海運業作為全球貿易命脈，長期呈現傳統男性主導之陽剛性職業結構，女性從業者在各職能層級的參與比例始終偏低，此一結構性失衡現象於不同國家之間亦呈現顯著差異。然而近年隨數位轉型浪潮席捲各行各業，港口自動化、智慧物流、遠距作業與資料分析等數位技術的引入，正逐步改變海運業的工作型態與人力需求，此一結構性轉變是否有助於打破既有性別壁壘，促進女性參與海運產業，已成為政策制定者與航運學術界不得不正視的實質問題。現有文獻對數位技術之勞動力替代效應與海運業性別差距雖各有討論，惟鮮有研究將兩者置於同一跨國量化框架內，系統性地檢驗數位競爭力透過何種路徑影響海運業性別結構，以及制度性別環境是否調節此效應。本研究整合技術替代理論與性別勞動分工理論作為分析框架，援引國際勞工組織（ILO）、洛桑管理學院（IMD）、聯合國開發計畫署（UNDP）與世界銀行（World Bank）等多個國際組織所發布之統計資料，建構涵蓋104個國家、2017至2023年之追蹤資料集，以國際標準產業分類第四版（ISIC Rev.4）第50部門（水上運輸）與第52部門（運輸輔助服務）合併計算之女性就業比例作為依變數，採混合迴歸模型搭配國家層級叢集穩健標準誤進行估計。實證結果顯示，國家數位競爭力環境（以IMD數位競爭力指數衡量）對女性海運就業之正向關聯，於控制人均GDP後完全消失，Baron與Kenny三步驟中介分析顯示加入人均GDP後，數位競爭力之原始正向關聯消失，顯示兩者可能共享與整體經濟發展水準的重疊關聯；也發現在未控制經濟發展水準時，性別制度環境越不平等之國家，女性水上運輸與運輸支援活動就業比例越低；惟加入人均GDP作為控制變數後，性別不平等指數係數縮減至接近零且不具統計顯著性，顯示性別不平等指數與人均GDP之間存在高度相關，兩者之獨立效果難以在現有資料中完全區分，性別不平等對女性海運就業之關聯可能部分是透過經濟發展水準加以解釋；本研究亦對變數進行調節效應分析，數位競爭力之促進效果在性別不平等程度較高的國家中反而更為顯著，此一方向與原先假設相反，可能的詮釋包含在性別不平等程度較高之國家，女性就業基礎相對偏低，數位轉型帶動之新型工作機會尚有較大的進入空間，然而仍需進一步實證支持，本研究就現有資料無法確定其機制。本研究建議政策制定者在評估數位轉型的性別效益時，應將整體經濟發展條件與性別平等制度環境納入配套考量，後續研究可待資料庫持續累積後擴大樣本規模，並引入工具變數或動態縱橫模型，以強化因果推論之基礎。

The maritime industry has long been characterized by a male-dominated occupational structure, with women persistently underrepresented across operational and managerial roles. This study investigates whether countries with higher national digital competitiveness showed higher female maritime employment ratios in maritime employment across nations, and through what mechanisms and institutional conditions this effect operates. Drawing on panel data covering 104 countries from 2017 to 2023 and integrating six international databases, Pooled OLS regression with cluster-robust standard errors and Baron and Kenny's three-step mediation procedure were applied. Moderation analyses were conducted separately using binary interaction terms; no integrated conditional process model (mediated moderation or moderated mediation) was estimated. Results show that digital competitiveness does not exert a direct effect on female maritime employment; rather, its positive association disappears once economic development level is controlled, suggesting the bivariate association may primarily reflect co-variation with GDP rather than an independent pathway; this result does not constitute causal mediation evidence. Gender inequality showed a strong bivariate association with female maritime employment; however, its independent association was not statistically distinguishable from that of economic development when both were included in the same model, suggesting that the two factors are empirically intertwined rather than independently operating determinants, while digital competitiveness more strongly promotes female employment in countries with higher gender inequality—a direction opposite to the original hypothesis. These findings highlight that digital infrastructure investment alone is insufficient to alter the gender structure of traditional maritime employment without concurrent economic development and institutional support.

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