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研究生：	王怡茜 Wang, Yi-Cian
論文名稱：	缺氧誘導因子-1α驅動A群鏈球菌感染後之BNIP3/NIX介導的粒線體自噬 HIF-1α drives BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy upon group A streptococcal infection
指導教授：	蔡佩珍 Tsai, Pei-Jane
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	醫學院 - 醫學檢驗生物技術學系 Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology
論文出版年：	2021
畢業學年度：	109
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	53
中文關鍵詞：	A群鏈球菌、壞死性筋膜炎、肌肉、缺氧誘導因子-1α 、粒線體自噬、細菌存活、BNIP3 、NIX
外文關鍵詞：	Group A Streptococcus, Necrotizing fasciitis, Muscle, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, BNIP3, NIX, Mitophagy, Bacterial survival
相關次數：	點閱：69 下載：1
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A群鏈球菌是一種革蘭氏陽性的病原菌，可以引起多種感染症狀，從輕微的不適到更嚴重的疾病，其中，侵襲性A群鏈球菌感染造成的嚴重疾病之一便是壞死性筋膜炎（亦稱噬肉菌感染），會導致快速的肌肉損傷。肌肉細胞被認為是高能量的消耗者，因此需要大量的粒線體來提供足夠的能量以維持其正常的功能，此外，最近的研究指出，粒線體參與宿主的抗菌防禦機制，反過來說，粒線體有可能也會成為病原菌入侵的攻擊目標。在我們的初步結果中發現，A群鏈球菌感染會誘導 BNIP3/NIX所介導的粒線體自噬，從而提高肌肉細胞中A群鏈球菌的存活率。本篇我們旨在探討可能參與A群鏈球菌感染觸發的BNIP3/NIX介導粒線體自噬的上游因子。根據先前的研究，缺氧誘導因子-1α（亦稱HIF-1α）在許多不同的細胞系中都扮演著上調BNIP3及NIX表達的角色，除此之外，其他先前的研究表明，A群鏈球菌感染促進了HIF-1α在小鼠巨噬細胞中的表達，因此，我們假設HIF-1α在A群鏈球菌感染的肌肉細胞中引起BNIP3/NIX所介導的粒線體自噬。首先，我們證明了A群鏈球菌感染觸發了肌肉中HIF-1α的表達量增加和HIF-1α轉移入細胞核的現象發生，隨後，利用藥理抑制或敲低HIF-1α，阻礙了A群鏈球菌感染的肌肉細胞中BNIP3及NIX的表達和粒線體自噬的發生，表示 BNIP3/NIX所介導的粒線體自噬是需要仰賴HIF-1α的調節，此外，A群鏈球菌感染透過HIF-1α的調控減少了粒線體的量和ATP製造，我們進一步揭示了HIF-1α會促進A群鏈球菌在肌肉細胞內存活。總結，本篇研究我們證明HIF-1α在A群鏈球菌感染的情況下，會驅動BNIP3/NIX所介導的粒線體自噬，並降低粒線體的功能，從而增加肌肉細胞內A群鏈球菌的存活率。

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a gram-positive pathogen and causes a variety of infections, from mild illness to more serious diseases, and even death. Among them, necrotizing fasciitis (also known as flesh-eating disease) is the most severe form, causing a rapid progression of muscular damage. Muscle cells are high-energy consumers and thus a large number of mitochondria are required to provide sufficient energy to maintain their functions. In addition, recent studies have shown that mitochondria are involved in antibacterial defense. In other words, mitochondria may be a target for pathogen invasion. Our preliminary results revealed that GAS infection induces BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy, thereby enhancing intracellular bacterial survival in muscle cells. In this study, we aim to investigate which upstream molecule triggers BNIP3/NIX-dependent mitophagy upon GAS infection. According to previous studies, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) upregulates the expression of BNIP3 and NIX in many different cell lines. Furthermore, the previous study has demonstrated that GAS infection promotes the expression of HIF-1α in murine macrophages. Taken together, we hypothesized that HIF-1α mediates the BNIP3/NIX-induced mitophagy in GAS-infected muscle cells. Here, we first demonstrated that GAS infection triggered the expression and nuclear translocation of HIF-1α in muscle. Following, pharmacological inhibition or knocking down of HIF-1α impeded BNIP3/NIX expression and mitophagy in GAS-infected muscle cells, suggesting that BNIP3/NIX-induced mitophagy is in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. Moreover, GAS infection reduced the mitochondrial mass and ATP production through HIF-1α. We further revealed that HIF-1α promoted the intracellular survival of GAS in muscle cells. In summary, we demonstrated that HIF-1α drives BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy upon GAS infection and lowers the mitochondrial functions, thereby increasing the survival of bacteria in muscle cells.

摘要 ........................................................................................................................................I
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ II
致謝 .................................................................................................................................... III
CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................IV
INDEX OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................VI
ABBREVIATION............................................................................................................ VII
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Group A streptococcal infection ............................................................................ 1
1.2 The role of mitochondria in host defense and pathogen invasion ......................... 1
1.3 Mitochondrial homeostasis.................................................................................... 3
1.4 Mitophagy.............................................................................................................. 4
1.5 Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and bacterial infections ............................................. 6
1.6 HIF-1α and BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy ...................................................... 7
1.7 Our previous results............................................................................................... 7
1.8 The rationale in this study ..................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................... 9
2.1 Bacterial strain....................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Bacterial culture..................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Bacterial culture for infection assay ...................................................................... 9
2.4 Mice..................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 In vivo model of muscular infection.................................................................... 10
2.6 Immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections ................................................. 10
2.7 Cell culture .......................................................................................................... 11
2.8 In vitro infection .................................................................................................. 12
2.9 Immunofluorescence staining for cultured cells.................................................. 12
2.10 Protein samples preparation ................................................................................ 13
2.11 Western blot analysis ........................................................................................... 13
2.12 RNA extraction and reverse transcription-PCR................................................... 14
2.13 DNA extraction.................................................................................................... 14
2.14 Real-time quantitative PCR................................................................................. 15
2.15 siRNA transfection .............................................................................................. 15
2.16 ATP assay............................................................................................................. 15
2.17 Seahorse XF cell mitochondrial stress test.......................................................... 16
2.18 Intracellular bacterial number.............................................................................. 16
2.19 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................... 17
Chapter 3. RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 18
3.1 GAS infection triggered expression of HIF-1α in muscle................................... 18
3.2 HIF-1α mediated the expressions of BNIP3 and NIX upon GAS infection........ 19
3.3 HIF-1α regulated mitochondrial loss and ATP production in muscle cells upon
GAS infection.................................................................................................................. 20
3.4 HIF-1α suppressed mitochondrial respiration in GAS-infected muscle cells ..... 21
3.5 HIF-1α enhanced the survival of GAS in muscle cells ....................................... 22
Chapter 4. DISCUSSION.................................................................................................. 24
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 29
FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... 39
TABLES.............................................................................................................................. 48
APPENDIXES.................................................................................................................... 50
                                    

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