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研究生： 何濟良
Antoni H Wibowo
論文名稱： 離岸風機套管式基礎灌漿接合之疲勞設計與最佳化
Fatigue Design and Optimization of Grouted Connection in Jacket-Type Offshore Wind Turbine Structures
指導教授： 劉光晏
Liu, Kuang-Yen
共同指導教授: 朱聖浩
Ju, Shen-Haw
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 土木工程學系
Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 391
外文關鍵詞： grouted connection, time-history fatigue design, finite element analysis, design optimization, design recommendations
相關次數： 點閱：152  下載：32 
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    • 灌漿連接一直是海上結構的樁與上部結構（過渡件、套管或護套腿）連接的主要選擇。該技術已廣泛用於油氣結構，並出口海上風力渦輪機結構。自申請開始以來，由於兩者之間的根本差異，出現了許多問題。出現問題之一是因為灌漿連接比石油和天然氣結構更容易受到彎曲和剪切。這些彎曲和剪切是由更深的水（因此更大的水平載荷）、更大的結構和構件尺寸以及更高的材料強度引起的。當轉移到底部構件時，彎曲的顯著發生導致滑動。這種滑動比實施設計規範時估計的要大得多，並且隨著直徑的增加（尺寸效應）進一步變得更加嚴重。來自 DNV 的較新設計規範現在通過使用許多使代碼相當複雜和幼稚的解決方案來解決這些問題。因此，它仍然缺乏將代碼納入進一步驗證和改進的研究。本研究使用最新的 DNV 代碼在 Fortran 編程語言下並基於 IEC 61400-3-1 中的設計載荷工況創建時程疲勞設計程序。設計涉及參數研究，以確定要設計的主要設計變量。此外，遺傳算法用於優化設計並為彎曲和剪切受控情況提供設計建議。

    The grouted connection has been the major choice for connecting the pile and upper structure (transition piece, sleeve, or jacket leg) of offshore structures. The technology has been widely used for oil and gas structures and exported for offshore wind turbine structures. Since the beginning of the application, many issues have occurred due to fundamental differences between the two. One of the issues arose because grouted connections are more subjected to bending and shear than oil and gas structures. These bending and shear were caused by deeper water (hence larger horizontal loads), larger structures and member sizes, and higher material strength. The significant occurrence of bending causes sliding when transferred to bottom members. This sliding was considerably larger than what used to be estimated when design codes were implemented and further gets more severe as the diameter increases (size effect). The newer design code from DNV now adheres to these issues by using numerous solutions that make the code rather complicated and juvenile. Hence, it still lacks studies incorporating the code for further validation and improvements. This study uses the newest DNV code to create a time-history fatigue design program under Fortran programming language and based on design load cases in IEC 61400-3-1. The design involves a parametric study to decide the main design variable to be designed. Further, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the design and provide design recommendations for bending and shear controlled cases.

    Abstract I Acknowledgement II Table of Contents III List of Tables IX List of Figures XII Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives 4 1.3 Research Procedure or Research Method and Process 4 1.4 Research Scope and Limitations 5 1.5 Acknowledgment 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Wind Energy 6 2.1.1 Background 6 2.1.2 Strengths 6 2.1.3 Weaknesses 8 2.2 Wind Turbines 9 2.2.1 Mechanics 9 2.2.2 Current Technologies 13 2.2.2.1 Wind Turbine Main Parts 13 2.2.2.2 Classifications 14 2.2.2.3 Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) 15 2.2.2.4 Rotor Placement 15 2.2.2.5 Number of Blades 16 2.2.2.6 Generator 16 2.2.2.7 Hub Connection 17 2.2.2.8 Gearbox Design 18 2.2.2.9 Speed and Control Technologies 19 2.2.2.10 Support Structures 20 2.3 Transition Piece (TP) 23 2.3.1 General 23 2.3.2 Pile-to-TP Connections 25 2.4 Grouted Connection Support Structure Types 26 2.5 Grouted Connection 28 2.6 Genetic Algorithm 39 Chapter 3 Design Codes and Guideline 42 3.1 OpenFAST 42 3.2 Design Criteria for Grouted Connection 43 3.2.1 API 43 3.2.2 ISO 45 3.2.2.1 Interface transfer stress 46 3.2.2.2 Interface transfer strength 47 3.2.2.3 Ranges of validity 48 3.2.2.4 Effects of movements during grout setting 48 3.2.2.5 Strength check 49 3.2.2.6 Fatigue assessment 50 3.2.3 NORSOK 50 3.2.3.1 Failure of grout due to pile interface shear from combined axial load and torsional moment 51 3.2.3.2 Failure of the grout due to compressive stresses due to bending moment and shear force 53 3.2.3.3 Fatigue of the grouted connection for alternating interface shear stress due to axial load and bending moment (ULS and ALS) 54 3.2.3.4 Fatigue of the grout due to compression and shear stresses due to bending moment and shear 56 3.2.3.5 Fatigue check due to torsion 56 3.2.3.6 Requirements to ribbed steel reinforcement 57 3.2.4 DNV GL 57 3.2.4.1 ULS for Tubular and Conical Plain Grouted Connections 58 3.2.4.2 Conical Grouted Connections in Monopiles Without Shear Keys 60 3.2.4.3 ULS for Grouted Connections in Monopile with Shear Keys 62 3.2.4.4 ULS for Grouted Connections in Jacket Structures with Shear Keys 65 3.2.4.5 ULS of Torque for Grouted Connections with Shear Keys 70 3.2.4.6 FLS for Grouted Connections with Shear Keys 71 3.2.4.7 FLS for Grouted Connections in Monopiles with Shear Keys 73 3.2.4.8 FLS for Grouted Connections in Jacket Structures with Shear Keys 73 3.2.5 Comparison and Selection 73 3.3 Design Load Cases for Offshore Wind Turbine 75 3.3.1 Terms 75 3.3.1.1 Wind Condition 75 3.3.1.2 Waves 79 3.3.1.3 Wind and Waves Direction 81 3.3.1.4 Sea Currents 81 3.3.1.5 Water Current 81 3.3.1.6 Analysis Type 82 3.3.1.7 Safety Factor (SF) 82 3.3.2 Power Production 83 3.3.3 Power Production Plus Occurrence of Fault 83 3.3.4 Start-Up 84 3.3.5 Normal Shut Down 85 3.3.6 Emergency Stop 85 3.3.7 Parked (Standing Still or Idling) 85 3.3.8 Parked and Fault Conditions 86 3.3.9 Transport, Assembly, Maintenance, and Repair 86 3.3.10 Input Data Codes 87 Chapter 4 Program Codes and Verification 108 4.1 Grouted Connection Design Spreadsheet Calculation 108 4.1.1 Design Variables 108 4.1.2 Design Criterion 111 4.1.2.1 ULS for Grouted Connection with Shear Keys in Jacket Structures 111 4.1.2.2 FLS for Grouted Connection with Shear Keys 114 4.1.2.3 FLS for Grouted Connection with Shear Keys in Jacket Structures 116 4.1.3 Spreadsheet Calculation for Kilonewton-Meter Units 116 4.2 Grouted Connection Rainflow Cycle-Counting Algorithm 118 4.3 Fortran Fatigue Grouted Connection Analysis 127 4.3.1 Preliminary Program Code and Verification 128 4.3.2 Grouted Connection Analysis Fortran Program Code 134 4.3.3 Fortran Fatigue Grouted Connection Numerical Verification 147 4.4 Grouted Connection Design Using Van Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent Method 155 4.5 Grouted Connection Cost-Optimization Algorithm 161 Chapter 5 Parametric Study 174 5.1 Fatigue Design Variables Parametric Study 174 5.1.1 Initial Parameters 174 5.1.2 Modified Design Variables 184 5.1.3 Results and Discussion 186 5.1.3.1 Load Effects and Computational Time Saving 186 5.1.3.2 Characteristic Number of Cycles to Failure N 191 5.1.3.3 Relative Load Level y and Modified Design Variables Relations 194 5.2 Performance-Cost Parametric Study 211 5.2.1 Cost Estimation 211 5.2.1.1 Unit Price Data 214 5.2.1.2 Variable Costs 222 5.2.1.2.1 Full Cost 223 5.2.1.2.2 Partial Cost 227 5.2.2 Normalized Performance-Cost 231 5.2.3 Results and Discussion 232 5.2.3.1 Load Effects 232 5.2.3.2 Performance-Cost 243 5.2.3.3 Normalized Performance-Cost 253 5.2.3.4 Normalized Performance-Cost Between Design Variables 263 Chapter 6 Cost Optimization Using Genetic Algorithm 266 6.1 Unlocked Optimization 266 6.1.1 Fundamental Results 266 6.1.2 Variations of Load Ratios 270 6.1.3 Variations of ULS Loads Magnitude 285 6.1.4 Variations of All Loads Magnitude 292 6.2 Locked Optimization 299 6.2.1 Variations of Load Ratios 300 6.2.2 Variations of ULS Load Magnitude 312 6.2.3 Variations of All Loads Magnitude 319 Chapter 7 Optimum Design Discussion and Recommendation 325 7.1 Limitations 325 7.2 General 325 7.3 Pile and Transition Piece 326 7.4 Grout Thickness 334 7.5 Grout Length 336 7.6 Shear Keys Configuration 337 7.7 Optimum Grouted Connection Design Procedure 343 Chapter 8 Fortran Dynamic Fatigue Analysis and Design 347 8.1 Analysis (Design Check for Fatigue Life and Damage) 347 8.2 Design of Grouted Length 353 8.3 Design Case 1 355 8.4 Design Case 2 357 8.5 Fatigue Optimization Case 362 Chapter 9 Conclusion and Suggestion 373 9.1 Conclusion 373 9.2 Suggestion 374 References 376

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