本研究旨在探討南四縣客語和國語字首塞音，在發音位置、送氣、相鄰母音、性別及跨語言比較等變項作用下，對嗓音起始時間(voice onset time, VOT)所產生的影響。年齡五、六十歲左右的20位男性以及20位女性國客雙語者參與本項研究，他們唸讀由客語和國語字首塞音/p, t, k, ph, th, kh/搭配不同的元音所組成的字詞。研究結果顯示，所有變項對客語和國語塞音的嗓音起始時間均達到顯著的影響。
本研究的主要發現如下:
1.國語和客語的塞音均符合Cho and Ladefoged (1999)所提出發音位置越後面，嗓音起始時間越長的規則。
2.塞音後跟隨著高元音時，其嗓音起始時間將長於後面跟隨著低元音的塞音，而大部分的塞音後面跟隨著前元音時，其嗓音起始時間將長於後面跟隨著後元音的塞音。
3.男性唸不送氣塞音的嗓音起始時間長於女性，而女性念送氣塞音的嗓音起始時間長於男性。此外，國語和客語的研究結果顯示，女性唸送氣塞音與不送氣塞音的差異大於男性唸送氣塞音與不送氣塞音的差異。此結果與諸多社會語言學研究中對於兩性的觀察不謀而合。
4.就跨語言比較而言，國語送氣塞音的嗓音起始時間較客語送氣塞音的嗓音起始時間長，其結果表示雙語者區分了國語及客語送氣塞音的嗓音起始時間。
總結而言，本研究的貢獻在於更瞭解國、客語的嗓音起始時間，和未來在設計研究時，應考量這些變項所可能造成的影響。

The goal of the current study is to investigate the voice onset time (VOT) variation in word-initial stops in southern Sixian Hakka and Mandarin, according to five factors comprising place of articulation (PoA), aspiration, vowel context, the speakers’ gender, and a cross-linguistic comparison. 20 male and 20 female Hakka-Mandarin bilinguals aged approximately 50 to 60 years old provided speech recordings. They were required to repeat a randomized list of test stimuli consisting of Hakka and Mandarin word-initial stops /p, t, k, ph, th, kh/ followed by various vowels. The findings revealed that aspiration, place of articulation, vowel context, gender, and cross-linguistic comparison all had significant influences on the VOT values in both Hakka and Mandarin. Several important findings are provided as follows: (1) The VOTs for Hakka and Mandarin stops demonstrated that velar stops have the longest VOT values, with alveolars in the intermediate level, and bilabials have the shortest VOTs, which concurs with Cho and Ladefoged’s (1999) universal principle. (2) In regard to the influence of vowel context, most of stops followed by high vowels had significantly longer mean VOTs than stops followed by low vowels, while most of the stops preceding front vowels had longer mean VOT values than stops preceding back vowels. (3) With respect to gender effect, males produced longer mean VOT values for unaspirated stops than their female counterparts, whereas females produced longer mean VOTs for aspirated stops than their male counterparts. Also, the phonetic contrast in female speakers’ production of aspirated and unaspirated stops was comparatively greater than the phonetic contrast in males for both languages. The results for the gender factor were consistent with the observations of many sociolinguistic investigations. (4) As for the cross-linguistic comparison, Mandarin aspirated stops were uttered with longer VOT values than Hakka aspirated stops, which indicated that bilinguals distinguish between the VOTs of aspirated stops in their two languages. To be conclusive, the findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the VOT distribution in Hakka and Mandarin and the potential affecting factors, which should be taken into consideration when designing methodology.

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