全球生物多樣性變化趨勢雖相當分歧，但群聚快速地重組（assemblage reorganization）是一致的特徵。氣候變遷、土地利用改變與外來種引入為改變生物群聚組成的主要驅力（drivers），然而，目前僅少數研究分析三個驅力如何共同影響群聚結構變化；同時，群聚變化程度與三驅力之相對作用力應隨地區不同而有所差異，但此空間異質性仍未被充分探討。本研究利用台灣繁殖鳥大調查於2009與2017年的豐度資料和Bray-Curtis相異度指摽量化鳥類群聚結構隨時間的變化程度；以全台尺度（regional scale）分析氣候、土地利用與外來種因子如何影響相異度指標；定義外來種（16種）、偏好人為棲地物種（33種）以及溫度關聯物種（各樣區不同），以各樣區（site-specific scale）為單位拆分三種驅力關聯物種對各樣區相異度指標的相對影響程度。結果顯示，無論全台尺度或對各樣區而言，溫度皆為重要的影響因子；雨量與溫度雖廣泛地影響全台鳥類群聚，但其對自然與非自然棲地的作用有所不同。對自然棲地而言，冬季雨量變少會明顯改變群聚結構，且近期的溫度變化不利於棲息於此地的物種；而開發棲地的群聚則在多雨的條件下變化較大。此外，我們發現即使台灣近十年內無明顯的人為用地擴張，偏好人為棲地的物種（同時多半是溫度關聯物種）仍持續形塑開發棲地的群聚；這暗示了土地利用變化的影響可能具延遲效應，且溫度即使在高度人為干擾用地仍是重要的驅力。最後，大多數外來種具適應人為棲地的能力，同時普遍受益於溫度變化。我們的研究強調棲地變遷可能改變驅力與群聚間的關係，而釐清驅力於空間上的異質作用有助於針對各樣區的不同需求提出合宜的保育管理策略。

Dramatic community compositional change of different taxonomic groups is prevalent worldwide. Climate change, land use, and alien species have been identified as the major drivers of composition reorganization. However, the simultaneous effect and the spatial heterogeneity of multiple stressors remains elusive. We used the breeding bird data of Taiwan in the years 2009 and 2017 to investigate the regional and site-specific effects of the three drivers on compositional changes. Firstly, we quantified the compositional change by the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and investigated how climates, land use, and alien species explained the dissimilarity in general. Then we separated the site-specific contribution of the three drivers on dissimilarity by identifying driver associated species, namely temperature associated species, land-use associated species (exploiters in human-modified land, 33 species), and alien species. Temperature changes greatly influenced the compositional changes at both regional and site-specific scale. The effects of temperature and precipitation were widespread but heterogeneous across habitat types and they determined the compositional changes. In forest habitats, less winter precipitation contributed to larger compositional change and breeding temperature was more prevailing but its changes mainly unfavorable to the species. In modified habitats, compositional changes were largely associated with higher winter rainfall and the bird exploiters, which also affiliated with temperature changes, continually reshaped the community even without significant land-use changes. Moreover, alien species were largely exploiters and being favored by current temperature change. We emphasized that habitat conversion likely altered the association between community and major climate drivers, and the site-specific drivers are important for local management and conservation plans.

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