energy use and CO2 emissions from the global steel and cement industries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 112, 15-36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.04.016
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2018). Environmental impacts of short building lifespans in China considering time value. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203, 696-707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.314
Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Hendriks, C., & Meida, L. O. (2001). CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE GLOBAL CEMENT INDUSTRY1. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 26(Volume 26, 2001), 303-329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303
Wuyts, W., Miatto, A., Sedlitzky, R., & Tanikawa, H. (2019). Extending or ending the life of residential buildings in Japan: A social circular economy approach to the problem of short-lived constructions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 660-670. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.258
Yang, K.-H., Seo, E.-A., & Tae, S.-H. (2014). Carbonation and CO2 uptake of concrete. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 46, 43-52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2014.01.004
Yang, R., Liu, Z., & Liu, J. (2024). The methodology of decoupling fuel and thermal nitrogen oxides in multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics combustion simulation of ammonia-hydrogen spark ignition engines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 55, 300-318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.09.105
Zhang, C.-Y., Han, R., Yu, B., & Wei, Y.-M. (2018). Accounting process-related CO2 emissions from global cement production under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Journal of Cleaner Production, 184, 451-465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.284
Zhang, H., Zhang, C., He, B., Yi, S., & Tang, L. (2023). Recycling fine powder collected from construction and demolition wastes as partial alternatives to cement: A comprehensive analysis on effects, mechanism, cost and CO2 emission. Journal of Building Engineering, 71, 106507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106507
Zhou, W., Moncaster, A., Reiner, D. M., & Guthrie, P. (2019). Estimating Lifetimes and Stock Turnover Dynamics of Urban Residential Buildings in China. Sustainability, 11(13), 3720. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/13/3720
中華民國環境統計年報. (2024).
內政部營建署. 污水處理廠營運管理篇.
王柏雅, 鄭宗杰, 鍾長吉, 施百鴻, & 張益國. (2022). 農業木質廢棄物高溫裂解產氣評估 2022 廢棄物處理技術研討會,
行政院主計總處. (2025). 110年產業關聯統計編製報告.
台灣電力公司. (2026.06.02). 2020-2025年各國工業電價. Retrieved 06.21 from https://www.taipower.com.tw/2289/2363/2388/2389/10734/
李炳崑. (2014). 水泥業二氧化碳排放趨勢及投入產出結合生命週期評估之研究 國立成功大學]. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 台南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ubs9hm
徐世勳, & 劉瑞文. (2019). 投入產出分析概論. 雙葉書廊.
國家發展委員會. (2022). 臺灣2050淨零排放路徑及策略總說明.pdf.
張益壽. (2008). 廢棄物回收再利用與二氧化碳排放之關聯分析_廢棄物投入產出模型的應用 國立中央大學]. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 桃園縣. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2tjyrf
張惠雲, 鄭凱航, 王俐曆, 方揚盛, & 廖硃岑. (2018). 台灣鋼結構高層建築長期維持成本案例研究 [Case Study Analyses of Long-term Maintenance Cost for High-rise Steel Buildings in Taiwan]. 建築學報(103), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.3966/101632122018030103005
張簡睿豪. (2021). 運用WIO表的架構為基礎發展循環減碳評估模式與塑膠循環多情境分析 國立成功大學]. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 台南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/wk36et
曾維忞. (2015). 廢有機污泥減量與資源化處理技術. 工業污染防治(131).
黃盈庭. (2000). 投入產出分析應用於生命週期評估-台灣地區水泥範例研究 國立成功大學]. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 台南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/z5ggn9
黃榮堯. (1997). 建築拆除污染及廢棄物產生現況與調查架構研究.
廖孟儀. (2015). 廢棄物投入產出評估台灣推動二次銅循環再利用之研究 國立臺灣大學]. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 台北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/cwpr93
劉毅弘 , & 潘子欽. 台灣水泥業單位產品能源使用分析.
賴昀辰. (2022). 以WIO-EIO探討半導體業的氫氟酸廢液循環經濟策略對溫室氣體排放之影響 國立臺灣大學]. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 台北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/47df64
環境部資源循環署. (2025). 114 年推動無機再生粒料陸域工程應用專案工作計畫.
環境部. (2024). SRF 體檢報告書.
環境部. (2024b). 中華民國環境統計年報.
行政院主計總處. (2021). 行業統計分類(第11次修正).