本研究目的在於探討廿週健走計劃介入社區健康營造對於社區中老年人身心健康的影響情形。以台南市某實施社區健康營造之社區居民為研究對象，以每週三次，每次卅分鐘以上，連續廿週健走運動課程為社區健康營造的介入策略，並在介入前後以「社區意識量表」、「SF-36量表」、「七日身體活動回憶量表」及生理檢驗為研究工具，瞭解介入前後生理、心理與社區意識的變化。研究結果以信度分析、因素分析、成對樣本t檢定及無母數統計相依樣本差異考驗等統計方法進行分析。研究結果發現：完成此研究計畫及測試者共31位，其中健走組15位，平均年齡64.5±9.30歲；控制組16位，平均年齡61.0±11.15歲；健走組的社區中老年人之輕度身體活動量顯著降低，中度、重度及總身體活動量顯著提升(p <.05)；健走組的社區中老年人之腰圍、體重、BMI及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇顯著降低 (p <.05)，控制組的高敏感度C反應蛋白顯著上升 (p <.05)；健走組的社區中老年人之社會功能、活力狀況、一般自覺狀況及整體得分顯著提升(p <.05)；健走組的社區中老年人在社區意識中之「社區認同」感顯著提升 (p <.05)。本研究結果發現廿週健走運動介入有助於提升社區中老年人的身體活動量，進而改善其心血管疾病之危險因子、生活品質及社區認同。建議未來在推動社區健康營造工作時可將健走運動視為推動運動介入社區健康營造的主軸運動之一。

Purpose: to investigate the effect of 20-weeks of brisk walking intervention on the health and sense of community in the medium-aged-elderly people on building community for health promotion. Methods: thirty one community residents undertook the building community for health promotion in Tainan for this study. Subjects were assigned into either a brisk-walking group (n=15, 64.5±9.30 years) or a control group (n=16, 61.0±11.15 years). The brisk-walking group was instructed to progressively increase the amount and speed of walking in 30-min, 3 days per week for twenty weeks on building community for health promotion. The self-reported questionnaire of 「Sense of Community Scale」、「Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)」、「7-Day Physical Activity Recall (7D-PAR)」 and blood lipids were collected at baseline and after 20 weeks of intervention. Reliability analysis, factor analysis, paired t-test and nonparametric tests two-related samples tests were used for data analysis. Results: the brisk-walking group showed a significant reduction in low activity (p<05), but significant improvements were showed in moderate, vigorous and total physical activity (p<05). The brisk- walking group showed significant reductions in the waist circumference, weight, BMI, and low density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<05). The control group showed a significant increase in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p<05). Social function, vitality state, general self-awareness state and the total score were significantly improved in the brisk-walking group (p<05). The brisk-walking group also showed a significant improvement on “ community identity” of the sense of community. Conclusions: these findings indicate that participating in the brisk-walking program on building community for health promotion can improve physical activity, life quality, community identity and reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases in the medium-aged-elderly people. These findings suggest that brisk walking intervention can provide effective strategies for building community.

一、中文部份
王麗春（1996）。SF-36量表在台北市老人健康狀態調查之效度研
究。未出版碩士論文，國立陽明大學，台北市。
王淑玲（2004）。比較坐式與非坐式工作型態婦女身體活動量及心
血管疾病危險因子。未出版碩士論文，臺北醫學大學，台北
市。
方進隆（1997）。運動與健康。台北市：漢文書局。
方進隆、陳玉英（1997）。社區介入策略對工作場所同仁健康體能
的影響研究。體育學報，24，133-144。
內政部（1995）。從社區發展的觀點，看社區、社區意識與社區文
化。社區發展季刊，69，1-4。
朱美珍（1995）。由人力資源網路論社區意識的凝聚。社區發展季
刊，69，67-74。
何忠鋒（2001）。十二週健走運動與飲食控制計畫對停經婦女身體
組成及血脂肪的影響。體育學報，32，11-24。
宋念謙（1995）。都市居民社區意識與景觀管理維護態度關係之研
究-以臺中市黎明住宅社區為例。未出版碩士論文，東海大學，
台中縣。
李佳霙（1996）。探討中部五縣市民眾的健康狀況與醫療利用間的
相關研究：SF-36健康量表的合適性。未出版碩士論文，中國醫
藥學院，台北市。
李采娟（1998）。測量醫療結果之新工具中文版健康量表SF36效度
評估之研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
李秀玲（2005）。社區意識與社區休閒活動參與關係之研究－以台
中市Q社區為例。未出版碩士論文，靜宜大學，台中縣。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃亦清、李明憲、王淑芳（2000）。身體活動自
我報告量表之效度及信度的研究-以Polar Vantage NV心搏率監
測器為效標。衛生教育學報，14，33-48。
吳秋田（2000）。社區居民之意識與產業文化活動認同度關係之研
究─以白河蓮花節為例。未出版碩士論文，國立中山大學，高
雄市。
吳麗貞（2002）。運動介入對社區老年人健康體能之影響。未出版
碩士論文，國立台北護理學院，台北市。
吳珮雯（2002）。高雄市居民社區意識、社區參與及對社區發展協
會滿意度之關係研究。未出版碩士論文，高雄醫學大學，高雄
市。
吳一德（2006）。有氧運動舆營養教育介入對高總膽固醇學生血脂
質、健康體適能及運動行為之影響。大專體育學刊，8，161-
172。
林振春（1995）。凝聚社區意識，建構社區文化。社區發展季刊，
69，25-39。
林瑞欽（1994）。社區意識的概念－測量與提振策略。新台灣社會
發展學術叢書：社區篇，中華民國公益活動促進會發行。
林暉月（2000）。居民的社區意識與社區公共事務參與態度及方式
關係之研究─以台南市為例。未出版碩士論文，國立中山大
學，高雄市。
林貴福、林正常、陳相榮（2000）。運動、體適能健康。第一期文
獻回顧研析計畫報告書成果討論會。台北：台大醫學院。
林宗賢（2003）。運動介入對女教職員工健康體適能的影響。藝術
學報，73，167-171。
周昱劭、楊奇儒、黃名男、陳大偉、蔡篤杰、王豐林等（2008）。
職場中代謝症候群之現況---北台灣一家醫學中心勞工體檢經
驗。中華職業醫學雜誌，15(1)，67-78。
邱皓政（2000）。量化研究與統計分析：SPSS中文視窗版資料分析
範例解析。台北：五南。
洪維振（2002）。運動介入對國小肥胖學童體適能之影響。未出版
碩士論文，台北巿立體育學院，台北市。
洪美珠（2003）。影響社區健康營造中心運作成效因素之探討。未
出版碩士論文，台北醫學大學，台北市。
南玉芬（2001）。社區健康營造中心之社區推動內涵分析。未出版
碩士論文，東海大學，台中縣。
徐震（1995）。論社區意識與社區發展，社會建設期刊，90，4-
12。
高紹華（2006）。社區營造對社區意識影響之研究-以高雄縣兩個社
區為例。未出版碩士論文，高雄師範大學，高雄市。
張其嫺（1992）。台北市示範社區婦女參與社區發展之研究。未出
版碩士論文，東海大學，台中縣。
張貴閔（2000）。居民社區意識.社區安全知覺.對社區巡守隊滿意
度之關係研究- 以台中縣烏日鄉仁德村為例。未出版碩士
論文，國立中正大學，嘉義縣。
張敬仁、張文道、張文瀚、蔡森蔚、周崇頌、陳妍蒨等（2003）。
以生活型態調整探討減重及健康相關生活品質之改善。台灣衛
誌，22(4)，308-317。
陳順宇（2000）。多變量分析（二版）。台北：華泰。
陳怡如（2000）。社區成人教育活動參與及其社區意識之關係研
究。未出版碩士論文，國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
陳靜敏（2001）。社區健康營造工作之學術面。醫院型態社區護理
服務之拓展研習會講義。台北市立萬芳醫院。
陳令慧（2004）。社區居民之社區意識及其對地區發展之認知與期
望：台北市士林區個案研究。未出版碩士論文，國立台北科技
大學，台北市。
陳靜誼（2006）。社區居民社區意識及對社區總體營造認知關係之
研究─以高雄市河堤社區為例。未出版碩士論文，國立中山大
學，高雄市。
游伯村（2002）。從參與衛生所活動之西湖鄉鄉民探討該鄉之社區
健康促進方案。未出版碩士論文，台北醫學院，台北市。
彭玉惠（2003）。推展社區成人教育以凝聚社區意識之行動研究--
以台南縣善化鎮溪美社區營造為例。未出版碩士論文，國立中
正大學，嘉義縣。
黃富順（1995）。加強社區意識，建立祥和社會的途徑。社會發展
學刊，1，23-33。
葉金川（2000）。營造社區健康－打造健康城市。北市衛生雙月
刊，52，2。
葉乃華（2005）。應用「Safe Out 運動身體好健身操」於國小高年
級肥胖學童之成效研究。未出版碩士論文，大葉大學，彰化
縣。
廖素嫺（2002）。社區老人參與志願服務之研究---以台中縣社區長
壽俱樂部為對象。未出版碩士論文，東海大學，台中縣。
蔡漢賢（1980）。社區意識與生命共同體。人力發展，35，18-20。
鄭舜平（2005）。健走訓練對社區老人健康生活品質與成本效用影
響之探討。未出版碩士論文，國立台灣大學，台北市。
鄭小玲（2006）。運動計畫介入對第二型糖尿病個案的運動知識、
行為及健康體能成效之探討。未出版碩士論文，中臺科技大
學，台中縣。
蔣孝美（2008）。中老年人的運動健康信念與健身運動參與動機對
身體活動量的影響。未出版碩士論文，雲林科技大學，雲林
縣。
鐘曉雲、張曉亭（2003）。肥胖兒童與血脂肪之相關研究。大專體
育，67，152-155。
吳昭新（2005）。臺灣健康資訊網。2009年1月19日，取自老醫之
家，糖代謝檢查網址http://www.tmn.idv.tw/chiaungo/h-
check/glucose.htm
黃國樑、唐孝民（2008）。2026年台灣進入超高齡。聯合新聞，線
上檢索日期：2008年2月27日，網址：
http://udn.com/NEWS/NATIONAL/NAT5/4235413.shtml
謝文華（2006）。老化飆速2050年台灣中老年人口佔半數。自由電
子報，線上檢索日期：2006年11月6日。網址：
http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2006/new/nov/6 /today-
life4.htm
行政院衛生署（2006）。中華民國九十三年死因統計結果摘要。衛
生統計資訊網。2009年1月21 日取自
http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/死因摘要/93
年/93.htm
行政院衛生署（2007）。社區健康營造。2007年10月11日。取自行
政院衛生署，國民健康局社區健康營造網網址
http://hpnet.bhp.doh.gov.tw/hpnet/
維基百科（2008）。自由的百科全書。2008年4月25日，取自維基百
科，生活質量
網址http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%
9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%93%81%E8%B4%A8&variant=zh-tw
蔡雯婷（2006）。人體生理架構。2009年1月6日，取自網址
http://72.14.235.132/search?q=cache:GNsrERbYwhgJ:
health.edu.tw/health/upload/tbteaching_kb/20060719154043_file1.pdf+%E8%94%A1%E9%9B%AF%E5%A9%B7%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%9A%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86&hl=zh-TW&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=tw
二、外文部份
Asikainen, T. M., Miilunpalo, S., Oja, P., Rinne, M., Pasanen, M., & Vuori, I. (2002ª). Walking trials in
postmenopausal women: effect of one v.s. two daily
bouts on aerobic fitness. Scandinavian Journal of
Medicine & Science in Sports, 12(2), 99-105.
Asikainen, T. M., Miilunpalo, S., Oja, P., Rinne, M., Pasanen, M., & Uusi-Rasi, K. et al. (2002b). Randomised,
controlled walking trials in postmenopausal women: the
minimum dose to improve aerobic fitness? British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(3), 189-194.
Berger, G. B., & Sheppard, B. (1996). Psychological
benefits of active life style: What we
know and we need to know. Quest, 48, 330-353.
Bullinger, M. (1995). German translation and psychometric
testing of the SF-36 health survey: Preliminary results
from the IQOLA project. Sociological Science and
Medicine, 41, 1359-1366.
Cohen, J. C., Noakes, T. D., & Benade, A. J. (1988). Postprandial lipemia and chylomicron clearance in athletes
and in sedentary men. The American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 49(3), 443-347.
Colwell, R. R., Epstein, P. R., Gubler, D., Maynard, N., McMichael, A. J., & Patz, J. A. et al. (1998). Climate
change and human health. Science, 279, 968-969.
Danesh, J., Whincup, P., Walker, M., Lennon, L., Thomson, A., & Appleby, P. et al. (2000). Low grade inflammation
and coronary heart disease: prospective study and
updated meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 321,
199-204.
Drygas, W., Kostka, T., Jegier, A., & Kuński, H. (2000).
Long-term effects of different physical activity levels
on coronary heart disease risk factors in middle-aged
men. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(4),
235-241.
Duncan, J. J., Gordon, N. F., & Scott, C. B. (1991). Women
walking for health and fitness. How much is enough?
Journal of the American Medical Association, 266(23),
3295–3299.
Durstine, J. L., Grandjean, P. W., Davis, P. G., Ferguson, M. A., Alderson, N. L., & DuBose, K. D. (2001). Blood
lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a
quantitative analysis. The Journal of Sports Medicine,
31(15), 1033-1062.
Ferrans, C. E., & Powers, M. J. (1992). Psychometric
assessment of the quality of life index. Research in
Nursing & Health, 15, 29-38.
Festa, A., D'Agostino, R. Jr., Williams, K., Karter, A. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., & Tracy, R. P. et al. (2001). The
relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers
of chronic inflammation. International Journal of
Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25(10), 1407-
1415.
Fichten, C. S., Creti, L., Amsel, R., Brender. W., Weinstein, N., & Libman, E. (1995). Poor sleepers who do
not complain of insomnia: Myths and realities about
psychological and lifestyles characteristics of older
good and poor sleepers. Journal of Behavioral Medicine,
18(2), 189-223.
Fisher, K. J., & Li, F. (2004). A community-based walking
trial to improve neighborhood quality of life in older
adults: a multilevel analysis. Annals of Behavioral
Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral
Medicine, 28(3), 186-194.
Furukawa, F., Kazuma, K., Kawa, M., Miyashita, M., Niiro, K., & Kusukawa, R. et al.(2003). Effects of an off-site
walking program on energy expenditure, serum lipids,
and glucose metabolism in middle-aged women. Biological
Research for Nursing, 4(3), 181-192.
Gordon, D. J., Probstfield, J. L., Garrison, R. J., Neaton, J. D., Castelli, W. P., & Knoke, J. D. et al.(1989). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 79, 8-15.
Gordon, N. F., Kohl, H., & Blair, S. N. (1993). Life style
exercise: A new strategy to promote physical activity
for adults. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation,
13, 161-163.
Haines, D. J., Davis, L., Rancour, P., Robison, M., Neel-Wilson, T., & Wagner, S. (2007). A pilot intervention to
promote walking and wellness and to improve the health
of college faculty and staff. Journal of American College Health, 55(4), 219-225.
Hajat, S., Kovats, R. S., Atkinson, R. W., & Haines, A. (2002). Impact of hot temperatures on death in London: a
time series approach. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health, 56, 367–372.
Hardman, A. E., Jones, P. R., Norgan, N. G., & Hudson, A. (1992). Brisk walking improves endurance fitness without
changing body fatness in previously sedentary women.
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational
Physiology, 65(4), 354-359.
Jane, S., Keith, H., Sandra, D., Jane, G., & Nancy, H. (2006). Exploring the feasibility of a community-based
strength training program for older people with
depressive symptoms and its impact on depressive
symptoms. BMC Geriatrics, 6, 18.
Kim, Y. H., & Yang, Y. O. (2005). Effects of walking
exercise on metabolic syndrome risk factors and body
composition in obese middle school girls. Taehan Kanho
Hakhoe Chi, 35(5), 858-867.
Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Laukkanen, R., Vuori, I., Oja, P., Pasanen, M., & Nenonen, A. et al. (1998). Effects of
walking training on health-related fitness in healthy
middle-aged adults--a randomized controlled study.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 8
(4), 236-242.
Lyons, R., Perry, H., & Littlepage, B. (1994). Evidence
for the validity of the short-form 36 questionnaire (SF-
36) in the elderly population. Age and Ageing, 23, 182-
184.
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch V. L. (1996).
Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human
Performance.4th Ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
McHorney, C. A., Kosinske, M., & Ware, J. E. Jr. (1994).
Comparisons of the costs and quality of norms for the
SF-36 health survey collected by mail versus telephone
interview results from a national survey. Medical Care,
32, 551-567.
McLaughlin, T., Abbasi, F., Lamendola, C., Liang, L., Reaven, G., & Schaaf, P. et al. (2002). Differentiation
between obesity and insulin resistance in the
association with C-reactive protein. Circulation, 106
(23), 2908-2912.
McMichael, A. J.(2000). The urban environment and health
in a world of increasing globalization: issues for
developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health
Organ, 78, 1117–1126.
Mensink, G. B., Heerstrass, D. W., Neppelenbroek, S. E., Schuit, A. J., & Bellach, B. M. (1997). Intensity,
duration, and frequency of physical activity and
coronary risk factors. Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise, 29(9), 1192-1198.
Morris, J. N., & Hardman, A. E. (1997). Walking to health.
Sports Medicine, 23(5), 306-332.
Murtagh, E. M., Boreham, C. A., Nevill, A., Hare, L. G., & Murphy, M. H. (2005). The effects of 60 minutes of brisk
walking per week, accumulated in two different
patterns, on cardiovascular risk. Preventive Medicine,
41(1), 92-97.
Murphy, M., Nevill, A., Neville, C., Biddle, S., & Hardman, A. (2002). Accumulating brisk walking for
fitness, cardiovascular risk, and psychological health. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(9), 1468-
1474.
Paillard, T., Lafont, C., Costes-Salon, M.C., Dupui, P., Riviere, D., & Vellas, B. (2002). Cholesterol reduction
and increased cardiovascular fitness following a 12
weeks brisk walking. The Journal of Nutrition, Health &
Aging, 6(2), 138-140.
Park, H. S., Park, J. Y., & Yu, R. (2005). Relationship of
obesity and visceral adiposity with serum
concentrations of CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-6. Diabetes
Research and Clinical Practice, 69(1), 29-35.
Pasceri, V., Willerson, J. T., & Yeh, E. T. (2000). Direct
proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human
endothelial cells. Circulation, 102, 2165–2168.
Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C .A., & Bouchard, C. (1995). Physical activity
and public health. A recommendation from the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention and the American
College of Sports Medicine. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(5), 402-407.
Pazoki, R., Nabipour, I., Seyednezami, N., & Imami, S. R. (2007). Effects of a community-based healthy heart program
on increasing healthy women's physical activity: a
randomized controlled trial guided by Community-based
Participatory Research (CBPR). BMC Public Health, 7
(147), 216.
Ponjee, G., Janssen, E., & Hermans, J. (1995). Effect of
long-term exercise of moderate intensity on
anthropometric values and serum lipids and
lipoproteins. European Journal of Clinical Chemistry
and Clinical Biochemistry, 33, 121-126.
Powers, S. K., Ji, L. L., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (1999).
Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal
muscle antioxidant capacity: a brief review. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(7), 987-997.
Rauh, M. J., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, C. R., Sallis, J. F., & Gleghorn, A. (1992). Reliability and validity of
self-reported physical activity in Latinos.
International Journal of Epidemiology, 21(5), 966-971.
Ready, A. E., Drinkwater, D. T., Ducas, J., Fitzpatrick, D. W., Brereton, D. G., & Oades, S. C. (1995). Walking
program reduces elevated cholesterol in women
postmenopause. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 11
(10), 905-912.
Ridker, P. M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M. J., Tracy, R. P., & Hennekens, C. H. (1997). Inflammation, aspirin, and the
risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy
men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 973-979.
Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., & Rifai, N. (2000). C-reactive protein and other markers of
inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular
disease in women. The New England Journal of Medicine,
342, 836-843.
Ridker, P. M. ( 2001). High-sensitivity C-reactive
protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment
in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Circulation, 103, 357-362.
Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis- an inflammatory disease.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 115-126.
Ryan, A. S., Nicklas, B .J., Berman, D. M., & Dennis, K. E. (2000). Dietary restriction and walking reduce fat
deposition in the midthigh in obese older women. The
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 708-713.
Sallis, J. F., Haskell, W. L., & Wood, P. D. (1985).
Physical activity assessment in methodology in the Five-
City Project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 121(1),
91-106.
Santiago, M. C., Leon, A. S., & Serfass, R. (1995).
Failure of 40 weeks of brisk walking to alter blood
lipids in normolipemic women. Canadian Journal of
Applied Physiology, 20(4), 417–428.
Schneider, A., Panagiotakos, D., Picciotto, S., Katsouyanni, K., Löwel, H., & Jacquemin, B. et al. (2008).
Air temperature and inflammatory responses in
myocardial infarction survivors. Epidemiology, 19(3),
391-400.
Shangold, M. M. (1996). An active menopause: using
exercise to combat symptoms. Physician and Sports
Medicine, 24(7), 30-36.
Shin, Y. (1999). The effects of a walking exercise program
on physical function and emotional state of elderly
Korean women. Public Health Nursing, 16(2), 146-154.
Singh, P. N., Fraser, G. E., Knutsen, S. F., Lindsted, K. D.,& Bennett,H. W. (2000). Validity of a physical activity
questionnaire among African-American Seventh-Day
Adventists. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 33(3), 468-475.
Stensel, D. J., Hardman, A. E., Brookewavell, K., Vallance, D., Jones, P. R., & Norgan, N. G. et al. (1993).
Brisk walking and serum–lipoprotein variables in
formerly sedentary men aged 42–59 years. Clinical
Science, 85(6), 701– 708.
Stern, M. P.,Williams, K., Gonzalez-Villalpando, C., Hunt, K. J., & Haffner, S. M. (2004). Does the metabolic
syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk
of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease?
Diabetes Care, 27, 2676-2681.
Suter, E., Marti, B., & Gutzwiller, F. (1994). Jogging or
walking-comparison of health effects. Annals of
Epidemiology, 4(5), 375-381.
Sullivan, M., Karlsson, J., & Ware, J. E. Jr. (1995). The
Swedish SF-36 health survey-I. Evaluation of data
quality, scaling assumptions, reliability and construct
validity across general populations in Sweden. Social Science & Medicine, 41, 1349-1358.
Taddei, S., Galetta, F., Virdis, A., Ghiadoni, L., Salvetti, G., & Franzoni, F. et al. (2000). Physical
activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric
oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation, 101
(25), 2896-2901.
Taylor, A. H., Katomeri, M., & Ussher, M. (2005). Acute
effects of self-paced walking on urges to smoke during
temporary smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 181
(1), 1-7.
Taylor, C. B. ,Coffey, T., Berra, K., Iaffaldano, R., Casey, K., & Haskell. (1984). Seven-day activity and self-
reports physical compared to a direct measure of
physical activity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 120
(6), 818-824.
Thompson, P. D., Yurgalevitch, S. M., Flymn, M. M., Zmuda, J. M., Spannaus-Martin, D., & Saritelli, A. (1997).
Effects of prolonged exercise training without weight
loss on high-density lipoprotein metabolism in
overweight men. Metabolism, 46, 217-223.
Tully, M. A., Cupples, M. E., Chan, W. S., McGlade, K, & Young, I. S. (2005). Brisk walking, fitness, and
cardiovascular risk: a randomized controlled trial in
primary care. Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 622-628.
Vaitkevicius, P. V., Ebersold, C., Shah, M. S., Gill, N. S., Katz, R. L., & Narrett, M. J. (2002). Effects of
aerobic exercise training in community-based subjects
aged 80 and older: a pilot study. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society, 50(12), 2009-2013.
Ware, J.E. Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-
item short-form health survey (SF-36): Conceptual
framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-481.
Wilbur, J., Miller, A. M., McDevitt, J., Wang, E., & Miller, J. (2005). Menopausal status, moderate-intensity
walking, and symptoms in midlife women. Research and
Theory for Nursing Practice, 19(2), 163-180.
Yaffe, K. (2001). Estrogens, selective estrogen receptor
modulators, and dementia: what is the evidence? Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences, 949, 215-222.