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研究生：	吳建彬 Wu, Jian-Bin
論文名稱：	厭氣阻板反應器串聯活性污泥系統處理養豬廢水 Treatment of Piggery Wastewater by a Combined Anaerobic Baffled Reactor-Activated Sludge Reactor System
指導教授：	黃汝賢 Huang, Ju-Sheng 林達昌 Lin, Ta-Chang
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2004
畢業學年度：	92
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	140
中文關鍵詞：	脫硝異營菌分率、硝化自營菌分率、顆粒特性、模式驗證、COD降解動力、動力模式、厭氣阻板反應器、養豬廢水、脫硝動力、硝化動力、活性污泥反應器
外文關鍵詞：	granule characteristics, kinetic model, mass fraction of denitrifiers, mass fraction of nitrifiers, model validation, denitrification kinetics, activated sludge reactor, anaerobic baffled reactor, nitrification kinetics, piggery wastewater, COD degradation kinetics
相關次數：	點閱：218 下載：9
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　　為提昇傳統三段式養豬廢水處理系統（固液分離→厭氣處理→活性污泥處理）對COD及氮之去除效果，本研究採用厭氣阻板反應器（ABR）串聯活性污泥反應器（ASR）之系統處理養豬廢水（取自台糖虎山農場經固液分離機、兼氣塘（HRT = 2 d）處理後之廢水），並將ASR出流水迴流至前段ABR，此一系統不僅可讓前段ABR進行脫硝並厭氣降解進流水之有機物，亦可讓後段ASR進行好氧降解殘存之有機物及氨氮之硝化反應。在適宜之操作條件下（如ABR及ASR之水力停留時間、ASR出流水迴流比等），系統對養豬廢水（COD = 1930～2050 mg/L、TKN = 392～410 mg/L）有高達96.1%～97.3%之COD去除率、～100%之TKN去除率及53.2%～80.1%之TN去除率（與ASR出流水迴流比呈正相關）。
　　本研究在忽略ABR質傳阻抗之假設條件下（由獨立批次反應器求得分散污泥與顆粒污泥之脫硝動力與COD降解動力參數值近乎相同獲得證實)，推導出ABR串聯ASR系統之COD降解和硝化/脫硝動力模式，並以獨立批次實驗求得系統中ABR和ASR之生物降解動力參數，最後再以系統穩定狀態操作下之實驗數據驗證動力模式之適用性。
　　根據脈衝式追蹤劑試驗結果，計算求得ABR之槽數（N）及dead space（試程1及試程2）分別為1.14、1.04及8.2%、13.5%。雖本研究使用之ABR設有三個隔間，惟N = 1.04～1.14之結果意謂著ABR之液相流況為趨向於完全混和之狀態。
　　ABR內之污泥可有效達到顆粒化，污泥顆粒之體積分率平均粒徑範圍為0.84～1.71 mm，且各隔間污泥床下層之顆粒粒徑、污泥濃度及顆粒比重皆為最大，其次依序為污泥床中層、上層者，且第一個隔間之污泥顆粒粒徑皆明顯大於最後一個隔間者。依獨立批次實驗結果，ASR之硝化和COD降解反應、ABR之脫硝和COD降解反應以及強化培養（enrichment culture）之硝化、脫硝反應皆可用Monod型動力描述。經由獨立批次實驗之測定結果，系統中ABR之脫硝異營菌分率（fd）為0.65～0.93，系統中ASR之好氧異營菌分率（fn）則為0.42～0.71。
　　將系統穩定狀態下之操作條件及水質、污泥濃度實驗數據依質量平衡計算，ASR內硝化自營菌之比硝化速率及好氧異營菌之比COD去除速率分別為0.15～0.47 mg TKN/mg VSS-d及0.32～0.43 mg COD/mg VSS-d；ABR內脫硝異營菌之比脫硝速率為0.041～0.052 mg NOx--N/mg VSS-d，ABR之比COD去除速率為0.24～0.30 mg COD/mg VSS-d；ABR之生物代謝產氣中N2和CH4之氣體組成分別為52.0%～97.2%和2.6～44.1%。
　　此外，將系統之各項操作條件及生物動力參數值代入動力模式之模擬結果，ABR及ASR二者之出流水COD、TKN及NOx--N濃度模擬值皆與實驗值頗為相符，足證本研究提出之動力模式極適合用以預測ABR串聯活性污泥系統處理養豬廢水之出流水質。

　　A combined anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)–activated sludge reactor (ASR) system was used to treat piggery wastewater (pretreated by a solids-liquid separator followed by a facultative lagoon with an HRT of 2 days; COD = 1930 – 2050 mg/L, TKN = 392 – 410 mg/L). To operate the combined reactor system, the effluent from the rear ASR was recycled to the front ABR. Thus, the ABR could proceed with denitrification and methanogenesis (with the utilization of inflow organics). Meanwhile, the ASR could proceed with aerobic degradation of the remaining organics and ammonia nitrification. Under proper operating conditions of HRT, c, and Re, the combined reactor system could remove 96.1% – 97.3% of COD, ~100% of TKN and 53.2% –80.1% of TN.
　　Neglecting the effect of mass transfer resistance on the overall reaction process (this assumption was also proven by independent batch experiments with the use of dispersed sludge and granular sludge), a kinetic model of substrate (COD) degradation and nitrification/denitrification in the combined reactor system is proposed. Independent batch experiments were carried out to determine most of the biological parameter values used in model simulation. In addition, all the experimental data obtained from the steady-state combined reactor system were used to validate the kinetic model.
　　According to pulse perturbation tests, the calculated tank numbers (N) and dead space of the ABRs (Runs 1 and 2) were 1.14, 1.04 and 8.2%, 13.5%, respectively. Although the ABR used in this work was divided into three compartments, the tank numbers of 1.04 – 1.14 implied that the flow regime in the liquid phase of the ABR approached complete-mix.
　　Sludge granulation occurred in the ABRs; the average granule diameter (volume fraction basis) ranged from 0.84 to 1.71 mm, and the granule diameter, biomass concentration and sp. gr. of the granule in the lower-part of the sludge-bed zone was the largest, the middle-part of the sludge-bed zone was the next and, the upper-part of the sludge-bed zone was the smallest; the three parameter values measured in the first compartment were significantly larger than those measured in the last compartment. From independent batch experiments, nitrification and substrate utilization in the ASR, denitrification and substrate utilization in the ABR, and nitrification and denitrification with enrichment culture followed Monod-type kinetics. From independent batch experiments, the estimated mass fractions of denitrifiers in the ABRs (fd) and the mass fractions of nitrifiers in the ASRs (fn) were 0.65 – 0.93 and 0.42 - 0.71, respectively.
　　According to mass-balance calculations, the specific nitrification rate and the specific substrate utilization rate in the ASRs are 0.15 – 0.47 mg TKN/mg VSS-d and 0.32 – 0.43 mg COD/mg VSS-d, respectively; while the specific denitrification rate and the specific substrate utilization rate in the ABRs are 0.041 – 0.052 mg NOx--N /mg VSS-d and 0.24 – 0.30 mg COD/mg VSS-d, respectively. The biogas contents N2 and CH4 monitored in the ABRs were 52.0% – 97.2% and 2.6% – 44.1%, respectively.
　　From the simulated results of the proposed model, the calculated residual concentrations of COD, TKN, and TN in the ABRs and ASRs were in good agreement with the experimental results; the calculated COD, TKN, and TN removal efficiencies of the combined reactor system were in good agreement with the experimental results. Accordingly, the proposed kinetic model can be appropriately used to predict treatment performance of the combined reactor system.

中文摘要...............................................................I
英文摘要............................................................ III
目 錄.................................................................VI
圖 目 錄.............................................................XII
表 目 錄............................................................ XIV
符號說明............................................................ XVI
第一章 緒 論...........................................................1
1–1 研究動機..........................................................1
1–2 研究目的..........................................................2
第二章 文獻回顧........................................................4
2–1 養豬廢水之污染物特性及處理法......................................4
2-1-1 養豬廢水之組成與水質特性.........................................4
2-1-2 養豬廢水之處理法.................................................4
2–2 氮的型態及其處理方法..............................................7
2-2-1 硝化作用及其影響因素.............................................7
2-2-2 脫硝作用及其影響因素........................................... 11
2–3 分離污泥型硝化/脫硝系統......................................... 15
2–4 厭氣代謝反應.................................................... 17
2-4-1 厭氣代謝反應機制............................................... 17
2-4-2 脫硝菌與厭氣菌之共生關係....................................... 19
2-4-3 影響厭氣生物程序穩定性之因素................................... 20
2–5 厭氣阻板反應器（ABR）概說....................................... 24
2-5-1 發展與應用..................................................... 26
2-5-2 水動力學特性................................................... 28
2-5-3 生物固體物截留能力............................................. 30
2-5-4 厭氣處理性能................................................... 31
2–6 ABR 之污泥顆粒特性.............................................. 32
2-6-1 污泥顆粒化機制及微生物族群分布................................. 32
2-6-2 顆粒之結構及組成............................................... 34
2-6-3 顆粒粒徑之分析................................................. 35
2–7 活性污泥法概說.................................................. 36
2-7-1 活性污泥法之定義............................................... 36
2-7-2 活性污泥之形成................................................. 37
2-7-3 影響處理功能之環境因素......................................... 38
2–8 生物反應動力.................................................... 40
2-8-1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics...................................... 40
2-8-2 Monod Kinetics ................................................ 42
2-8-3 Lawrence and McCarty Kinetics.................................. 43
2–9 生物動力常數之迴歸分析.......................................... 44
2–10 硝化/脫硝動力.................................................. 46
2-10-1 單段式硝化動力................................................ 47
2-10-2 單段式脫硝動力................................................ 48
2–11 生物系統之細菌分率............................................. 50
第三章 厭氣阻板反應器串聯活性污泥系統之COD降解及硝化/脫硝動力模式.... 52
3–1 模式假設條件.................................................... 52
3–2 模式推導........................................................ 53
第四章 實驗設備與方法................................................ 58
4–1 實驗設備........................................................ 58
4-1-1 厭氣阻板反應器串聯活性污泥系統................................. 58
4-1-2 批次反應器..................................................... 58
4-1-3 血清瓶反應器................................................... 60
4-1-4 玻璃燒杯反應器................................................. 60
4-1-5 儀器設備....................................................... 61
4–2 實驗方法........................................................ 62
4-2-1 試驗廢水....................................................... 62
4-2-2 厭氣阻板反應器/活性污泥之植種、馴化及起動...................... 63
4-2-3 厭氣阻板反應器串聯活性污泥系統之操作........................... 63
4-2-4 厭氣阻板反應器之追蹤劑試驗..................................... 64
4-2-5 強化培養硝化動力常數之探求（批次反應器）....................... 66
4-2-6 強化培養脫硝動力常數之探求（批次反應器）....................... 67
4-2-7 分散污泥和顆粒污泥之動力常數探求............................... 68
4-2-8 ABR 反應器CODutili/NO3--Nred 值之探求（批次反應器）............ 69
4-2-9 厭氣阻板反應器脫硝異營菌（fd）分率............................. 69
4-2-10 活性污泥反應器硝化自營菌（fn）分率............................ 70
4-2-11 COD 降解動力常數（厭氣阻板反應器之污泥）之探求................ 70
4-2-12 COD 降解動力常數（活性污泥反應器之污泥）之探求................ 71
4–3 分析方法........................................................ 71
4-3-1 水質分析....................................................... 71
4-3-2 Li＋ .......................................................... 72
4-3-3 生物產氣分析（CH4、CO2、N2） .................................. 72
4-3-4 各階段處理水有機物成分之分子量分佈測定......................... 72
4-3-5 厭氣阻板反應器之生物顆粒特性分析............................... 74
第五章 結果與討論.................................................... 83
5–1 強化培養菌之動力常數............................................ 83
5-1-1 脫硝異營菌..................................................... 83
5-1-2 硝化自營菌..................................................... 85
5–2 ABR 串聯ASR 系統操作結果........................................ 86
5-2-1 TKN 去除....................................................... 86
5-2-2 TN 去除........................................................ 87
5-2-3 COD 去除....................................................... 88
5-2-4 生物代謝產氣................................................... 90
5-2-5 鹼度改變量..................................................... 91
5-2-6 各階段處理水有機物成分之分子量分布............................. 92
5–3 厭氣阻板反應器之水動力學特性.................................... 93
5–4 脫硝異營菌和甲烷菌分率/硝化自營菌和好氧異營菌分率............... 96
5-4-1 厭氣阻板反應器脫硝異營菌和甲烷菌分率........................... 96
5-4-2 活性污泥反應器硝化自營菌和好氧異營菌分率....................... 97
5–5 厭氣阻板反應器污泥床顆粒特性................................... 104
5-5-1 厭氣阻板反應器污泥床顆粒特性.................................. 104
5-5-2 污泥顆粒粒徑分佈.............................................. 106
5-5-3 分散污泥和顆粒污泥之動力常數.................................. 108
5–6 COD 降解動力常數............................................... 108
5-6-1 甲烷菌之COD降解動力常數....................................... 108
5-6-2 好氧異營菌之COD降解動力常數....................................111
5–7 動力模式之模擬與驗證............................................113
5-7-1 動力參數值及反應項.............................................113
5-7-2 模式模擬與驗證.................................................113
第六章 結 論........................................................ 121
參考文獻............................................................ 124
附 錄............................................................... 138
誌 謝............................................................... 139
自 述............................................................... 140
                                    

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