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研究生： 武珈言
Woo, Jia-Yen
論文名稱： 棘阿米巴核糖核苷酸還原酶之功能探討
Functional characterization of Acanthamoeba castellanii ribonucleotide reductase
指導教授： 林威辰
Lin, Wei-Chen
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 醫學院 - 微生物及免疫學研究所
Department of Microbiology & Immunology
論文出版年： 2016
畢業學年度： 105
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 62
中文關鍵詞： 棘阿米巴角膜炎 、核糖核苷酸還原酶 、活性氧化物質
外文關鍵詞： Acanthamoeba keratitis, ribonucleotide reductase, reactive oxygen species
相關次數： 點閱：103  下載：2 
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    • 棘阿米巴原蟲 (Acanthamoeba castellanii) 是一種自由營生的真核單細胞生物，廣泛存在於各種自然環境中。平時以活動體(trophozoite)存在，若環境惡劣時，則會轉為囊體(cyst)以利生存。同時棘阿米巴也是一種伺機性病原，當感染者為免疫不全或是大量使用類固醇者才會導致嚴重之疾病。但是棘阿米巴角膜炎 (Acanthamoeba keratitis, AK)多會發生在免疫功能正常之隱形眼鏡配戴者身上。由於現階段的棘阿米巴診斷和治療技術皆缺乏快速和準確性，因此如何做好預防措施是相當重要的議題。目前隱形眼鏡保養液所加入的殺原蟲成分大致分為過氧化氫(hydrogen peroxide, H2O2)和聚六亞甲基雙胍 (Polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB)兩大類。先前針對棘阿米巴抵抗過氧化氫的機制探討報告中指出：其他物種常見用來對抗氧化壓力的超氧化物歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase, SOD)，在棘阿米巴中並不會受到過氧化氫的刺激提高其表現。本篇研究中，我們發現具DNA修復功能的核糖核苷酸還原酶(Ribonucleotide reductase, RNR) 會與細胞中游離的二價鐵離子(Fe2+)螯合，進而降低自由基的產生，防止DNA受到損害。當棘阿米巴蟲體受到過氧化氫刺激和紫外光曝曬後，核糖核苷酸還原酶會大量表現，而刺激前預先以抗氧化藥物:乙醯半胱氨酸(N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, NAC)處理蟲體，核糖核苷酸還原酶更表現出對活性氧化物質(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)的高度敏感性。當蟲體中核糖核苷酸還原酶ACA_119180的表現受到抑制，過氧化氫能更有效的消滅原蟲。此外，我們也發現棘阿米巴核糖核苷酸還原酶其中兩個同分異構物ACA1_066210和ACA1_066200的基因並不存在於高抗藥性臨床蟲株NCKH_B和NCKH_D中。總結以上結果，本篇論文是首篇探討棘阿米巴核糖核苷酸還原酶對抗氧化壓力機制的研究，我們證實了其各個同分異構物的存在和表現量，也看到了其對抗氧化壓力的潛能，相信此將有利於預防棘阿米巴角膜炎的感染，甚至是治療。

    Acanthamoeba species are free-living eukaryotic protozoa which are ubiquitous in nature. These free-living protozoa can exist as motile trophozoites and dormant cysts in many environments. Acanthamoeba species are also opportunistic human parasites which are rare and typically occur in persons with a compromised immune system, but Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is the exception. Although the number of AK reported cases worldwide is increasing year after year, mostly in contact lens wearers, the adequately effective diagnosis and treatments against AK are still lacking. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) are two key disinfectants of contact lens solution for AK prevention. Previous study showed that superoxide dismutases (SODs), which are the enzymes that play a pivotal role in metabolizing oxidative stresses, were not induced after the treatment of H2O2 in Acanthamoeba castellanii. We discovered that A. castellanii ribonucleotide reductases (AcRNRs) chelated ferrous (Fe2+) iron compounds and blocked fenton reaction to decrease the formation of hydroxyl radicals and retard DNA damage. In this study, AcRNRs were induced by UV-C exposure and different dosages of H2O2. AcRNRs also showed the high sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS) when we exposed A. castellanii under different dosages of H2O2 after N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) pretreatment. The tolerance of H2O2 in A. castellanii was down-regulated after we knocked down RNA expression of the AcRNRs isoform ACA1_119180. In addition, we found gene deficiency for two of AcRNRs isoforms (ACA1_066200 and ACA1_066210) from the PHMB-resistant clinical strains (NCKH_B and NCKH_D). Overall, this study is the first report to confirm the existence and expression level of AcRNRs in A. castellanii and to validate AcRNRs antioxidant activity. We hope this study can help people to clarify the mechanism of antioxidation in A. castellanii and improve the prevention and treatment of AK.

    中文摘要 I ABSTRACT II 誌謝 III CONTENTS IV TABLE LIST VII FIGURE LIST VIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Acanthamoeba castellanii 1 1.1.1 Life cycle of Acanthamoeba castellanii 2 1.1.2 Virulence factor of Acanthamoeba castellanii 3 1.2 Acanthamoeba castellanii-associated diseases (ACADs) 4 1.2.1 The diagnosis of Acanthamoeba castellanii-associated diseases 5 1.2.2 The treatments of Acanthamoeba castellanii-associated diseases 6 1.2.3 The preventions of Acanthamoeba castellanii-associated diseases 7 1.3 Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) 8 1.3.1 Classification of ribonucleotide Reductase 9 1.3.2 Association between ribonucleotide reductase and reactive oxygen species 11 Specific Aims and Goal 12 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 14 2.1 Materials 14 2.1.1 Cell strains 14 2.1.2 Chemicals and other materials 14 2.2 Methods 17 2.2.1 Strains and cell culture 17 2.2.2 Cell injury assay 18 2.2.3 Total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis 18 2.2.4 Purification of genomic DNA 19 2.2.5 Gene silencing methodology 20 2.2.6 Reverse transcription PCR 20 CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 21 3.1 Different stresses caused A. castellanii standard strain ATCC_30010 cell injury 21 3.1.1 Chemical oxidant: H2O2 caused A. castellanii standard strain ATCC_30010 DNA damage and death 21 3.1.2 Physical radiation: Ultraviolet Light-C (UV-C) led A. castellanii standard strain ATCC_30010 DNA damage and death 23 3.2 Manganese and iron superoxide dismutase (AcMn/Fe-SOD) as an indicator to confirm the ROS metabolism pathway in A. castellanii 24 3.2.1 AcMn/Fe-SOD expression was decreased under H2O2 treatment 24 3.2.2 AcMn/Fe-SOD slightly increased after 30 minutes of UV-C exposure 25 3.3 A. castellanii ribonucleotide reductases (AcRNRs) 26 3.3.1 AcRNRs conserved domains prediction 26 3.3.2 AcRNRs were increased under the H2O2 treatment for 10 mM 27 3.3.3 AcRNRs significantly increased UV-C exposure for 30 minutes 28 3.3.4 AcRNRs ferritin function assay 28 3.4 The potency of AcRNRs as an antioxidative enzyme 29 3.4.1 AcRNRs were highly sensitive to endogenous ROS 30 3.4.2 Gene silencing assay confirmed that AcRNRs contain the ability of involving ROS metabolic mechanism to against the DNA damage 31 3.5 Different stresses caused clinical isolate NCKH_D cell injury 32 3.5.1 NCKH_D was a poorly ROS-tolerant isolate comparing with ATCC_30010 32 3.5.2 ACA1_066210 and ACA1_066200 do not exist in NCKH_D 34 CHAPTER 4 35 DISCUSSION 35 CHAPTER 5 38 REFERENCES 38 TABLE 46 FIGURES 48 APPENDIX 62

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