在淨零排放與工業燃燒設備低碳化需求下，氫氣（H₂）與氨氣（NH₃）被視為導入既有天然氣燃燒系統之重要無碳燃料。然而，H₂ 具有高反應性，可能改變火焰結構、自由基分佈與 NO 生成行為；NH₃ 則因反應性較低且含有燃料氮（fuel-N），使 NO、N₂O、NO₂ 與未燃氨之生成機制更加複雜。因此，本研究依據工業燃燒爐之火焰影像、幾何構型、二次燃料噴吹位置與流場物理意義，建立物理導向化學反應器網路（chemical reactor network, CRN）模型，並使用 ANSYS Chemkin-Pro 搭配 LTNGNH3 反應機構，分析 CH₄/H₂ 與 CH₄/NH₃ 於預混、L0 噴吹及不同噴吹距離（L60、L100、L150）下之燃燒與排放特性。
模型驗證結果顯示，本研究所建立之 CRN 模型可反映一氧化碳（CO）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化二氮（N₂O）與氮氧化物（NOx）隨燃料取代比例及噴吹位置改變之主要排放趨勢，可作為後續排放趨勢比較與反應路徑分析之基礎。反應路徑分析顯示，CH₄/H₂ 系統之 NO 主要受溫度場與 H/O/OH/HO₂ 自由基控制，延後 H₂ 噴吹位置可使 H₂ 反應區避開前段高溫 NO 生成區，進而降低高溫與自由基作用對 NO 生成之促進效果；CH₄/NH₃ 系統則主要受 fuel-N 轉化控制，隨 NH₃ 取代比例提高，NH₃→NH₂→NH→NO 主氧化路徑減弱，而 HNO、NNH、N₂O 與 N₂ 相關分支增強。
經由燃料取代比例、熱損、噴吹管徑與噴吹位置之參數分析，本研究取得不同操作目標下之建議條件。對 CH₄/H₂ 系統而言，70% H₂ 搭配 L60 噴吹位置為本研究條件下兼具減碳與 NOx 抑制之代表性操作點；相較於相同取代比例之 L0 噴吹位置，NOx 由 45.59 ppm 降至 16.98 ppm，其減少量約為 L0 基準值的 0.63 倍，且 CO 維持於 5 ppm 以下。若以操作範圍表示，則建議採用 50–70% H₂ 搭配 L60–L100 噴吹位置，噴吹管徑可採用原始管徑 3.05 mm 或 10mm。
對 CH₄/NH₃ 系統而言，若以綜合排放為目標，建議採用 20–30% NH₃ 搭配 L60 噴吹位置。其中 30% NH₃、L60 噴吹位置可使 NOx 相較 L0 噴吹位置之減少量約為 L0 基準值的 0.28 倍；雖然 CO 與 NH₃ slip 增加量分別為 L0 基準值的 8.71 倍與 0.26 倍，但仍較能兼顧 NOx 抑制、燃燒完整性與未燃氨排放。若僅以 NOx 抑制為主要目標，50% NH₃ 搭配 L150 噴吹位置可使 NOx 由 147.30 ppm 降至 1.78 ppm，約降至 L0 基準值的 0.012 倍，但 CO 由 40.69 ppm 增加至 2698.37 ppm，其增加量高達 L0 基準值的 65.32 倍，因此此條件應定位為 NOx 抑制優先操作，而非綜合低污染最佳條件。
此外，NH₃ 噴吹管徑建議採用原始管徑 7.2 mm 或 10mm。熱損敏感度結果顯示，在建議操作範圍 20–30% NH₃ 搭配 L60 條件下，最高熱損設定會使 CO 由 37.34–158.41 ppm 增加至 64.13–299.88 ppm，約為原熱損條件下的 1.72–1.89 倍，因此不建議與最高熱損條件同時操作。整體而言，本研究所建立之物理導向 CRN 模型與分析方法，主要用於探討不同燃料導入方式下對排放趨勢與反應路徑變化之影響，並非用於取代完整計算流體力學（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）模擬或實驗量測之絕對濃度預測。該模型可作為工業燃燒爐導入 H₂ 或 NH₃ 前之初步操作篩選與反應路徑解析工具，並提供後續低碳與低污染燃燒設計之參考。

Hydrogen (H₂) and ammonia (NH₃) are important carbon-free fuels for reducing fuel-side carbon emissions in industrial combustion systems. However, H₂ has high reactivity and may alter flame structure, radical distribution, and NO formation, whereas NH₃ has low reactivity and contains fuel-bound nitrogen, leading to complex pathways of NO, N₂O, and unburned NH₃. This study develops a physically guided chemical reactor network (CRN) model for a 100 kW industrial combustion furnace. The model incorporates furnace geometry, flame images, secondary-fuel lancing positions, jet penetration depth, flue-gas entrainment, residence time, and heat-loss distribution. ANSYS Chemkin-Pro with the LTNGNH3 reaction mechanism is used to analyze CH₄/H₂ and CH₄/NH₃ combustion under fuel premixing, L0 lancing, and delayed lancing distances. The results show that delayed H₂ lancing reduces the overlap between the H₂ reaction region and the upstream high-temperature NO formation zone. For CH₄/NH₃, delayed lancing changes fuel-N branching from the NH₂ → NH → NO pathway toward pathways involving HNO, NNH, N₂O, and N₂. The recommended condition for CH₄/H₂ is 70% H₂ with L60, while 20–30% NH₃ with L60 is recommended as an overall emission trade-off in CH₄/NH₃ combustion.

[1] I. E. Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2025," in "Paris," IEA, 2025.
[2] International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2025 Chapter 1," IEA, Section 1.1.2, Fig. 1.2, 2025.
[3] H. R. Ritchie, Max; Rosado, Pablo. "Energy Production and Consumption." Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption (accessed.
[4] I. E. Agency, "Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector," Paris, France, Special Report 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050
[5] International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2025 Chapter 4," IEA, Fig. 4.43: Hydrogen production by type and low-emissions hydrogen production by region in the STEPS to 2050, Flagship Report 2025.
[6] M. Alnajideen et al., "Ammonia combustion and emissions in practical applications: a review," Carbon Neutrality, vol. 3, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s43979-024-00088-6.
[7] 萬皓鵬、沈政憲、潘育絜、吳鴻森、李昭仁、劉峻幗、石蕙菱, "臺灣氫氨發展與應用," 工程, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 23–35, June 2025 2025.
[8] 陳怡如, "臺灣2050氫應用發展技術藍圖：邁向零碳未來！打造氫能新經濟," Industrial Technology, pp. 30–31, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.itri.org.tw/ListStyle.aspx?DisplayStyle=18_content&MGID=1163474052341146132&MmmID=1036452026061075714&SiteID=1&utm_source=chatgpt.com.
[9] International Energy Agency, "World Energy Outlook 2025 Chapter 3," IEA, Fig. 3.12, 2025.
[10] C. E. Baukal, Jr., Industrial Combustion Pollution and Control. New York, NY, USA: Marcel Dekker, 2004, pp. 15–45.
[11] S. R. Turns, An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications. Boston, MA, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp. 560–575.
[12] C. K. Law, Combustion Physics. Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 250–280.
[13] 行政院環境部, "固定污染源空氣污染物排放標準," 2023. [Online]. Available: https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0020006
[14] 行政院環境部, "113年目的事業主管機關污染改善輔導成果書面報告," 行政院環境部, 成果報告 2024.
[15] 國家發展委員會, "臺灣 2050 淨零排放路徑及策略總說明," 行政院, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ncsd.ndc.gov.tw/Fore/nsdn/about0/2050Path
[16] International Energy Agency, "Global Hydrogen Review 2023," Flagship Report 2023.
[17] M. W. A. Melaina, O.; Penev, M., "Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-5600-51995, 2013.
[18] I. E. Agency, "Ammonia Technology Roadmap: Towards More Sustainable Nitrogen Fertiliser Production," International Energy Agency, Paris, France, Technology Roadmap 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/ammonia-technology-roadmap
[19] C. K. Law, Combustion Physics. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[20] E. H. Hu, Z.He, J.Jin, C.Zheng, J., "Experimental and numerical study on laminar burning characteristics of premixed methane–hydrogen–air flames," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 4876–4888, 2009.
[21] M. Ilbas, I. Yilmaz, and Y. Kaplan, "Investigations of hydrogen and hydrogen–hydrocarbon composite fuel combustion and emission characteristics in a model combustor," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1139–1147, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.10.016.
[22] E. C. Okafor et al., "Experimental and numerical study of the laminar burning velocity of CH4–NH3–air premixed flames," Combustion and Flame, vol. 187, pp. 185–198, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.09.002.
[23] A. K. L. Gupta, D. G.Syred, N., Swirl Flows. Abacus Press, 1984.
[24] A. Abdelhalim, A. Abdelhafez, and M. A. Nemitallah, "Effects of non-premixed H2 injection on the stability, shape, and combustion/emissions characteristics of premixed CH4/air flames: An experimental study," Fuel, vol. 365, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131213.
[25] X. Gao, F. Duan, S. C. Lim, and M. S. Yip, "NOx formation in hydrogen–methane turbulent diffusion flame under the moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution conditions," Energy, vol. 59, pp. 559–569, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.022.
[26] S. C. W. Li, F. A., "NOx Formation in Two-Stage Methane-Air Flames," Combustion and Flame, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 399–414, 1999.
[27] G. Ali, T. Zhang, W. Wu, and Y. Zhou, "Effect of hydrogen addition on NOx formation mechanism and pathways in MILD combustion of H2-rich low calorific value fuels," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 15, pp. 9200–9210, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.027.
[28] S. Xu, Y. Chen, Z. Tian, and H. Liu, "NO emission reduction characteristics of CH4/H2 staged MILD combustion over a wide range of hydrogen-blending ratios," Fuel, vol. 372, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132239.
[29] K. Kikuchi, R. Murai, T. Hori, and F. Akamatsu, "Fundamental Study on Ammonia Low-NOx Combustion Using Two-Stage Combustion by Parallel Air Jets," Processes, vol. 10, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.3390/pr10010023.
[30] G. S. R. Lamont, B. D.Lieuwen, T., "Partial Premixing Effects on the Reacting Jet of a High-Pressure Axially Staged Combustor," Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, vol. 143, no. 3, p. 031006, 2021.
[31] H. Liu, Z. Zeng, and K. Guo, "Numerical analysis on hydrogen swirl combustion and flow characteristics of a micro gas turbine combustor with axial air/fuel staged technology," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 219, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119460.
[32] N. T. P. Hao, J.Park, J., "CRN Application to Predict the NOx Emissions for Industrial Combustion Chamber," Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 107–113, 2013.
[33] Y. Yang, Q. Huang, J. Sun, P. Ma, and S. Li, "Reducing NOx Emission of Swirl-Stabilized Ammonia/Methane Tubular Flames through a Fuel-Oxidizer Mixing Strategy," Energy & Fuels, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 2277–2287, 2022, doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c04004.
[34] M. L. Lu, W. Wang, P. et al., "Chemical reaction network analysis on N2O emissions control strategies of ammonia/methanol Co-combustion," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 78, pp. 1034–1047, 2024.
[35] S. C. Xu, Y. Tian, Z. Liu, H., "NO emission reduction characteristics of CH4/H2 staged MILD combustion over a wide range of hydrogen-blending ratios," Fuel, vol. 372, p. 132239, 2024.
[36] J. Park, T. H. Nguyen, D. Joung, K. Y. Huh, and M. C. Lee, "Prediction of NOx and CO Emissions from an Industrial Lean-Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor Using a Chemical Reactor Network Model," Energy & Fuels, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1643–1651, 2013, doi: 10.1021/ef301741t.
[37] S. S. Chaturvedi, R. Mashruk, S. Yadav, R. Valera-Medina, A., "Prediction of NOx emissions and pathways in premixed ammonia-hydrogen-air combustion using CFD-CRN methodology," Journal of the Energy Institute, vol. 111, p. 101406, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.joei.2023.101406.
[38] 吳明勳、曾建洲、伍芳嫺、鄭威利, "噴氫/氨燃燒技術開發," 國立成功大學, 臺南，臺灣, 第二次期中報告書 RE113744, 2025年12月2日 2025.
[39] H.-Y. C. Wu, Pao-Wen Wu, Ming-Hsun, "Hydrogen Lancing to Mitigate Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in Methane-Hydrogen Combustion: Impact of Lancing Location," in 15th Asia-Pacific Conference on Combustion, Singapore, 2025.
[40] H.-Y. C. Wu, Pao-Wen Lien, Chen-Yu Wu, Ming-Hsun, "Reduction of Nitric Oxides Emission from Hydrogen-Blended Methane Combustion via Hydrogen Lancing," in 中國機械工程學會第四十一屆全國學術研討會論文集, 高雄, 台灣, 2024.
[41] ANSYS Inc., "Ansys Chemkin Theory Manual, Release 2025 R2," Canonsburg, PA, Technical Manual 2025.
[42] N. Rajaratnam, Turbulent Jets. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1976.
[43] R. J. Margason, "Fifty years of jet in crossflow research," in Computational and Experimental Assessment of Jets in Cross Flow, AGARD Conference Proceedings No. 534, Winchester, UK, 1993: Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, pp. 1.1–1.41.
[44] D. W. S. Green, M. Z., Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 9th ed. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.
[45] L. S. Gevorkyan, T. Getsinger, D. R. Smith, O. I. Karagozian, A. R., "Transverse jet mixing characteristics," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 790, pp. 237–274, 2016, doi: 10.1017/jfm.2016.1.
[46] H. R. Tummalapalli, H. D. Wehrfritz, A. Hawkes, E. R., "LES of a Premixed Jet Flame in Cross-Flow," in 22nd Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference (AFMC2020), Brisbane, Australia, December 7–10 2020.
[47] GRI-Mech. "GRI-Mech 2.11." University of California, Berkeley. http://combustion.berkeley.edu/grimech/new21/version21/text21.html (accessed January 12, 2022.
[48] G. P. G. Smith, D. M.; Frenklach, M.; et al. "GRI-Mech 3.0." University of California, Berkeley. http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech (accessed.
[49] Z. Y. Z. Lin, J.; Huang, Y. H., "Simplifying the detailed reaction mechanism based on sensitivity analysis and quasi-stationary assumptions," J. National Univ. Defense Technol., vol. 1, pp. 16–20, 2007.
[50] Z. M. C. Nikolaou, J. Y.; Swaminathan, N., "A 5-step reduced mechanism for combustion of CO/H2/H2O/CH4/CO2 mixtures with low hydrogen/methane and high H2O

content," Combustion and Flame, vol. 160, pp. 56–75, 2013.
[51] Z. L. Yang, X. S.; Feng, Z. P.; Lu, L., "Sensitivity analysis and chemical reaction mechanism simplification of blast furnace gas in gas turbine combustor environment," J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 31, pp. 2005–2014, 2017.
[52] A. F. Stagni, A.; Cuoci, A.; et al., "Skeletal mechanism reduction through species-targeted sensitivity analysis," Combustion and Flame, vol. 163, pp. 382–393, 2019.
[53] E. C. N. Okafor, Y.; Colson, S.; et al., "Measurement and modelling of the laminar burning velocity of methane-ammonia-air flames at high pressures using a reduced reaction mechanism," Combustion and Flame, vol. 204, pp. 162–175, 2019.
[54] Y. D. Bao, H.; Chai, W. S.; et al., "Numerical investigation and optimization on laminar burning velocity of ammonia-based fuels based on GRI3.0 mechanism," Fuel, vol. 318, p. 123681, 2022.
[55] K. Z. Pan, Shenghui Huang, Xiaofeng Xu, Zheng Han, Xinlu Chen, Longfei, "A reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for CFD modeling of combustion fueled by ammonia and its blends with methane/hydrogen," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 505, p. 159253, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.159253.
[56] P. K. Gokulakrishnan, S.; Hamer, A.; et al., "Reduced kinetic mechanism for reactive flow simulation of syngas/methane combustion at gas turbine conditions," in Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, 2006, pp. 513–521.
[57] P. C. Azevedo, I.; Pinho, C., "Reduced mechanism for combustion of hydrogen and methane with nitrogen chemistry," Computational Thermal Sciences, vol. 6, pp. 541–551, 2014.
[58] B. J. G. McBride, Sanford, "Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications," NASA Lewis Research Center, NASA Reference Publication NASA-RP-1311,E-8017,NAS 1.61:1311, 1996.
[59] Y. Z. Sun, Yanfei; Huang, Mingming; et al., "Effect of hydrogen addition on the combustion and emission characteristics of methane under gas turbine relevant operating condition," Fuel, vol. 324, p. 124707, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124707.
[60] Y. H. Wang, Hee Sun; Sohn, Chae Hoon, "A Comparative Study of Chemical-Kinetic Mechanisms for Combustion of Methane/Hydrogen/Air Mixtures," International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, vol. 25, pp. 519–539, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s42405-023-00671-8.
[61] J. Liu, C. Zou, and J. Luo, "Experimental and modeling study on the ignition delay times of ammonia/methane mixtures at high dilution and high temperatures," Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 4399–4407, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.265.
[62] I. E. B. Gerasimov, Tatyana A.; et al., "Flame Structure at Elevated Pressure Values and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms for the Combustion of CH4/H2 Mixtures," Flame Structure at Elevated Pressure Values and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms for the Combustion of CH4/H2 Mixtures, vol. 16, p. 7489, 2023, doi: 10.3390/en16227489.
[63] F. H. V. D. R. Coppens, J.; Konnov, A. A., "The effects of composition on burning velocity and nitric oxide formation in laminar premixed flames of CH4+H2+O2+N2," Combustion and Flame, vol. 149, pp. 409–417, 2007.
[64] X. Yang, Z. Peng, Y. Ding, and Y. Du, "Spatially resolved broadband absorption spectroscopy measurements of temperature and multiple species (NH, OH, NO, and NH3) in atmospheric-pressure premixed ammonia/methane/air flames," Fuel, vol. 332, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126073.
[65] Ferrobend. "ANSI / ASME B36.10M Pipe Dimensions Chart." https://ferrobend.com/dimensions/ansi-asme/pipe/b36.10m/ (accessed 2026/06/04.