合作原則（cooperative principle, CP）自Grice（1975）提出以來，已在不同語境或可變因素下廣泛研究，像是訪談（如Čmejrková, 2011；Dyakiv, 2021）或性別（如Brumark, 2006；Rundquist, 1992），這些研究探討人們如何以及為何未遵守合作原則。該原則為人類會話的規範性框架，由量、質、相關與方式四個公理構成。除了這四個公理外，Grice（1975, 1978）亦提出數種說話者未遵守公理的方法，包括：刻意違反（flout）、不露痕跡地違反（violate）、非刻意違反（infringe）、選擇不合作（opt out）和公理衝突（face a clash），Thomas（1995）將這些方法統稱為「違反會話公理」（non-observance of the maxims）。然而，在這五種方法當中，研究多集中於「刻意違反」（flouting）。此外，母語背景是影響公理遵守與否的潛在因素之一，而對於此因素的探討仍相當有限。為探討違反會話公理以及母語背景的影響，我們蒐集了多場網球記者會的逐字稿作為語料來源，並採用量化與質性方法分析和比較英語母語者（NS）與非母語者（NNS）之間的差異。本研究欲回答的問題包括：（1）英語母語者與非母語者組別中，哪一種違反會話公理類型與方法最常見？（2）英語母語者與非母語者組別在違反會話公理類型與方法的數量上是否具有顯著差異？（3）英語母語者與非母語者組別中出現哪些典型的違反會話公理語言特徵？研究結果顯示，「方式公理」是英語母語者與非母語者組別最常見的違反會話公理類型，而「非刻意違反」是兩組最常見的的違反方法。推論性分析指出，在「相關」與「方式」這兩項公理上，非母語者組別出現顯著較高的違反次數；相較之下，在「質」的公理上，英語母語者組別出現顯著較高的違反次數。而在違反方法方面，非母語者組別在「公理衝突」的情形上明顯較多。在四個公理中，「資訊過多」、「資訊不足」、「規避詞」與「冗長」是最常見的語言特徵。這些結果揭示了訪談語境中最常見的違反會話公理類型、方法與語言特徵，並突顯了母語背景對違反會話公理的影響。

The cooperative principle (CP), proposed by Grice (1975), has been studied in various contexts or with different variables, such as interview (e.g., Čmejrková, 2011; Dyakiv, 2021) or gender (e.g., Brumark, 2006; Rundquist, 1992). These studies examine how and why the CP is not followed. The CP is a normative framework for human discourse, consisting of four maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Besides the four maxims, Grice also proposes a number of ways that speakers can fail a maxim: flout, violate, infringe, opt out, and face a clash (1975, 1978), which Thomas (1995) refers to as non-observance of the maxims. Nonetheless, among the five approaches, only flouting is widely researched. In addition, limited research explores the relationship between non-observance of the maxims and speakers’ native or non-native status, a possible contributor to adhering to or disobeying the maxims. To investigate the non-observance of the maxims and the effect of native and non-native speaker status, we collect the interview transcripts from multiple tennis press conferences as the data source and employ the quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze and compare the differences between native English speakers (NS) and non-native English speakers (NNS). The research questions we address involve: (1) Which non-observance of the maxim and way of non-observance occurs the most in the NS and NNS groups? (2) Is there a significant difference in the number of non-observance of the maxims and ways of non-observance between the NS and NNS groups? (3) What typical linguistic features of non-observance of the maxims are involved in the NS and NNS groups? It is found that the manner maxim is failed the most by both the NS and NNS groups, and both groups infringe a maxim most frequently. The inferential analysis suggests significantly more frequent non-observance of the relation and manner maxims in the NNS group. By comparison, non-observance of the quality maxim is notably more prevalent in the NS group. In terms of the way of non-observance, the NNS group faces a clash significantly more often. Among the four maxims, ‘excessive information,’ ‘limited information,’ ‘hedge,’ and ‘prolixity’ are the most common linguistic features. These results reveal the most prominent types, approaches, and linguistic features of non-observance of the maxims in the interview context. Furthermore, it underscores the fact that native and non-native speaker status can have an impact on the non-observance of the maxims.

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