本研究以實驗方法探討二氧化碳雪花噴流之產生機制與二氧化碳雪花噴流之應用。二氧化碳雪花顆粒透過閃蒸霧化之機制產生，雪花顆粒於形成腔體中團聚為團塊型成雪花噴流。本研究中噴霧特性採用高速顯微攝影觀察，噴霧粒徑採用Spraytec量測。
本研究首先探討液態二氧化碳無因次過熱度(T*)對閃蒸霧化與雪花生成之影響，研究結果顯示高壓液態二氧化碳經噴嘴霧化可產生液相流、兩相甚至三相流，此複雜的相變過程涉及了液態不穩定與熱不平衡狀態。研究亦顯示隨著液體過熱度增加，二氧化碳噴霧型態由噴流轉變為錐型噴霧，再轉換為碗狀噴霧。透過噴霧錐角與質量流率變化可得知，當噴口內產生氣泡形成滯塞狀態噴霧模態會由外閃蒸轉為內閃沸。在兩種機制的作用下，內閃沸模態之噴霧錐角變化會在特定過熱度產生反轉。
本研究中量測二氧化碳雪花顆粒之粒徑，結果顯示平均粒徑Dv50範圍介於3至4微米間。當噴霧模態隨過熱度提高而逐漸轉換為內閃沸模態，噴口內氣泡生成機制由非均值成核轉換為均值成核，雪花顆粒粒徑分佈標準差也隨之降低至最低點。
本研究亦探討噴口長寬比與環境背壓對噴霧型態之影響，結果顯示閃蒸現象為影響噴霧錐角變化之主要機制之一。由於閃蒸現象與氣體膨脹隨環境背壓提高而降低，噴霧錐角隨環境背壓增加而減少。噴口長寬比與液體過熱度對於二氧化碳噴霧錐角之交互影響也在本實驗中得到確認。
本研究對管型雪花形成腔體內之團聚現象與機制進行研究，研究結果顯示大型雪花顆粒之產生導因於形成腔體上端內顆粒高速運動，提供顆粒足夠的時間與機會碰撞；而顆粒沉積與撥離現象並不足以良好的解釋雪花顆粒於形成腔體內團聚之現象。
研究結果顯示雪花顆粒在形成腔體內團聚之機制包含初級顆粒於噴射渦流中之團聚、團聚顆粒被上升流帶入回流區、回流區中顆粒團聚成長為團塊、最後團塊被釋放至噴流中。為確保雪花能完成團聚產生足夠的雪花團塊，形成腔體需要一最短長度以形成回流區。對形成腔體內雪花團聚過程與機制之了解透過本研究有大幅的進度。
最後本研究設計與操作參數對於應用於內視鏡冷凍治療之雪花噴流性能與冷凍特性之影響。結果顯示雪花噴流之冷凍性能足以滿足冷凍治療之需求。增加形成腔體長度可提高雪花粒徑、雪花生成率對冷凍速度與雪花覆蓋面積之提高有所助益，提高對大面積之病變治療之適用性。旁通流孔可以有效的調控雪花噴流的冷凍效果，同時也可以延長雪花噴流冷凍治療的可操作時間。實驗結果亦顯示降低噴注壓力、形成腔長度與提高旁通流孔孔徑可以有效降低雪花飛行速度，是一個能控制雪花噴流速度並降低擊穿組織機率之有效方法。

This research investigates the mechanism of CO2 snow formation and the application of CO2 snow jet. The CO2 snow particles are produced by the process of flash-atomization. The particles are agglomerated to clusters in the formation chamber. The cryogenic CO2 snow can be used in cryosurgery.
First, the influences of superheat on flashing spray characteristics and on the snow formation of liquid CO2 are investigated. Results show that liquid, two-phase flow or even three-phase flow can be found upon the release of liquid CO2 from high pressure to atmospheric pressure. This is due to complicated phase transition processes that involve hydrodynamic instabilities and thermal non-equilibrium conditions. Results also show that the spray pattern transfers from jet spray to cone spray, and then to a bowl spray configuration with the increase of superheat. The drastic changes in spray angle and mass flow rate indicate onset conditions from external-flashing to internal-flashing atomization mode. This is due to bursts of bubbles inside the nozzle chamber that result in the choking of the two-phase flow. Under internal-flashing atomization mode, a critical spray angle resulting from two competing phenomena is also found. Moreover, a few microns of CO2 snow size are measured in this research, which is consistent with records from literature on this topic. As superheat increases, the standard deviation of particle size distribution decreases, reaches its lowest value and remains constant as the spray turns to the internal-flashing mode. This is due to gradual changes in the double layer shattering configuration of the spray caused by transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation in the upstream flow.
The influences of ambient pressure and length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of the orifice on CO2 flash-spray patterns are also investigated. Results show that flash-evaporation is one of major factors on expansion of CO2 flash-spray angle. The spray angle reduces with ambient pressure. This is due to the decrease of flow expansion and flash-evaporation of CO2 flash-spray. The interaction between length-to-diameter ratio of the orifice and liquid superheat on the transition of flash-mode is observed.
Secondly, the agglomeration mechanisms of CO2 primary particles inside a tube type formation chamber are experimentally investigated. The results show that a complicated particle motion in the upper portion of the formation chamber is responsible for the formation of large snow particles. The high speed and complicated motion of the snow particles inside the tube provide both the opportunities and time for the collision of particles, which implies that only particle deposition and re-entrainment cannot completely describe the phenomenon of particle agglomeration. The results also show the mechanisms of particle agglomeration inside the formation chamber, which include primary particle agglomerate in jet vortexes, agglomerated particles flowing upward into the recirculation region, particle clusters growing in the recirculation flow, and finally particles being released with the jet flow. A minimum tube length (30mmin this case) is needed to ensure the complete formation of the agglomeration mechanisms with recirculation flow, and thus the formation of considerable amounts of agglomerated particles. The results of this study thus improve current understanding of the agglomeration process and mechanisms of CO2 snow formation inside the formation chamber.
Finally, the effects of injection pressure, formation chamber and bypass flow on spray performances and cryogenic characteristics of CO2 snow on cryosurgery guided by endoscopic are experimentally investigated. Results show that CO2 snow has a superior freezing capability in the application of cryosurgery. The length of formation chamber is an effective design parameter to control spray performances and cryogenic characteristics. Increase in the length of formation chamber can increase snow size and conversion ratio, as well as the cooling rate and impact area of the tissue. Thus, it is suitable for the application on wider range nidus. Moreover, the bypass flow can efficiently modulate the cooling effect of the main flow with CO2 snow particles, and it can not only be a control parameter, but also extend the operation time of cryosurgery. The experimental results also show that decrease the cylinder pressure, decrease the length of formation chamber, and increase the diameter of bypass apertures can slow down the flying velocity of CO2 snow which are effective methods to control the jet velocity and prevent the risk of penetration.

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