虛擬實踐社群的興盛對於知識傳遞造成了極大的影響，對於人們為何會違反理性原則，其成員間且會在虛擬實踐社群貢獻知識，而引起學者們的探討動機。虛擬實踐社群成員對貢獻知識的行為可藉由社會資本與集體行動理論的相關概念來呈現，但是目前對於該現象之相關議題的瞭解仍有限。過去虛擬實踐社群成員對於知識貢獻的研究，尚未清楚闡述社會資本及集體行動理論之間如何相互連結；亦未探討社會資本構面(結構資本、認知資本、關係資本)的交互關係。為了探討上述二項議題，本研究以社會資本、集體行動理論以及虛擬實踐社群成員的歸屬感建立研究架構與假設，並以兩個台灣虛擬實踐社群成員為研究對象，並取得232份有效樣本。經由資料分析，得知虛擬實踐社群成員的結構資本與認知資本皆正向且顯著地影響成員對於虛擬實踐社群的歸屬感;而歸屬感正向且顯著地影響成員的關係資本，最終成員因關係資本的驅使而貢獻知識。分析結果亦驗證社會資本各個子構面之間相互關係。整體研究結果助於提升對虛擬實踐社群中知識貢獻行為之深入瞭解。最後，本研究建議虛擬實踐社群的管理者可著重於維繫社群成員間適度的社會資本以及歸屬感，以促進虛擬實踐社群成員的知識貢獻行為。

The proliferation of virtual communities of practice (VCoPs) has dramatically and positively influenced the dissemination of knowledge. Thus the issues about why members of VCoPs violate rationality and further contribute knowledge in VCoPs have attracted the attention of researchers. Knowledge contribution in VCoPs can be explained by applying concepts of social capital and theory of collective action. However, to our best knowledge, there is no study that ever attempted to elaborate the relationship between social capital and theory of collective action or to examine the correlations of dimensions of social capital (structural capital, cognitive capital, and relational capital) in the context of VCoPs. For the purpose of discussing the above issues, this thesis conducted an investigation from the members of two VCoPs in Taiwan by applying the concepts of social capital, theory of collective action, and members’ sense of belonging toward the VCoPs. 232 valid questionnaires were collected. Analysis results from the questionnaires show that both members’ structural capital and cognitive capital are positively and significantly related to members’ sense of belonging, and, in turn, members’ sense of belonging is positively and significantly related to relational capital. Eventually, relational capital has a positive and significant influence on the knowledge contribution of members. The results also examined the correlations among dimensions of social capital and provide evidence that there is a significant and positive relationship between structural capital and cognitive capital. In conclusion, this thesis provides further understanding of knowledge contribution in VCoPs. For managerial implications, the study suggests that administrators of VCoPs can provide support for maintaining the proper level of feelings of sense of belonging and social capital among members within the VCoPs in order to improve their knowledge contribution.

Adams, G. R., & Marshall, S. K. (1996). A developmental social psychology of identity: understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence, 19(5), 429-442.

Adler, S. P., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for new concept. Academic of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.

Ahn, T. K., & Ostrom E. (2008). Collective action and social capital. In D. Castiglion., J. W. Van Deth & G. Wolleb. (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Capital. Oxford University Press.

Anand, V., Glick, W. H., & Manz, C. C. (2002). Thriving on the knowledge of outsiders: Tapping organizational social capital. Academy of Management Executive,16(1), 87-101.

Andrews, D. (2002). Audience-specific online community design. Communications of the ACM, 45(4), 64–68.

Argyres, N. S. (1999). The impact of information technology on coordination:Evidence from the B-2 “stealth” bomber. Organization Science, 10(2), 162-180.

Ba, S. (2001). Establishing online trust through a community responsibility system. Decision Support Systems, 31(3), 323-336.

Bagozzi, R. P., & Dholakia, U, M. (2002). Intentional social action in virtual communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(2), 2-21.

Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.

Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87-111.

Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship behavior and the creation of social capital in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 27(4), 505-522.

Bolton, G.., & Ockenfels, A. (2000). ERC: a theory of equity, reciprocity and competition. American Economic Review, 90(1), 166-193.

Boix, C., & Posner, D. N. (1998). Social capital: explaining its origins and effects on government performance. British Journal of Political Science, 28(4), 686-693.

Bradach, J. L., & Eccles, R. G. (1989). Price, authority, and trust: From ideal types of plural forms. Annual review of sociology, 15, 97-118.

Bressler, S. E., & Grantham Sr, Charles, E. (2000). Communities of commerce. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill.

Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (2000). The Social Life of Information. Boston, MA: Havard Business School Press.

Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Capello, R., & Faggian, A. (2005). Collective learning and relational capital in local innovation process. Regional Studies, 39(1), 75-87.

Carlson, J. R., & Zmud, R. W. (1999). Channel expansion theory and the experiential nature of media richness perceptions. Academy of Management Journal, 42(2), 153–170.

Chang, B., Cheng, N. H., Deng, Y. C., & Chan, T. W., (2007). Environmental design for a structured network learning society. Computers & Education, 48(2), 234-249.

Chiu, C. M., Hsu, M. H., & Wang, E.T.G.. (2006). Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Decision Support Systems, 42(3), 1872-1888.

Chiu, C. M., & Fang, Y. H. (2010). In justice we trust: Exploring knowledge-sharing continuance intentions in virtual communities of practice. Computer in Human Behavior, 26(2), 235-246.

Chou, S. W., & He, M. Y. (2010). The factors that affect the performance of open source software development-the perspective of social capital and expertise integration. Information System Journal.

Clugston, M. (2000). The mediating effects of multidimensional commitment on job satisfaction and intent to leave. Journal of Organization Behavior, 21(4), 477–486.

Coakes, E., & Smith, P. (2007). Developing communities of innovation by identifying innovation champions. The International Journal of Knowledge and Organization Learning Management, 14(1), 74-85.

Cohen, D., & Prusak, L. (2001). In good company: How social capital makes organizations work. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Coleman, J. S. (1966.) Fundamental of a theory of collective decisions. American Journal of Sociology, 71(6), 615-627.

Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Constant, D., Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1996). The kindness of strangers: The usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice. Organization Science,7(2), 119-135.

Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptions for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow., L. Cosmides. & J. Tooby (Eds.), Adapted Mind. Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (pp. 163-228). New York: Oxford University Press.

Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Davis, M. (2006). Planet of slums. New York: Verso.
De Moor, A., & Weigand, H. (2007). Formalizing the evolution of virtual communities. Information Systems, 32(2), 223-247.

Delone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2003). The Delone and McLean model of information systems success: a ten-year update. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 9-30.

Donath, J. S. (1999). Identity and deception in the virtual community. In M. A. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in Cyberspace (pp. 29-59). New York: Routledge.

Du Plessis, M. (2008). The strategic drivers and objectives of communities of practice as vehicles for knowledge management in small and medium enterprises. International Journal of Information Management, 28(1), 61-67.

Durlauf, S. N. (1999). The case against social capital, Focus, 20, 1-5.

Durlauf, S. N. (2002a). Bowling alone: A review essay*1. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 47(3), 259-274.

Durlauf, S. N. (2002b). On the empirics of social capital. Economic Journal, 112(483), 459-479.

Dyer, J. H., & Nobeoka, K. (2000). Creating and managing a high performance knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 345-367.

Einwiller, S., Geissler, U., & Will, M. (2000). Engendering trust in Internet businesses using elements of corporate branding. In Proceedings of America Conference of Information System.

Ensley, M. D., Pearson, A.W., & Amason, A. C. (2002). Understanding the dynamics of new venture top management teams: cohesion, conflict, and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(4), 365-386.

Faraj, S., Wasko, M., & Johnson, S. L. (2006). Electronic knowledge networks: process and structure. In I. Becerra-Fernendez & D. Leidner (Eds.), Knowledge anagement: An Evolutionary View of the Field. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

Feeny, D., Berkes, F., MaCay, B., & Acheson, J. M. (1990). The tragedy of the commons: twenty-two years later. Human Ecology, 18(1), 1-19.

Feldman, D.C. (1981), The multiple socialization of organization members, Academy of Management Review, 6(2), 309-18.

Fischer, E., Bristor, J., & Gainer, B. (1996), Creating or escaping community? An exploratory study of Internet consumers' behaviors. In K. P. Corfman & J. Lynch. (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research, 23(pp. 178-182). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models withunobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.

Frey, B. S. (1994). How intrinsic motivation is crowded out and in. Rationality and Society, 6(3), 334-352.

Frey, B. S. (1997). Not just for the money: An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London.

Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong affects memory for social information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 486–496.

Gima, K. A., & Murray, J. Y. (2007). Exploratory and exploitative learning in new product development: A social capital perspective on new technology. Journal of International Marketing, 15(2), 1-29.

Givertz, M., & Segrin, C. (2005). Explaining personal and constraint commitment in close relationships: The role of satisfaction, conflict responses, and relational bond.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(6), 757–775.

Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. The American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380.

Granovetter, M. S. (1992). Problems of explanation in economic sociology. In N. Nohria & R. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action (pp. 25-26). Boston: Havard Business School Press.

Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategy Management Journal, 17(10), 109-122.

Hagerty, B. M., Lynch-Sauer, J., Patusky, K., Bouwsema, M., & Collier, P. (1992). Sense of belonging: A vital mental health concept. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(3), 172–177.

Hagerty, B. M., William, R. A., & Oe, H. (2002). Childhood Antecedents of Adult Sense of Belonging. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(7), 793–801.

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, R. E., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Hampton, K. & Wellman, B. (2001). Long distance community in the network society: contact and support beyond Netville. The American Behavioral Scientist,45(3), 476-495.

Hardin, R. (1982), Collective Action. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Hubiak, W., & Banning, J.H. (1994). The implications of place attachment for campus workplaces. Campus Ecologist, 12(3), 1-4.

Hung, K. H., & Li, S. Y. (2007). The influence of eWOM on virtual consumer communities: Social capital, consumer learning, and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Advertising Research, 47(4), 485-495.

Hurtado, S., & Carter, D. F. (1997). Effects of college transition and perceptions of the campus racial climate on Latino college students’ sense of belonging. Sociology of Education, 70(4), 324-345.

Hurtado, S., & Ponjuan, L. (2005). Latino educational outcomes and the campus climate. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 4(3), 235-251.

Inkpen, A. C., & Tsang, E. W. K. (2005). Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 146-165.

Jarillo, J. C. (1988). On strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 9(1), 31-41.

Johnson, D. R., Soldner, M., & Leonard, J. B. (2007). Examining sense of belonging among first-year undergraduates from different racial/ethnic groups. Journal of College Student Development, 48(5), 525-542.

Jones, C., Hesterly, W. S., & Borgatti, S. P. (1997). A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 911-945.

Kang, I., Lee, K. C., Lee, S., & Choi, J. (2007). Investigation of online community voluntary behavior using cognitive map. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 111-126.

Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H., (2000). Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal,21(3), 217–237.

Kalman, M.E. (1999) The Effects of Organizational Commitment and Expected Outcomes on the Motivation to Share Discretionary Information in a Collaborative Database: Communication Dilemmas and Other Serious Games. Unpublished dissertation, University of Southern California.

Kaplowitz, M. D., Hadlock, T. D., & Levine, R. (2004). A comparison of web and mail survey response rates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(1), 94-101.

Käser, P. A. W., & Miles, R. E. (2002). Understanding knowledge activities’ success and failures. Long Range Planning, 35(1), 9-28.

Kim, A. J. (2000), Community Building on the Web, Peachpit Press, Berkeley, CA.

Kollock, P. (1999). The economics of online cooperation: Gifts and public goods in cyberspace. In M. Smith & P. Kollock (Eds.), Communities in Cyberspace (pp. 220-239).New York: Routledge.

Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Leana, C. R., & Van Buren, H. J., III (1999). Organizational social capital and employment practices. The Academy of Management Review, 2(3), 538-555.

Lesser, E. J., & Storck, J. (2001). Communities of practice and organizational performance. IBM Systems Journal, 40 (4), 831–841.

Levin, D. Z., Cross, R., & Abrams, L. C. (2002). Why should I trust you? Predictors of interpersonal trust in a knowledge transfer context. Journal of Applied Psychology,
2(2), 151-165.

Lin, N. (2001). Social Capital. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Lin, H.F. (2007). The role of online and offline features in sustaining virtual communities: An empirical study. Internet Research, 17(2), 119-138.

Lin, H. F. (2008). Determinants of successful virtual communities: Contributions from system characteristics and social factors. Information & Management, 45(8), 522-527.

Marwell, G., & Oliver, P. (1988). Social networks and collective action: A theory of the critical mass III. American Journal of Sociology, 94(3), 502-534.

Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.

McAdam, D. (1982). Political process and the development of Black insurgency,1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McKnight, D. H., & Chervany, N. L. (2002). What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: An interdisciplinary conceptual typology. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(2), 35-60.

McKinney, V., Yoon, K., & Zahedi, F. M. (2002). The measurement of Web-customer satisfaction: an expectation and disconfirmation approach. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 296–315.

McMillian, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6-23.

Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.

Morgan, K. (2004). The exaggerated death of geography: learning, proximity and territorial innovation systems. Journal of Economic Geography, 4(1), 3-21.

Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.

Mynatt, E., O’day, V., Adler, A., & Ito, M., (1998). Network communities: something old, something new, something borrowed. The Journal of Collaborative Computing 7(1/2), 123–156.

Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage, Academic Management Review, 23(2), 242-226.

Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37.

Nooteboom, B., Berger, H., & Noorderhaven, N. G. (1997). Effects of trust and overnance on relational risk. Academy of Management Journal, 40(2), 308–338.

Nunally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw Hill.

Olson, M. (1965). The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Ostrom, E. (1998). A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action. American Political Science Review, 92(1), 1-22.

Ostrom, E. (2000). Collective action and evolution of social norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 137-158.

Otto, P., & Simon, M. (2008). Dynamic perspectives on social characteristics and sustainability in online community networks. System Dynamics Review, 24(3), 321-347.

Paldam, M., & Svendsen, G. T. (2000). An essay on social capital: looking for fire behind the smoke. European Journal of Political Economy, 16 (2), 339–366.

Parsons, A. L. (2002). What determines buyer–seller relationship quality? An investigation from the buyer’s perspective. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, 38(2), 4–12.

Pettit, F. A. (2002). A comparison of world-wide web and paper-and-pencil personality questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 34(1), 50-54.

Pollack, S. (2004). Anti-oppressive practice with women in prison: Discursive reconstructions and alternative practices. British Journal of Social Work, 34(5), 696-707.

Preece, J. (2004). Etiquette, empathy, and trust in communities of practice: Stepping –stones to social capital. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 10(3),194-203.

Preece, J., Nonnecke, B., & Andrews, D. (2004). The top five reasons for lurking: improving community experiences for everyone. Computers in Human Behavior, 20(2), 201-223.

Putnam, R. D. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The American Prospect, (4)13, 35-42.

Putnam, R. D. (1995a). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65–78.

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Raghu, T. S., & Vinze, A. (2007). A business process context for knowledge management. Decision Support Systems, 43(3), 1062-1079.

Ren, Y., Kraut, R., & Kiesler, S. (2007). Applying common identity and bond theory to design of online communities. Organization Studies, 28(3), 377-408.

Ridings, C. M., Gefen, D., & Arinze, B. (2002). Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(3-4), 271-295.

Riegelsberge, J., Sasse, M. A., & McCarthy, J. D. (2004). The researcher’s dilemma: evaluating trust in computer mediated communication. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies, 58, 759–781.

Robert, Jr, L.P., Dennis, A. R., & Ahuja, M. K. (2008). Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in Digitally Enabled Teams. Information Systems Research, 19(3), 314-334.

Roberts, T.L. (1998). Are newsgroups virtual communities? The proceedings of SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 360–367. NY: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Rogers, E. M., & Bhowmik, D. K. (1971). Homophily-heterophily: Relational concepts for communications. Public Opinion Quarterly, 34(4), 523-538.

Rovai, A. P. (2002). Building sense of community at a distance. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning (IRRODL), 3(1), Retrieved August 29, 2003, from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v3.1/rovai.pdf.

Rusbult, C. E., and Buunk, B. P. (1993). Commitment processes in close relationships: An interdependence analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(2), 175–204.

Scott, J. (1991). Social network analysis: A handbook. London: Sage Publications.

Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline. New York: Doubleday Currency.

Shmanske, S. (1991). Public Goods, Mixed Goods, and Monopolistic Competition. Texas: A&M University Press, College Station.

Solow, R. M. (1999). Notes on social capital and economic performance. In P. Dasgupta & I. Serageldin (Eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective (pp. 6-9). Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The Social Psychology of Groups. New York: John Wiley.

Thorn, B., & Connolly, T. (1987). Discretionary databases: A theory and some experimental findings. Communication Research, 14(5), 512-526.

Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: the role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Review, 41(4), 464-476.

Tsai, I. C., Kim, B., Liu, P. J., Goggins, S. P., Kumalasari, C., & Laffey, M. (2008). Building a model explaining the social nature of online learning. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 11(3), 198-215.

Wang, J. C., & Chiang, M. J. (2009). Social interaction and continuance intention in online auctions: A social capital perspective. Decision Support Systems, 47(4), 466-476.

Wanous, J. (1980), Organizational Entry: Recruitment, Selection, and Socialization, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Warf, B., (1994). Structuration theory and electronic communications. In D. Wilson & J.Huff (Eds.), Marginalized Places and Populations: A Structurationist Agenda.Praeger (pp. 43-57). Conn: Westport.

Wasko, M. M., Faraj, S., & Teigland, R. (2004). Collective action and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 5 (December), 493–513.

Wasko, M. M., & Faraj, S. (2005). Why should I share? Examining knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice. MIS Quarterly, 29 (1), 1–23.

Wasko, M. M., Teigland, R., & Faraj. S. (2009). The provision of online public good: Examining social structure in an electronic network of practice. Decision Support systems, 47(3), 254-265.

Wellman, B., & Gulia, M. (1999). Net-surfers don’t ride alone: Virtual communities as communities. In B. Wellman. (Ed.), Networks in the Global Village (pp. 331-366). Boulder, CO: West-view.

Wellman, B. (2001). Computer networks as social networks. Science, 293(5537), 2031-2034.

Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wenger, E. C. & Snyder, W. M. (2000). Communities of practice: the organizational frontier. Harvard Business Review, January–February, 139–145.

Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Wiertz, C., & Ruyter, K. D. (2007). Beyond the call of duty: Why customers contribute to firm-hosted commercial online Communities. Organization Studies, 8(3), 347-376.

Wilkinson, C., Peters, L., Mitchell, K., Irwin, T., McCorrie, K., & MacLeod, M. (1998). Being there: learning through active participation. Nurse Education Today, 18(3), 226–230.

Taormina, R. J. (1997), Organizational socialization: a multidomain, continuous process model, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 5(1), 29-47.

Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The Social Psychology of Groups. New York: John Wiley.

Usoro, A., Sharratt, M. W., & Tsui, E. (2006). An investigation into trust as an antecedent to knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practice. Computer and Information Systems, 10. UK: University of Paisley press.

Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: the role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Review, 41(4), 464-476.

Vanderhorst, R. K., & McLaren, S. (2005). Social relationships as predictors of depression and suicidal ideation in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 9(6), 517-525.

Van Maanen, J. (1977). Experiencing organizations. In J. Van Maanen (Ed.), Organizational careers: Some new perspectives (pp. 15-45). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Van Wijk, R., Jansen, J. J. P., & Lyles, M. A. (2008). Inter- and intra-organizational knowledge transfer: A meta-analysis review and assessment of its antecedents and
consequences. Journal of Management Studies, 45(4), 830-853.

Van Vianen, A.E.M. (2000), Person-organization fit: the match between newcomers' and recruiters' preferences for organizational cultures, Personnel Psychology, 53(1), 113-49.

Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H. J. (2001). Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6–7), 587–613.

Zenger, T. R., & Lawrence, B. S. (1989). Organizational demography: The differential effects on age and tenure distributions. Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), 353-376.

Zhang, Y., & Hiltz, S. R. (2003). Factors that influence online relationship evelopment in a knowledge sharing community. Proceedings of the Ninth American Conference on Information Systems, 410–417.