簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 拉木信
Mohsin, Raza Muhammad
論文名稱: 研究鎳基合金713-LC於雷射粉床熔融之裂紋機制、顯微組織及機械性質
Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processed IN713-LC: Efforts to understand Cracking Mechanism, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
指導教授: 羅裕龍
Lo, Yu-Lung
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年: 2020
畢業學年度: 109
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 58
外文關鍵詞: Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), IN713LC, Solidification cracking, Grain size, Ductility dip cracking (DDC), Strain age cracking (SAC)
相關次數: 點閱:120下載:2
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a technique that is used to manufacture the parts with high relative density and mechanical properties as well as to that of conventional approaches i.e. casting. As the complex interaction between the laser and the powder in LPBF, it has some flaws like pores, micro-cracks, and distortion during the built. Inconel-713LC is a low carbon (LC) nickel-based superalloy, generally produced by casting, which is widely used in hot section components of gas turbine engines. The selection of materials for gas turbines is critical to obtain high efficiency and reliability, especially for the components located in the high-temperature service section where the flow of hot gases imposes severe operating conditions. To withstand the loading conditions at high temperatures (500–915◦C), it’s considered as a non-weldable alloy as it has a high percentage of Al+Ti compared to that of Inconel 718. This study focuses on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and phases of IN713LC for the as-built specimen and after the heat-treatment. In this study, experimental results show that the tensile strength and elongation of LPBF printed IN713LC tensile bar are higher than those made by casting. The yield strength of 791 MPa, the ultimate strength of 995 MPa, elongation of 12%, and relative density of the specimen approximately 99.98% is achieved. The crack density is also reduced to a lower number to 0.11% per mm². It’s concluded that there are two kinds of micro-cracks, one is called solidification cracking which due to the composition effect, and the other is ductility dip cracking (DDC) which is due to reheating of the subsequent layer because of grain boundary slides and causes micro-cracking. Also, it’s concluded that heat treatment of IN713LC processed by LPBF is as it reduces mechanical properties. There are two possible reasons for that, one is an increase of the grain size after heat treatment, and the other possible reason is strain age cracking (SAC) which occurs in Ni-based after the heat treatment as it causes more cracks for non-weldable alloys or increases the size of already existing cracks. According to [1], Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is the possible way to improve the mechanical properties as it could close the cracks and also close the small pores that would cause a reduction in mechanical properties.

    Abstract i Acknowledgment iii List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Preface 1 1.1.1 Laser powder-bed fusion 1 1.1.2 Types of Superalloys 3 1.1.3 Roles of the Particular Elements in a Ni-based Superalloy 4 1.1.4 Inconel 713 LC 5 1.2 Background and literature review 7 1.2.1 Review of IN713LC in LPBF 7 1.3 Principle mechanisms for cracking in Ni-based superalloy. 10 1.4 Research motivation and objectives 13 Chapter 2 Basic theory and methods 14 2.1 The criterion in reducing micro-cracks 14 2.1.1 Map for less micro-crack 15 2.2 Heat Treatment 17 2.2.1 Grain Size Effect on Mechanical Properties 18 2.2.2 Crack Detail Analysis 19 Chapter 3 Experiment and Methods 20 3.1 Pre-processing of IN713LC powder for LPBF processing 20 3.1.1 Metal powder 20 3.1.2 Selective laser melting machine 21 3.1.3 Manufacturing of Samples 22 3.2 Experiments for mechanical properties and Microstructure analysis 24 3.2.1 Crack Density Observation 25 3.2.2 Density Measurement of Cubic Samples. 27 3.3 Heat Treatment 27 3.4 Microstructure and Phase analysis 28 3.4.1 Metallurgical Sample preparation. 29 3.4.2 Melt-pool analysis 29 3.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 30 Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 32 4.1 Microstructure and Mechanical Property of the as-printed IN713LC by LPBF 32 4.1.1 The microstructure of as-built samples 32 4.1.2 Mechanical properties of as-built samples 35 4.1.3 XRD phases analysis of the as-built samples. 38 4.2 Microstructure and mechanical property of the post-process heat treatment at IN713LC by LPBF 40 4.2.1 Microstructure after heat-treatment 40 4.2.2 Mechanical properties after solid solution heat and stabilization heat treatment 41 4.2.3 XRD Phases analysis of heat-treated samples. 43 4.3 Grain size effects on mechanical properties. 44 4.4 Crack Characterization 45 Chapter 5 Conclusion and future work 52 5.1 Conclusions 52 5.2 Future works 53 References 54

    [1] M. L. Montero-Sistiaga, S. Pourbabak, J. Van Humbeeck, D. Schryvers, and K. Vanmeensel, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X produced by HP-SLM (high power selective laser melting)," Materials & Design, vol. 165, p. 107598, 2019.
    [2] A. J. Pinkerton and L. Li, "Modelling the geometry of a moving laser melt pool and deposition track via energy and mass balances," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 37, no. 14, p. 1885, 2004.
    [3] D. Gu, W. Meiners, Y.-C. Hagedorn, K. Wissenbach, and R. Poprawe, "Bulk-form TiCx/Ti nanocomposites with controlled nanostructure prepared by a new method: selective laser melting," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 43, no. 29, p. 295402, 2010.
    [4] J.-P. Kruth, M.-C. Leu, and T. Nakagawa, "Progress in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping," CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 525-540, 1998.
    [5] K. Osakada and M. Shiomi, "Flexible manufacturing of metallic products by selective laser melting of powder," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1188-1193, 2006.
    [6] D. L. Prakash, M. Walsh, D. Maclachlan, and A. Korsunsky, "Crack growth micro-mechanisms in the IN718 alloy under the combined influence of fatigue, creep and oxidation," International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 31, no. 11-12, pp. 1966-1977, 2009.
    [7] H. Qi, M. Azer, and A. Ritter, "Studies of standard heat treatment effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser net shape manufactured Inconel 718," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 2410-2422, 2009.
    [8] M. Srivastava and M. Mishra, "3D Printing: Additive Manufacturing."
    [9] J. Edgar and S. Tint, "Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing," Johnson Matthey Technology Review, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 193-198, 2015.
    [10] W. E. Frazier, "Metal additive manufacturing: a review," Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1917-1928, 2014.
    [11] L. N. Carter, "Selective laser melting of nickel superalloys for high temperature applications," University of Birmingham, 2013.
    [12] M. J. Donachie and S. J. Donachie, Superalloys: a technical guide. ASM international, 2002.
    [13] Z. Zhu, H. Basoalto, N. Warnken, and R. Reed, "A model for the creep deformation behaviour of nickel-based single crystal superalloys," Acta Materialia, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 4888-4900, 2012.
    [14] C. Sims, "T.–Stoloff, NS–Hagel, WC: Superalloys II," ed: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 1987.
    [15] M. Henderson, D. Arrell, R. Larsson, M. Heobel, and G. Marchant, "Nickel based superalloy welding practices for industrial gas turbine applications," Science and technology of welding and joining, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 13-21, 2004.
    [16] N. J. Harrison, "Selective laser melting of nickel superalloys: solidification, microstructure and material response," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2016.
    [17] J. C. Lippold, S. D. Kiser, and J. N. DuPont, Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickel-base alloys. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
    [18] S. Kou, "Welding metallurgy," New Jersey, USA, pp. 431-446, 2003.
    [19] J. Risse and C. Broeckmann, "Additive manufacturing of nickel-base superalloy IN738LC by laser powder bed fusion," Lehrstuhl für Lasertechnik2019.
    [20] M. Rowe, "Ranking the resistance of wrought superalloys to strain-age cracking," Welding journal, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 60-71, 2006.
    [21] D. Grange, J.-D. Bartout, B. Macquaire, and C. Colin, "Processing a non-weldable Nickel-base superalloy by Selective Laser Melting: role of the shape and size of the melt pools on solidification cracking," Materialia, 2020.
    [22] M. Rappaz, J. M. Drezet, and M. Gremaud, "A new hot-tearing criterion," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 449-455, 1999.
    [23] C. Wei, H. Bor, C. Ma, and T. Lee, "A study of IN-713LC superalloy grain refinement effects on microstructure and tensile properties," Materials chemistry and physics, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 89-93, 2003.
    [24] T. Maccagno, A. Koul, J.-P. Immarigeon, L. Cutler, R. Allem, and G. L’esperance, "Microstructure, creep properties, and rejuvenation of service-exposed alloy 713C turbine blades," Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 3115-3125, 1990.
    [25] B. B. Galizoni, A. A. Couto, and D. A. P. Reis, "Heat treatments effects on nickel-based superalloy inconel 713C," Metals, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 47, 2019.
    [26] L. Koll, P. Tsipouridis, and E. Werner, "Preparation of metallic samples for electron backscatter diffraction and its influence on measured misorientation," Journal of microscopy, vol. 243, no. 2, pp. 206-219, 2011.
    [27] Z. Wang, K. Guan, M. Gao, X. Li, X. Chen, and X. Zeng, "The microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited-IN718 by selective laser melting," Journal of alloys and compounds, vol. 513, pp. 518-523, 2012.
    [28] V. Popovich, E. Borisov, A. Popovich, V. S. Sufiiarov, D. Masaylo, and L. Alzina, "Functionally graded Inconel 718 processed by additive manufacturing: Crystallographic texture, anisotropy of microstructure and mechanical properties," Materials & Design, vol. 114, pp. 441-449, 2017.
    [29] D. F. Heaney, Handbook of metal injection molding. Woodhead Publishing, 2018.
    [30] H. Wang et al., "Selective laser melting of the hard-to-weld IN738LC superalloy: Efforts to mitigate defects and the resultant microstructural and mechanical properties," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 807, p. 151662, 2019.
    [31] W. Zhou et al., "Inhibition of cracking by grain boundary modification in a non-weldable nickel-based superalloy processed by laser powder bed fusion," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 791, p. 139745, 2020.
    [32] P. Gao et al., "Cracking behavior and control of β-solidifying Ti-40Al-9V-0.5 Y alloy produced by selective laser melting," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 39, pp. 144-154, 2020.
    [33] R. Rosenthal and D. R. F. West, "Continuous γ′ precipitation in directionally solidified IN738 LC alloy," Materials science and technology, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1387-1394, 1999.
    [34] A. Chamanfar, M. Jahazi, A. Bonakdar, E. Morin, and A. Firoozrai, "Cracking in fusion zone and heat affected zone of electron beam welded Inconel-713LC gas turbine blades," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 642, pp. 230-240, 2015.
    [35] L. N. Carter, M. M. Attallah, and R. C. Reed, "Laser powder bed fabrication of nickel-base superalloys: influence of parameters; characterisation, quantification and mitigation of cracking," Superalloys, vol. 2012, pp. 577-586, 2012.
    [36] Systematic Approach for Reducing Micro-Crack Formation in Inconel 713LC Components Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion" Hung-Yu Wang,Yu-Lung Lo,Hong-Chuong Tran, Trong-Nhan Le and M. Mohsin Raza"

    下載圖示 校內:2023-12-30公開
    校外:2023-12-30公開
    QR CODE