近年來，乳癌的發生率以及死亡率已經分別上升到第一位及第四位，嚴重威脅女性的生命健康。但是與其它癌症相比，乳癌的早期治療存活率也高出許多，甚至可以高於90%，因此早期診斷出乳癌一直是醫界希望達到的目標。然而目前主流的診斷方式都有其缺點，無法兼顧精確度與便利性，在本論文中，我們將發展一套利用紅外線做乳癌偵測的方法，這套系統有低成本、非侵入性、具可攜性且操作簡單等特色，適合用於女性平常的自我檢查，我們希望藉由這套系統，提高女性早期發現乳癌的機會。
在本論文中，我們使用近紅外線技術中具有低成本特點的連續光系統(continuous wave, CW)，並進一步探討連續光系統，從早期使用的雙波長法(dual-wavelength method)到現在被廣泛使用的空間解析法(spatially resolved spectroscopy)都進行研究，我們除了利用蒙地卡羅模擬(monte carlo simulation)與擴散理論(diffusion theory)來做理論上的驗證之外，也實際製作假體來驗證我們的儀器的準確度。在做蒙地卡羅模擬的過程中，我們發現了光子大部分都在表淺部位傳遞的現象，因此我們利用multi-sensor的方式來做校正，希望使深層組織的訊號不被淺層組織覆蓋。
最後我們與成大醫院合作，使用我們的儀器實際量測病患，從最後的分析結果中我們可以發現我們的儀器的確可以觀察到腫瘤組織相較於正常組織有低血氧濃度極高血量的特性，利用這兩個特性我們即可區別正常組織與癌症腫瘤組織。

In recent years, the incident as well as the mortality rate of breast cancer already rose to first and fourth respectively, threaten seriously feminine health and life. But compares with other cancers, the survival percentage for early treatment of breast cancer is also much higher, even may be higher than 90%, therefore, early diagnosis of breast cancer has been the goal which the medicine hope achieves. However the present mainstream's diagnosis way has its shortcoming and is unable to give dual attention to the precision and the convenience. In this paper, we will develop a method which using near-infrared to make the breast cancer detection. This system has advantage like low cost、non-invasive portable, and so on simplicity of operator, suitable to use in the feminine ordinary self-examination. We hoped that because of this system, we can enhances the early diagnosis rate of breast cancer.

In this paper, we use the continuous wave system (CW) in the near-infrared technology, which have the characteristic of low cost, and further discusses the continuous wave system. We study from the early used dual-wavelength method to spatially resolved spectroscopy which is widely used today. We not only make the confirmation theoretically by using Monte Carlo simulation and Diffusion theory, but also make the phantoms to confirm the accuracy of system. When we doing Monte Carlo simulation, we have discovered the phenomenon that majority of photons transmit in the shallow part of tissue, therefore we try to use the way of multi-sensor to do the calibration, hope that the signal caused by in-depth tissue is not covered by the shallow layer of tissue.

After that we cooperate with NCKU hospital, receives date from volunteers by using our system. From the analysis result, we can know that our system indeed observe that compares with the normal tissue, the tumor tissue has the characteristic of hypoxemia and high blood volume, uses these two characteristics we then to distinguish the tumor tissue from normal tissue.

[1] K. Spiegel, E. Tasaii, R. Leproult, and E. V. Cauter , “Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk,” Nature Reviews Dndocrinology, vol. 5, pp. 253-261, 2009.
[2] Cutler M, “Transilumination of the breast.” Surg Gynecol Obstet., vol. 48, pp. 48:721-727, 1929.
[3] Girolamo R.F, Gaythorpe J.V, “Clinical diaphanography—its present perspective.” Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, vol. 2, pp. 1-31, 1937.
[4] Yodh A, Chance B, “Spectroscopy and imaging with diffusing photons.” Phys Today, vol. 48, pp. 34-40, 1995.
[5] Millikan G.A, “Experiments on muscle haemoglobin in vivo; The instantaneous measurement of muscle metabolism.” Proc Roy Soc London B., vol. 129, pp. 218-241, 1937.
[6] Millikan G.A, “The oximeter, an instrument for measuring continuously the oxygen saturation of arterial blood in man.” Rev Sci Instrum., vol. 13, pp. 434, 1942.
[7] Chance B, “Stable spectroscopy of small density changes.” Rev Sci Instrum., vol. 18, pp. 601-609, 1947.
[8] Chance B, Williams G.R, “Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. II. Difference spectra.” J. Biol Chem., vol. 217, pp. 395-408, 1955.
[9] Franceschini M.A, Joseph D.K, Huppert T.J, Diamond S.G and Boas D.A, “Diffuse optical imaging of the whole head.” J. Biomed. Opt., vol. 11:054007, 2006.
[10] Danen R.M, Yong Wang ,X. Li. D, Thayer W.S, Yodh A.G. “Regional imager for low-resolution functional imaging of the brain with diffusing near-infrared light.” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 67, pp. 33-40, 1998.
[11] Everdell N.L, Gibson A.P, Tullis I.D.C, Vaithianathan T, Hebden J.C, Delpy D.T. “A frequency multiplexed near-infrared topography system for imaging functional activation in the brain.” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 76:093705, 2005.
[12] Kienle A, Lilge L, Patterson M.S, Hibst R, Steiner R and Wilson B.C, “Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive determination of the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of biological tissue.” APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 35 No. 13, 1996.
[13] Farrell T.J, Patterson M.S, and Wilson B, “A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady-state diffuse reflectance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties in vivo.” Med. Phys., vol. 19, pp. 879-888, 1992.
[14] Matcher S.J, Kirkpatrick P, Nahid K, Cope M and Delpy D.T, “Absolute quantification methods in tissue near infrared spectroscopy.” Proc. SPIE., vol. 2389, pp.486-495, 1993.
[15] Nissilä I, Hebden J.C, Jennions D, Heino J, Schweiger M, Kotilahti K,Noponen T, Gibson A, Järvenpää S, Lipiäinen L and Katila T, “Comparison between a time-domain and a frequency-domain system for optical tomography.” J. Biomed. Opt., vol 11, 064015
[16] Grosenick D, Wabnitz H, Rinneberg H.H, Moesta K.T and Schlag P.M, “Development of a time-domain optical mammograph and first in vivo applications.” Appl. Opt., vol 38, pp 2927-2943, 1999.
[17] Taroni P, Pifferi A, Salvagnini E, Spinelli L, Torricelli A and Cubeddu R, “Seven-wavelength time-resolved optical mammography extending beyond 1000 nm for breast collagen quantification.” OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 17, no.18, 2009.
[18] Taroni P, Pifferi A, Quarto G, Spinelli L, Torricelli A, Abbate F, Villa A, Balestreri N, Menna S, Cassano E and Cubeddu R, “Noninvasive assessment of breast cancer risk using time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy.” J. Biomed. Opt., vol.15, 060501, 2010.
[19] Taroni P, Comelli D, Farina A and Pifferi A, “Time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy of small tissue samples.” OPTICS EXPRESS, vol. 15, no.16, 2007.
[20] Torricelli A, Pifferi A, Taroni P, Giambattistelli E, and Cubeddu R, “In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm, by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy.” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 46, no. 8, 2001.
[21] Patterson M.S, Moulton J.D, Wilson B.C, Berndt K.W and Lakowicz J.R, “Frequency-domain reflectance for determination of the scattering and absorption properties of tissue.” Appl. OPT., vol. 30, pp. 4474-4476, 1991.
[22] Fishkin J.B, So P.T.C, Cerussi A.E, Fantini S, Franceschini M.A and Gratton E, ”Frequency-domain method for measuring spectral properties in multiple-scattering media: methemoglobin absorption spectrum in a tissuelike phantom.” Appl. Opt., vol. 34, pp. 1143-1155, 1995.
[23] Duncan A, Whitlock T.L, Cope M and Delpy D.T, “A multiwavelength, wideband, intensity modulated optical spectrometer for near infrared spectroscopy and imaging.” Proc. SPIE., pp. 248-257, 1888.
[24] Tromberg B.J, Coquoz1 O, Fishkin J.B, Pham T, Anderson E.R, Butler J, Cahn M, Gross J.D, Venugopalan V and Pham D, “Non–invasive measurements of breast tissue optical properties using frequency–domain photon migration.”, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., vol. 352, pp. 661-668, 1997.
[25] Pogue B, Testorf M, McBride T, Osterberg U and Paulsen K, “Instrumentation and design of a frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography imager for breast cancer detection.”, Optics Express, vol. 1, pp. 391-403, 1997.
[26] McBride T.O, Pogue B.W, Jiang S,Österberg U.L and Paulsen K.D, “A parallel-detection frequency-domain near-infrared tomography system for hemoglobin imaging of the breast in vivo”, Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 72, pp. 1817-1824, 2001.
[27] Delpy D.T, Cope M, P. van der Zee, Arridge S, Wray S and Wyatt J, “Estimation of optical pathlength through tissue from direct time of flight measurement.” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 33, pp. 1433-1442, 1988.
[28] Jacques S.L, “Spectral imaging and analysis to yield tissue optical properties.” Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 123-129, 2009.
[29] Wang L.H, Jacques S.L and Zheng L.Q, “MCML—Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 47, pp. 131-146, 1995.
[30] Haskell R.C, Svaasand L.O, Tsay T.T, Feng T.C, McAdams M.S and Tromberg B.J, “Boundary conditions for the diffusion equation in radiative transfer.” Optical Society of America, vol.11, pp. 2727-2741, 1994.
[31] Prahl S, Oregon Medical Lascer Center website: http://omlc.ogi.edu.
[32] Regine Choe, “Diffuse Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy of Breast Cancer and Fetal Brain.” Dissertation in Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , 2005.
[33] Chance B, Nioka S, Zhang J, Conant E.F, Hwang E, Briest S, Orel S.G, Schnall M.D and Czerniecki B.J, “Breast cancer detection based on incremental biochemical and physiological properties of breast cancers.” Academic Radiology, vol. 12, pp. 925-933, 2005.
[34] Sassaroli A and Fantini S, “Comment on the modified Beer-Lambert law for scattering media.” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 49, pp. 255-257, 2004.
[35] Kocsis L, Herman P and Eke A, “The modified Beer-Lambert law revisited.” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 51, pp. 91-98, 2006.
[36] McCormick P.W, Stewart M, Goetting M.G, Dujovny M, Lewis G and Ausman J.I, “Noninvasive cerebral optical spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral oxygen
delivery and hemodynamics.” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 19, no. 1, 1991.