以往地圖之內容需經過嚴謹之製作程序，由製圖者透過對地理現象的掌控與瞭解，以本身具有之製圖及專業知識、經驗進行製圖，以確保不同主題空間現象展示的品質。地理資訊系統技術突破固定地圖內容的限制，使用者可依需求套疊不同地理資料，以展示特定地圖的空間分佈現象。網際網路的發展進一步提供了分散於不同單位間資料之傳輸與溝通管道，地理資料的取得也更加容易，使用者所面對的地圖內容已不再是一成不變的紙圖，而是可隨時依應用需求調整的數值地圖。為克服資料流通之障礙，OGC與ISO/TC211制訂了一系列之標準，提供地理資料共享與整合之良好環境。透過OGC所制訂之WFS及GML標準，流通之資料格式可不受限於商業軟體之限制而可以單一圖徵為基礎運作，因此客戶端的地圖介面展示也更為彈性，但須考量的因素也更為複雜。因為GML並非針對地圖展示而設計，符號樣式之描述能力較為有限，若沒有完善之配套，則使用者將無法套用以往讀取地圖的經驗。
當不同來源之地理資料結合展示時，由於各有考量，並不易掌控整體展示品質。伴隨供應圖徵提供製圖規範資訊可約制地圖之展示內容，並協助使用者正確解讀地圖內容。本研究由地圖符號之觀點切入，探討地圖符號之標準化描述，除將符號資訊擴充記錄於地理資料流通架構中，並配合引入詮釋資料記錄約制各符號展示之製圖規範相關資訊，以提供使用者端地圖介面完整的展示資訊。為避免不同來源之地圖符號之展示造成不符量測等級的的地圖內容，本研究亦以標準化符號描述為基礎發展分析比對機制，以檢討動態地理資料結合展示之正確性。本研究藉由於流通資料中納入符號與製圖規範資訊，成功達到傳遞地圖展示資訊之目標，並透過發展機制之分析結果，提供使用者端地圖展示介面內容於結合展示的衝突偵測，以避免錯誤判斷的發生，可作為未來流通環境地圖介面設計之發展基礎。

In the past, the production of maps must follow rigorous mapping specifications. Based on the understanding about geographic phenomena, cartographers applied their domain expertise and experience to ensure the illustration quality of spatial phenomena. Compared to traditional maps, one distinct difference of GIS is the removal of fixed map content limitation, such that users can freely overlay different types of geographic data to generate a variety of “maps.” Internet technology further provides an exchange and communication environment to access distributed geographic data. Since data availability become much easier today, the maps we use are quickly transforming from paper maps with fixed and static content to digital maps with varying content in accordance with application requirement. To overcome data distribution barrier and provide a better data interoperability environment, OGC and ISO/TC211 both proposed a series of standards. With standards like WFS (Web Feature Service) and GML (Geography Markup Language), data can be distributed in a neutral format, independent from commercial software format, and modeled on the basis of individual features. The client map interface is therefore more flexible, but there are also more complicated issues that need to be considered. Because GML is not particularly designed for display, its capability for carrying map symbol information is rather limited, additional mechanism is therefore necessary if users would like to apply their cartographic experience to current map interface.

When overlaying different sources of geographic data in map interface, it is difficult to control the overall quality because of the different nature of added data. We argued that the addition of mapping specification information to the distributed feature can constrain how features are portrayed in map interface and help users to correct interpret map interface contents. In this research, we added map symbol information to the geographic data framework and record necessary mapping specification information in the metadata, such that features can be portrayed with respect to their original mapping specification in the map interface. The advantage is what users see in the map interface are map symbols they are already familiar with and no additional training is necessary. However, since data is from different and independent resource, it is highly possible that their map symbols may imply inappropriate and even wrong interpretation from cartographic perspective (e.g., scale of measurement level). Based on the standardized map symbol description, we proposed an analysis procedure to detect possible conflict between different sources of map symbols. This can avoid wrong interpretation in map interface, particularly in the internet-based distributed environment where data is often obtained dynamically from remote web service. By incorporating map symbol and mapping specification information in the distributed data, we successfully demonstrated that feature data can be portrayed by its original design to help users correctly interpreting acquired data. In the meantime, the proposed standardized description can also serve as a basis for detecting possible conflict in the map interface content to avoid wrong decision making. To simultaneously handle geographic data from heterogeneous resource is no doubt a trend in the future, the map interface must have sufficient built-in knowledge to make correct interpretation. We believe this issue must take both data description and processing knowledge into consideration. This research only focuses on the perspective of map symbol portrayal and more research is definitely necessary to develop an “intelligent” map interface.

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