本研究透過收集 SCI 期刊上的文獻，共收集了 340 筆數據，並以此作為資料庫，且分別使用機械學習中的人工神經網路與極限梯度提升演算法進行預測模型之建立，藉由調整演算法之參數，以獲得最佳預測結果。並對兩種演算法進行評估，比較兩種演算法的效率與預測成效。最後以最佳之預測結果，判讀碳材料的各項表徵中，哪些對於電雙層電容器比電容值有關鍵性的影響，以供後續研究人員一研究方向。

此外，本研究也提供一個新的多重孔洞碳材的合成方法，該方法透過吸附鈣離子酸性廢液，再透過調整 pH 值後，可使鈣離子化合物沉降於碳材料的奈米孔洞中，達到活化後擴孔的目的。相較於傳統的物理混合法，模板沉降法可使平均孔徑增加 1.72 倍，應用於電雙層電容器中，可使比電容值從 83.02 F/g 提升至 137.65 F/g (掃描速率皆為 5 mV/s)，而在增加掃描速率後(500 mV/s)，比電容值的保留率也從 48.3% 提升至 61.5%。總結來說，模板沉降法在提升電雙層電容器性能的同時，也回收了廢液中的鈣離子，因此比起傳統物理混合法更具發展前景。

In the last decade, the market for smart handheld devices and electric vehicles has grown exponentially, and has driven the need for new high-performance energy storage devices accordingly. In addition to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and fuel cells, electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) have gained significant interest in the academic and industrial fields. However, the critical factors which govern the performance of EDLCs are still not clear. Accordingly, the present study used two machine learning techniques, namely an artificial neural network (ANN) and an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm, to identify the key factors which determine the capacitance value of an EDLC. The results showed that the capacitance is determined mainly by the voltage window, and the specific surface area, total pore volume, average pore size and elemental oxygen content of the carbon electrode material, respectively. Moreover, the prediction performance of the trained XGBoost model was shown to be around 77%. The electrolytes used in commercial EDLCs are generally organic systems, and hence have an ion radius much larger than that of traditional water-based electrolytes. Accordingly, the present study also developed a new synthesis method for preparing carbon materials with an increased pore size for EDLC applications. The experimental results showed that the proposed method increased the pore size by around 1.72 times compared to that achieved by a traditional synthesis method.

1. Becker, H. I. Low voltage electrolytic capacitor. 1957.
2. Huang, J.; Sumpter, B. G.; Meunier, V., A universal model for nanoporous carbon supercapacitors applicable to diverse pore regimes, carbon materials, and electrolytes. Chemistry–A European Journal 2008, 14 (22), 6614-6626.
3. Liu, T.; Zhang, F.; Song, Y.; Li, Y., Revitalizing carbon supercapacitor electrodes with hierarchical porous structures. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017, 5 (34), 17705-17733.
4. Zhu, Y.; Murali, S.; Stoller, M. D.; Ganesh, K.; Cai, W.; Ferreira, P. J.; Pirkle, A.; Wallace, R. M.; Cychosz, K. A.; Thommes, M., Carbon-based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene. science 2011, 332 (6037), 1537-1541.
5. Kierzek, K.; Frackowiak, E.; Lota, G.; Gryglewicz, G.; Machnikowski, J., Electrochemical capacitors based on highly porous carbons prepared by KOH activation. Electrochimica Acta 2004, 49 (4), 515-523.
6. Lu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yin, J.; Bai, C.; Zhang, J.; Li, Y.; Yang, Y.; Ge, Z.; Zhang, M.; Wei, L., Data on high performance supercapacitors based on mesoporous activated carbon materials with ultrahigh mesopore volume and effective specific surface area. Data in brief 2018, 18, 1448-1456.
7. Kubota, S.; Ozaki, S.; Onishi, J.; Kano, K.; Shirai, O., Selectivity on ion transport across bilayer lipid membranes in the presence of gramicidin A. Analytical Sciences 2009, 25 (2), 189-193.
8. Chaudhari, S.; Kwon, S. Y.; Yu, J.-S., Ordered multimodal porous carbon with hierarchical nanostructure as high performance electrode material for supercapacitors. Rsc Advances 2014, 4 (73), 38931-38938.
9. Jordan, M. I.; Mitchell, T. M., Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science 2015, 349 (6245), 255-260.
10. Blum, A. L.; Langley, P., Selection of relevant features and examples in machine learning. Artificial Intelligence 1997, 97 (1), 245-271.
11. Raedt, L. D.; Kersting, K.; Natarajan, S.; Poole, D., Statistical relational artificial intelligence: Logic, probability, and computation. Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 2016, 10 (2), 1-189.
12. Hassoun, M. H., Fundamentals of artificial neural networks. MIT press: 1995.
13. Wang, S.-C., Artificial neural network. In Interdisciplinary computing in java programming, Springer: 2003; pp 81-100.
14. Lopez, C. In Looking inside the ANN" black box": classifying individual neurons as outlier detectors, IJCNN'99. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Proceedings (Cat. No. 99CH36339), IEEE: 1999; pp 1185-1188.
15. Sarle, W. S., Neural networks and statistical models. 1994.
16. Zhang, L.; Zhang, B., A geometrical representation of McCulloch-Pitts neural model and its applications. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 1999, 10 (4), 925-929.
17. Chen, T.; Guestrin, C. In Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system, Proceedings of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, 2016; pp 785-794.
18. Grave, E.; Obozinski, G.; Bach, F., Trace lasso: a trace norm regularization for correlated designs. arXiv preprint arXiv:1109.1990 2011.
19. Marchant, W. H., Wireless Telegraphy: A Handbook for the Use of Operators and Students. Whittaker: 1914; pp 7.
20. Maryott, A. A.; Smith, E. R., Table of dielectric constants of pure liquids. US Government Printing Office: 1951; Vol. 514.
21. Wu, Z.; Li, L.; Yan, J. m.; Zhang, X. b., Materials design and system construction for conventional and new‐concept supercapacitors. Advanced science 2017, 4 (6), 1600382.
22. Borenstein, A.; Hanna, O.; Attias, R.; Luski, S.; Brousse, T.; Aurbach, D., Carbon-based composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes: a review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017, 5 (25), 12653-12672.
23. Costentin, C.; Porter, T. R.; Savéant, J.-M., How do pseudocapacitors store energy? Theoretical analysis and experimental illustration. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2017, 9 (10), 8649-8658.
24. Augustyn, V.; Simon, P.; Dunn, B., Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage. Energy & Environmental Science 2014, 7 (5), 1597-1614.
25. Zhang, L. L.; Zhao, X., Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. Chemical Society Reviews 2009, 38 (9), 2520-2531.
26. González, A.; Goikolea, E.; Barrena, J. A.; Mysyk, R., Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 58, 1189-1206.
27. Liu, N.; Chen, R.; Wan, Q., Recent Advances in Electric-Double-Layer Transistors for Bio-Chemical Sensing Applications. Sensors 2019, 19 (15), 3425.
28. Sing, K. S.; Everett, D.; Haul, R.; Moscou, L.; Pierotti, R.; Rouquerol, J.; Siemieniewska, T., Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984). Pure appl. chem 1985, 57 (4), 603-619.
29. Thommes, M.; Kaneko, K.; Neimark, A. V.; Olivier, J. P.; Rodriguez-Reinoso, F.; Rouquerol, J.; Sing, K. S., Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and applied chemistry 2015, 87 (9-10), 1051-1069.
30. Nadjo, L.; Savéant, J., Linear sweep voltammetry: Kinetic control by charge transfer and/or secondary chemical reactions: I. Formal kinetics. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 1973, 48 (1), 113-145.
31. Aoki, K.; Akimoto, K.; Tokuda, K.; Matsuda, H.; Osteryoung, J., Linear sweep voltammetry at very small stationary disk electrodes. Journal of electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry 1984, 171 (1-2), 219-230.
32. Amatore, C.; Savéant, J., ECE and disproportionation: Part V. Stationary state general solution application to linear sweep voltammetry. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 1977, 85 (1), 27-46.
33. Zhang, G.; Guan, T.; Cheng, M.; Wang, Y.; Xu, N.; Qiao, J.; Xu, F.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Li, K., Harvesting honeycomb-like carbon nanosheets with tunable mesopores from mild-modified coal tar pitch for high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 2020, 448, 227446.
34. Saxena, J.; Butler, K. M.; Jayaram, V. B.; Kundu, S.; Arvind, N.; Sreeprakash, P.; Hachinger, M. In A case study of IR-drop in structured at-speed testing, International Test Conference, 2003. Proceedings. ITC 2003., IEEE Computer Society: 2003; pp 1098-1098.
35. MANSFELD, F., The effect of uncompensated IR-drop on polarization resistance measurements. Corrosion 1976, 32 (4), 143-146.
36. Klobes, P.; Munro, R. G., Porosity and specific surface area measurements for solid materials. 2006.
37. Bardestani, R.; Patience, G. S.; Kaliaguine, S., Experimental methods in chemical engineering: specific surface area and pore size distribution measurements—BET, BJH, and DFT. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019, 97 (11), 2781-2791.
38. Evans, R.; Marconi, U. M. B.; Tarazona, P., Fluids in narrow pores: Adsorption, capillary condensation, and critical points. The Journal of chemical physics 1986, 84 (4), 2376-2399.
39. Evans, R.; Marconi, U. M. B.; Tarazona, P., Capillary condensation and adsorption in cylindrical and slit-like pores. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2: Molecular and Chemical Physics 1986, 82 (10), 1763-1787.
40. Sing, K., Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Provisional). Pure and applied chemistry 1982, 54 (11), 2201-2218.
41. Cychosz, K. A.; Thommes, M., Progress in the physisorption characterization of nanoporous gas storage materials. Engineering 2018, 4 (4), 559-566.
42. Groen, J. C.; Peffer, L. A.; Pérez-Ramı́rez, J., Pore size determination in modified micro-and mesoporous materials. Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis. Microporous and mesoporous materials 2003, 60 (1-3), 1-17.
43. Puziy, A.; Poddubnaya, O.; Gawdzik, B.; Sobiesiak, M., Comparison of heterogeneous pore models QSDFT and 2D-NLDFT and computer programs ASiQwin and SAIEUS for calculation of pore size distribution. Adsorption 2016, 22 (4-6), 459-464.
44. Jagiello, J.; Olivier, J. P., 2D-NLDFT adsorption models for carbon slit-shaped pores with surface energetical heterogeneity and geometrical corrugation. Carbon 2013, 55, 70-80.
45. Jagiello, J.; Ania, C.; Parra, J. B.; Cook, C., Dual gas analysis of microporous carbons using 2D-NLDFT heterogeneous surface model and combined adsorption data of N2 and CO2. Carbon 2015, 91, 330-337.
46. Nsami, J. N.; Mbadcam, J. K., The Adsorption Efficiency of Chemically Prepared Activated Carbon from Cola Nut Shells by ZnCl 2 on Methylene Blue. Journal of chemistry 2013.
47. Sadezky, A.; Muckenhuber, H.; Grothe, H.; Niessner, R.; Pöschl, U., Raman microspectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: spectral analysis and structural information. Carbon 2005, 43 (8), 1731-1742.
48. Beyssac, O.; Goffé, B.; Petitet, J.-P.; Froigneux, E.; Moreau, M.; Rouzaud, J.-N., On the characterization of disordered and heterogeneous carbonaceous materials by Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2003, 59 (10), 2267-2276.
49. Sheng, C., Char structure characterised by Raman spectroscopy and its correlations with combustion reactivity. Fuel 2007, 86 (15), 2316-2324.
50. Ferrari, A. C., Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects. Solid state communications 2007, 143 (1-2), 47-57.
51. Ferrari, A. C.; Robertson, J., Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon. Physical review B 2000, 61 (20), 14095.
52. Inkson, B., Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for materials characterization. In Materials characterization using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, Elsevier: 2016; pp 17-43.
53. Armand, M.; Endres, F.; MacFarlane, D. R.; Ohno, H.; Scrosati, B., Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future. Materials for sustainable energy: a collection of peer-reviewed research and review articles from Nature Publishing Group 2011, 129-137.
54. Johnson, K. E., What’s an ionic liquid? The Electrochemical Society Interface 2007, 16 (1), 38.
55. Li, B.; Dai, F.; Xiao, Q.; Yang, L.; Shen, J.; Zhang, C.; Cai, M., Activated carbon from biomass transfer for high‐energy density lithium‐ion supercapacitors. Advanced Energy Materials 2016, 6 (18), 1600802.
56. Liu, G.; Qiu, L.; Deng, H.; Wang, J.; Yao, L.; Deng, L., Ultrahigh surface area carbon nanosheets derived from lotus leaf with super capacities for capacitive deionization and dye adsorption. Applied Surface Science 2020, 524, 146485.
57. Guo, N.; Luo, W.; Guo, R.; Qiu, D.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, L.; Jia, D.; Guo, J., Interconnected and hierarchical porous carbon derived from soybean root for ultrahigh rate supercapacitors. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2020, 834, 155115.
58. Wei, W.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, J.; Wan, L.; Du, C.; Xie, M.; Guo, X., Full-faradaic-active nitrogen species doping enables high-energy-density carbon-based supercapacitor. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020, 48, 277-284.
59. Mu, J.; Wong, S. I.; Li, Q.; Zhou, P.; Zhou, J.; Zhao, Y.; Sunarso, J.; Zhuo, S., Fishbone-derived N-doped hierarchical porous carbon as an electrode material for supercapacitor. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2020, 832, 154950.
60. Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Dang, B.; Wang, Z.; Shen, X.; Li, C.; Sun, Q., Ultrahigh yield of nitrogen doped porous carbon from biomass waste for supercapacitor. Renewable Energy 2020, 156, 370-376.
61. Jiang, C.; Yakaboylu, G. A.; Yumak, T.; Zondlo, J. W.; Sabolsky, E. M.; Wang, J., Activated carbons prepared by indirect and direct CO2 activation of lignocellulosic biomass for supercapacitor electrodes. Renewable Energy 2020, 155, 38-52.
62. Lal, M. S.; Arjunan, A.; Balasubramanian, V.; Sundara, R., Redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte in biowaste-derived microporous carbon-based high capacitance and energy density ultracapacitors. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2020, 870, 114236.
63. Liu, J.; Min, S.; Wang, F.; Zhang, Z., Biomass-derived three-dimensional porous carbon membrane electrode for high-performance aqueous supercapacitors: An alternative of powdery carbon materials. Journal of Power Sources 2020, 466, 228347.
64. Ukkakimapan, P.; Sattayarut, V.; Wanchaem, T.; Yordsri, V.; Phonyiem, M.; Ichikawa, S.; Obata, M.; Fujishige, M.; Takeuchi, K.; Wongwiriyapan, W., Preparation of activated carbon via acidic dehydration of durian husk for supercapacitor applications. Diamond and Related Materials 2020, 107, 107906.
65. Hu, Z.; Li, X.; Tu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Dacres, O. D.; Sun, Y.; Sun, M.; Yao, H., “Thermal dissolution carbon enrichment” treatment of biomass wastes: Supercapacitor electrode preparation using the residue. Fuel Processing Technology 2020, 205, 106430.
66. Sanchez-Sanchez, A.; Izquierdo, M. T.; Mathieu, S.; Medjahdi, G.; Fierro, V.; Celzard, A., Activated carbon xerogels derived from phenolic oil: Basic catalysis synthesis and electrochemical performances. Fuel Processing Technology 2020, 205, 106427.
67. Cao, Y.; Song, B.; Song, M.; Meng, F.; Wei, Y.; Cao, Q., Capture of arsenic in coal combustion flue gas at high temperature in the presence of CaSiO3 with good anti-sintering. Fuel Processing Technology 2020, 205, 106428.
68. Shen, Y.; Ma, J.; Liu, D.; Wu, Y.; Zhong, J.; Chen, X.; Wu, Y.; Liang, C., Two-dimensional full-loop simulation of CO2 capture process in a novel dual fluidized bed system. Fuel Processing Technology 2020, 205, 106429.
69. Zheng, C.; Zhao, H., Exploring the microscopic reaction mechanism of H2S and COS with CuO oxygen carrier in chemical looping combustion. Fuel Processing Technology 2020, 205, 106431.
70. Kasturi, P. R.; Harivignesh, R.; Lee, Y. S.; Selvan, R. K., Hydrothermally derived porous carbon and its improved electrochemical performance for supercapacitors using redox additive electrolytes. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 2020, 143, 109447.
71. Taer, E.; Yanti, N.; Mustika, W. S.; Apriwandi, A.; Taslim, R.; Agustino, A., Porous activated carbon monolith with nanosheet/nanofiber structure derived from the green stem of cassava for supercapacitor application. International Journal of Energy Research 2020, 44 (13), 10192-10205.
72. Wang, F.; Chen, L.; Li, H.; Duan, G.; He, S.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, G.; Zhou, Z.; Jiang, S., N-doped honeycomb-like porous carbon towards high-performance supercapacitor. Chinese Chemical Letters 2020, 31 (7), 1986-1990.
73. Mohamedkhair, A. K.; Aziz, M. A.; Shah, S. S.; Shaikh, M. N.; Jamil, A. K.; Qasem, M. A. A.; Buliyaminu, I. A.; Yamani, Z. H., Effect of an activating agent on the physicochemical properties and supercapacitor performance of naturally nitrogen-enriched carbon derived from Albizia procera leaves. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2020, 13 (7), 6161-6173.
74. Cuong, D. V.; Wu, P.-C.; Liu, N.-L.; Hou, C.-H., Hierarchical porous carbon derived from activated biochar as an eco-friendly electrode for the electrosorption of inorganic ions. Separation and Purification Technology 2020, 242, 116813.
75. Kong, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, P.; Song, X.; Xu, H., Synthesis of natural nitrogen-rich soybean pod carbon with ion channels for low cost and large areal capacitance supercapacitor. Applied Surface Science 2020, 516, 146162.
76. Pourjavadi, A.; Abdolmaleki, H.; Doroudian, M.; Hosseini, S. H., Novel synthesis route for preparation of porous nitrogen-doped carbons from lignocellulosic wastes for high performance supercapacitors. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2020, 827, 154116.
77. Xu, Z.-X.; Deng, X.-Q.; Zhang, S.; Shen, Y.-F.; Shan, Y.-Q.; Zhang, Z.-M.; Luque, R.; Duan, P.-G.; Hu, X., Benign-by-design N-doped carbonaceous materials obtained from the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for supercapacitor applications. Green Chemistry 2020, 22 (12), 3885-3895.
78. Eguchi, T.; Tashima, D.; Fukuma, M.; Kumagai, S., Activated carbon derived from Japanese distilled liquor waste: Application as the electrode active material of electric double-layer capacitors. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 259, 120822.
79. Li, K.; Bolatibieke, D.; Yang, S.-g.; Wang, B.; Nan, D.-h.; Lu, Q., Ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of soy sauce residue with HZSM-5 for co-production of aromatic hydrocarbons and supercapacitor materials. RSC Advances 2020, 10 (39), 23331-23340.
80. Hong, X.; Li, J.; Zhu, G.; Xu, H.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Yan, D.; Chen, K.; Liao, F.; Yu, A., Supercapacitive performance of nitrogen doped porous carbon based material for supercapacitor application. Journal of Chemical Sciences 2020, 132 (1), 1-12.
81. Cheng, H.; Chen, X.; Yu, H.; Guo, M.; Chang, Y.; Zhang, G., Hierarchically Porous N, P-Codoped Carbon Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3 (10), 10080-10088.
82. Liu, M.; Qin, Z.; Yang, X.; Chen, Q.; Lin, Z., Hierarchical porous carbon rich in uniform micron-sized, bubble-like pores for improved supercapacitor electrodes. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2020, 603, 125032.
83. Li, Q.; Chen, D.; Hu, R.; Qi, J.; Sui, Y.; He, Y.; Meng, Q.; Wei, F.; Ren, Y.; Zhao, Y., Formation of hierarchical 3D cross-linked porous carbon with small addition of graphene for supercapacitors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2020, 45 (51), 27471-27481.
84. Wang, T.; He, X.; Gong, W.; Sun, K.; Lu, W.; Yao, Y.; Chen, Z.; Sun, T.; Fan, M., Flexible carbon nanofibers for high-performance free-standing supercapacitor electrodes derived from Powder River Basin coal. Fuel 2020, 278, 117985.
85. Guan, L.; Pan, L.; Peng, T.; Gao, C.; Zhao, W.; Yang, Z.; Hu, H.; Wu, M., Synthesis of biomass-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheests for high-performance supercapacitors. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2019, 7 (9), 8405-8412.
86. Ren, P.-G.; He, W.; Dai, Z.; Hou, X.; Ren, F.; Jin, Y.-L., One-step synthesis of nitrogen, sulfur co-doped interconnected porous carbon derived from methylene blue for high-performance supercapacitors. Diamond and Related Materials 2020, 109, 108028.
87. Cheng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Wu, P.; Wang, Y.; Fu, J., Mass fabrication of oxygen and nitrogen co-doped 3D hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets by an explosion-assisted strategy for supercapacitor and dye adsorption application. Applied Surface Science 2020, 529, 147079.
88. Zong, S.; Zhang, Y.; Xaba, M. S.; Liu, X.; Chen, A., N-doped porous carbon nanotubes derived from polypyrrole for supercapacitors with high performance. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2020, 152, 104925.
89. Han, J.; Ping, Y.; Yang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Qian, L.; Li, J.; Liu, L.; Xiong, B.; Fang, P.; He, C., High specific power/energy, ultralong life supercapacitors enabled by cross-cutting bamboo-derived porous carbons. Diamond and Related Materials 2020, 109, 108044.
90. Rajasekaran, S. J.; Raghavan, V., Facile synthesis of activated carbon derived from Eucalyptus globulus seed as efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. Diamond and Related Materials 2020, 109, 108038.
91. Li, Z.; Chen, N.; Mi, H.; Ma, J.; Xie, Y.; Qiu, J., Hierarchical Hybrids Integrated by Dual Polypyrrole‐Based Porous Carbons for Enhanced Capacitive Performance. Chemistry–A European Journal 2017, 23 (54), 13474-13481.
92. Sevilla, M.; Fuertes, A. B., A green approach to high-performance supercapacitor electrodes: the chemical activation of hydrochar with potassium bicarbonate. ChemSusChem 2016, 9 (14), 1880-1888.
93. Korenblit, Y.; Kajdos, A.; West, W. C.; Smart, M. C.; Brandon, E. J.; Kvit, A.; Jagiello, J.; Yushin, G., In situ studies of ion transport in microporous supercapacitor electrodes at ultralow temperatures. Advanced Functional Materials 2012, 22 (8), 1655-1662.
94. Nishihara, H.; Simura, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Nomura, K.; Berenguer, R.; Ito, M.; Uchimura, M.; Iden, H.; Arihara, K.; Ohma, A., Oxidation‐resistant and elastic mesoporous carbon with single‐layer graphene walls. Advanced Functional Materials 2016, 26 (35), 6418-6427.
95. Xie, K.; Qin, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Tao, H.; Wu, Q.; Yang, L.; Hu, Z., Carbon nanocages as supercapacitor electrode materials. Advanced Materials 2012, 24 (3), 347-352.
96. Chen, Z.; Wen, J.; Yan, C.; Rice, L.; Sohn, H.; Shen, M.; Cai, M.; Dunn, B.; Lu, Y., High‐performance supercapacitors based on hierarchically porous graphite particles. Advanced Energy Materials 2011, 1 (4), 551-556.
97. Fan, Z.; Liu, Y.; Yan, J.; Ning, G.; Wang, Q.; Wei, T.; Zhi, L.; Wei, F., Template‐directed synthesis of pillared‐porous carbon nanosheet architectures: high‐performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. Advanced Energy Materials 2012, 2 (4), 419-424.
98. Yuan, K.; Hu, T.; Xu, Y.; Graf, R.; Brunklaus, G.; Forster, M.; Chen, Y.; Scherf, U., Engineering the morphology of carbon materials: 2D porous carbon nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitors. ChemElectroChem 2016, 3 (5), 822-828.
99. Gutiérrez, M. C.; Carriazo, D.; Tamayo, A.; Jiménez, R.; Picó, F.; Rojo, J. M.; Ferrer, M. L.; del Monte, F., Deep‐Eutectic‐Solvent‐Assisted Synthesis of Hierarchical Carbon Electrodes Exhibiting Capacitance Retention at High Current Densities. Chemistry–A European Journal 2011, 17 (38), 10533-10537.
100. Li, X. J.; Xing, W.; Zhou, J.; Wang, G. Q.; Zhuo, S. P.; Yan, Z. F.; Xue, Q. Z.; Qiao, S. Z., Excellent Capacitive Performance of a Three‐Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Graphene/Carbon Composite with a Superhigh Surface Area. Chemistry–A European Journal 2014, 20 (41), 13314-13320.
101. Jiang, M.; Zhang, J.; Xing, L.; Zhou, J.; Cui, H.; Si, W.; Zhuo, S., KOH‐Activated Porous Carbons Derived from Chestnut Shell with Superior Capacitive Performance. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2016, 34 (11), 1093-1102.
102. Chen, K.; Xue, D., Multiple Functional Biomass‐Derived Activated Carbon Materials for Aqueous Supercapacitors, Lithium‐Ion Capacitors and Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2017, 35 (6), 861-866.
103. Kim, Y. J.; Yang, C. M.; Park, K. C.; Kaneko, K.; Kim, Y. A.; Noguchi, M.; Fujino, T.; Oyama, S.; Endo, M., Edge‐Enriched, Porous Carbon‐Based, High Energy Density Supercapacitors for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. ChemSusChem 2012, 5 (3), 535-541.
104. Jeon, J. W.; Zhang, L.; Lutkenhaus, J. L.; Laskar, D. D.; Lemmon, J. P.; Choi, D.; Nandasiri, M. I.; Hashmi, A.; Xu, J.; Motkuri, R. K., Controlling porosity in lignin‐derived nanoporous carbon for supercapacitor applications. ChemSusChem 2015, 8 (3), 428-432.
105. Guo, S.; Wang, F.; Chen, H.; Ren, H.; Wang, R.; Pan, X., Preparation and performance of polyvinyl alcohol-based activated carbon as electrode material in both aqueous and organic electrolytes. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2012, 16 (10), 3355-3362.
106. Yan, Y.; Cheng, Q.; Pavlinek, V.; Saha, P.; Li, C., Controlled synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanosheets and their enhanced supercapacitive performance. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2013, 17 (6), 1677-1684.
107. Zhang, Z. J.; Cui, P.; Chen, C.; Chen, X. Y.; Liu, J. W., Porous carbon synthesized by direct carbonization of potassium biphthalate for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2014, 18 (1), 59-67.
108. Luo, H.; Yang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Chen, D.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, J., Highly nanoporous carbons by single-step organic salt carbonization for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 2015, 45 (8), 839-848.
109. Luo, H.; Zhang, F.; Zhao, X.; Sun, Y.; Du, K.; Feng, H., Preparation of mesoporous carbon materials used in electrochemical capacitor electrode by using natural zeolite template/maltose system. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2014, 25 (1), 538-545.
110. Thambidurai, A.; Lourdusamy, J. K.; John, J. V.; Ganesan, S., Preparation and electrochemical behaviour of biomass based porous carbons as electrodes for supercapacitors—a comparative investigation. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2014, 31 (2), 268-275.
111. Hao, G.-P.; Zhang, Q.; Sin, M.; Hippauf, F.; Borchardt, L.; Brunner, E.; Kaskel, S., Design of hierarchically porous carbons with interlinked hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface and their capacitive behavior. Chemistry of Materials 2016, 28 (23), 8715-8725.
112. Zhu, Y. Q.; Yi, H. T.; Chen, X. Y.; Xiao, Z. H., Temperature-dependent conversion of magnesium citrate into nanoporous carbon materials for superior supercapacitor application by a multitemplate carbonization method. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2015, 54 (18), 4956-4964.
113. Bi, H.; Lin, T.; Xu, F.; Tang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Huang, F., New graphene form of nanoporous monolith for excellent energy storage. Nano letters 2016, 16 (1), 349-354.
114. Zhang, F.; Liu, T.; Li, M.; Yu, M.; Luo, Y.; Tong, Y.; Li, Y., Multiscale pore network boosts capacitance of carbon electrodes for ultrafast charging. Nano letters 2017, 17 (5), 3097-3104.
115. Wang, C.; O’Connell, M. J.; Chan, C. K., Facile one-pot synthesis of highly porous carbon foams for high-performance supercapacitors using template-free direct pyrolysis. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2015, 7 (16), 8952-8960.
116. Cai, Y.; Luo, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Zhao, X.; Liang, Y.; Hu, H.; Dong, H.; Sun, L.; Liu, Y.; Zheng, M., Facile synthesis of three-dimensional heteroatom-doped and hierarchical egg-box-like carbons derived from moringa oleifera branches for high-performance supercapacitors. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2016, 8 (48), 33060-33071.
117. Liu, Y.; Li, G.; Guo, Y.; Ying, Y.; Peng, X., Flexible and binder-free hierarchical porous carbon film for supercapacitor electrodes derived from MOFs/CNT. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2017, 9 (16), 14043-14050.
118. To, J. W.; Chen, Z.; Yao, H.; He, J.; Kim, K.; Chou, H.-H.; Pan, L.; Wilcox, J.; Cui, Y.; Bao, Z., Ultrahigh surface area three-dimensional porous graphitic carbon from conjugated polymeric molecular framework. ACS central science 2015, 1 (2), 68-76.
119. Kang, D.; Liu, Q.; Gu, J.; Su, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, D., “Egg-box”-assisted fabrication of porous carbon with small mesopores for high-rate electric double layer capacitors. ACS nano 2015, 9 (11), 11225-11233.
120. Klose, M.; Reinhold, R.; Logsch, F.; Wolke, F.; Linnemann, J.; Stoeck, U.; Oswald, S.; Uhlemann, M.; Balach, J.; Markowski, J., Softwood lignin as a sustainable feedstock for porous carbons as active material for supercapacitors using an ionic liquid electrolyte. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2017, 5 (5), 4094-4102.
121. Bai, Q.; Xiong, Q.; Li, C.; Shen, Y.; Uyama, H., Hierarchical porous carbons from poly (methyl methacrylate)/bacterial cellulose composite monolith for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2017, 5 (10), 9390-9401.
122. Senthilkumar, S.; Selvan, R. K.; Melo, J.; Sanjeeviraja, C., High performance solid-state electric double layer capacitor from redox mediated gel polymer electrolyte and renewable tamarind fruit shell derived porous carbon. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2013, 5 (21), 10541-10550.
123. Nishihara, H.; Kwon, T.; Fukura, Y.; Nakayama, W.; Hoshikawa, Y.; Iwamura, S.; Nishiyama, N.; Itoh, T.; Kyotani, T., Fabrication of a highly conductive ordered porous electrode by carbon-coating of a continuous mesoporous silica film. Chemistry of Materials 2011, 23 (13), 3144-3151.
124. Kajdos, A.; Kvit, A.; Jones, F.; Jagiello, J.; Yushin, G., Tailoring the pore alignment for rapid ion transport in microporous carbons. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010, 132 (10), 3252-3253.
125. Peng, Z.; Zhang, D.; Shi, L.; Yan, T.; Yuan, S.; Li, H.; Gao, R.; Fang, J., Comparative electroadsorption study of mesoporous carbon electrodes with various pore structures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2011, 115 (34), 17068-17076.
126. Kim, H.; Fortunato, M. E.; Xu, H.; Bang, J. H.; Suslick, K. S., Carbon microspheres as supercapacitors. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2011, 115 (42), 20481-20486.
127. Park, K.-Y.; Jang, J.-H.; Hong, J.-E.; Kwon, Y.-U., Mesoporous thin films of nitrogen-doped carbon with electrocatalytic properties. The journal of physical chemistry C 2012, 116 (32), 16848-16853.
128. Hahm, M. G.; Leela Mohana Reddy, A.; Cole, D. P.; Rivera, M.; Vento, J. A.; Nam, J.; Jung, H. Y.; Kim, Y. L.; Narayanan, N. T.; Hashim, D. P., Carbon nanotube–nanocup hybrid structures for high power supercapacitor applications. Nano letters 2012, 12 (11), 5616-5621.
129. Seredych, M.; Koscinski, M.; Sliwinska-Bartkowiak, M.; Bandosz, T. J., Charge storage accessibility factor as a parameter determining the capacitive performance of nanoporous carbon-based supercapacitors. Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2013, 1 (8), 1024-1032.
130. Zhang, J.; Lee, J. W., Supercapacitor electrodes derived from carbon dioxide. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2014, 2 (4), 735-740.
131. Wang, J.; Tang, J.; Ding, B.; Malgras, V.; Chang, Z.; Hao, X.; Wang, Y.; Dou, H.; Zhang, X.; Yamauchi, Y., Hierarchical porous carbons with layer-by-layer motif architectures from confined soft-template self-assembly in layered materials. Nature communications 2017, 8 (1), 1-9.
132. Chen, W.; Zhang, H.; Huang, Y.; Wang, W., A fish scale based hierarchical lamellar porous carbon material obtained using a natural template for high performance electrochemical capacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2010, 20 (23), 4773-4775.
133. Huang, C.-W.; Hsieh, C.-T.; Kuo, P.-L.; Teng, H., Electric double layer capacitors based on a composite electrode of activated mesophase pitch and carbon nanotubes. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2012, 22 (15), 7314-7322.
134. Wang, L.; Sun, L.; Tian, C.; Tan, T.; Mu, G.; Zhang, H.; Fu, H., A novel soft template strategy to fabricate mesoporous carbon/graphene composites as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. RSC advances 2012, 2 (22), 8359-8367.
135. Fulvio, P. F.; Hillesheim, P. C.; Oyola, Y.; Mahurin, S. M.; Veith, G. M.; Dai, S., A new family of fluidic precursors for the self-templated synthesis of hierarchical nanoporous carbons. Chemical Communications 2013, 49 (66), 7289-7291.
136. Li, Z.; Xu, Z.; Wang, H.; Ding, J.; Zahiri, B.; Holt, C. M.; Tan, X.; Mitlin, D., Colossal pseudocapacitance in a high functionality–high surface area carbon anode doubles the energy of an asymmetric supercapacitor. Energy & Environmental Science 2014, 7 (5), 1708-1718.
137. Zhang, Z. J.; Xie, D. H.; Cui, P.; Chen, X. Y., Conversion of a zinc salicylate complex into porous carbons through a template carbonization process as a superior electrode material for supercapacitors. RSC advances 2014, 4 (13), 6664-6671.
138. Zhou, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Peng, H.; Qin, Y.; Li, G.; Chen, K., Nitrogen-and oxygen-containing activated carbon nanotubes with improved capacitive properties. RSC Advances 2014, 4 (11), 5524-5530.
139. Jin, H.; Wang, X.; Gu, Z.; Hoefelmeyer, J. D.; Muthukumarappan, K.; Julson, J., Graphitized activated carbon based on big bluestem as an electrode for supercapacitors. RSC Advances 2014, 4 (27), 14136-14142.
140. He, X.; Zhao, N.; Qiu, J.; Xiao, N.; Yu, M.; Yu, C.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, M., Synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons for supercapacitors from coal tar pitch with nano-Fe2O3 as template and activation agent coupled with KOH activation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013, 1 (33), 9440-9448.
141. Senthilkumar, S.; Selvan, R. K.; Ponpandian, N.; Melo, J.; Lee, Y., Improved performance of electric double layer capacitor using redox additive (VO2+/VO2+) aqueous electrolyte. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013, 1 (27), 7913-7919.
142. Liang, Y.; Liang, F.; Zhong, H.; Li, Z.; Fu, R.; Wu, D., An advanced carbonaceous porous network for high-performance organic electrolyte supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013, 1 (24), 7000-7005.
143. Yu, H.; Zhang, Q.; Joo, J. B.; Li, N.; Moon, G. D.; Tao, S.; Wang, L.; Yin, Y., Porous tubular carbon nanorods with excellent electrochemical properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013, 1 (39), 12198-12205.
144. Chen, W.; Rakhi, R.; Hedhili, M. N.; Alshareef, H. N., Shape-controlled porous nanocarbons for high performance supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (15), 5236-5243.
145. Li, Y.; Roy, S.; Ben, T.; Xu, S.; Qiu, S., Micropore engineering of carbonized porous aromatic framework (PAF-1) for supercapacitors application. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2014, 16 (25), 12909-12917.
146. Mao, L.; Zhang, Y.; Hu, Y.; Ho, K. H.; Ke, Q.; Liu, H.; Hu, Z.; Zhao, D.; Wang, J., Activation of sucrose-derived carbon spheres for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. RSC advances 2015, 5 (12), 9307-9313.
147. Khan, I. A.; Badshah, A.; Altaf, A. A.; Tahir, N.; Haider, N.; Nadeem, M. A., Acid base co-crystal converted into porous carbon material for energy storage devices. RSC advances 2015, 5 (12), 9110-9115.
148. Zhang, P.; Sun, F.; Shen, Z.; Cao, D., ZIF-derived porous carbon: a promising supercapacitor electrode material. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (32), 12873-12880.
149. Ju, H.-F.; Song, W.-L.; Fan, L.-Z., Rational design of graphene/porous carbon aerogels for high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (28), 10895-10903.
150. Enterria, M.; Castro-Muniz, A.; Suarez-Garcia, F.; Martinez-Alonso, A.; Tascón, J.; Kyotani, T., Effects of the mesostructural order on the electrochemical performance of hierarchical micro–mesoporous carbons. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (30), 12023-12030.
151. Zhu, T.; Zhou, J.; Li, Z.; Li, S.; Si, W.; Zhuo, S., Hierarchical porous and N-doped carbon nanotubes derived from polyaniline for electrode materials in supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (31), 12545-12551.
152. Li, M.; Liu, C.; Cao, H.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Fan, Z., KOH self-templating synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon materials for high performance supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (36), 14844-14851.
153. Yu, G.; Zou, X.; Wang, A.; Sun, J.; Zhu, G., Generation of bimodal porosity via self-extra porogenes in nanoporous carbons for supercapacitor application. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (37), 15420-15427.
154. Chen, X. Y.; He, Y. Y.; Xia, Y. K.; Zhang, Z. J., Nitrogen-containing nanoporous carbons with high pore volumes from 4-(4-nitrophenylazo) resorcinol by a Mg(OH)2- assisted template carbonization method. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2 (41), 17586-17594.
155. Luan, Y.; Wang, L.; Guo, S.; Jiang, B.; Zhao, D.; Yan, H.; Tian, C.; Fu, H., A hierarchical porous carbon material from a loofah sponge network for high performance supercapacitors. Rsc Advances 2015, 5 (53), 42430-42437.
156. Zhou, J.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Z.; Zhu, T.; Zhuo, S., One-step and template-free preparation of hierarchical porous carbons with high capacitive performance. RSC advances 2015, 5 (58), 46947-46954.
157. Ma, G.; Guo, D.; Sun, K.; Peng, H.; Yang, Q.; Zhou, X.; Zhao, X.; Lei, Z., Cotton-based porous activated carbon with a large specific surface area as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. RSC advances 2015, 5 (79), 64704-64710.
158. Xuan, H.; Wang, Y.; Lin, G.; Wang, F.; Zhou, L.; Dong, X.; Chen, Z., Air-assisted activation strategy for porous carbon spheres to give enhanced electrochemical performance. RSC advances 2016, 6 (19), 15313-15319.
159. Song, K.; Song, W.-L.; Fan, L.-Z., Scalable fabrication of exceptional 3D carbon networks for supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2015, 3 (31), 16104-16111.
160. Tan, Y.; Gao, Q.; Xu, J.; Li, Z., 1D nanorod-like porous carbon with simultaneous high energy and large power density as a supercapacitor electrode material. RSC advances 2016, 6 (56), 51332-51336.
161. Pi, Y.-T.; Li, Y.-T.; Xu, S.-S.; Xing, X.-Y.; Ma, H.-K.; He, Z.-B.; Ren, T.-Z., Is the conductive agent useful in electrodes of graphitized activated carbon? RSC advances 2016, 6 (103), 100708-100712.
162. Wang, C.; Liu, T., Activated carbon materials derived from liquefied bark-phenol formaldehyde resins for high performance supercapacitors. RSC advances 2016, 6 (107), 105540-105549.
163. Zhang, C.; Lin, S.; Peng, J.; Hong, Y.; Wang, Z.; Jin, X., Preparation of highly porous carbon through activation of NH 4 Cl induced hydrothermal microsphere derivation of glucose. Rsc Advances 2017, 7 (11), 6486-6491.
164. Gupta, K.; Liu, T.; Kavian, R.; Chae, H. G.; Ryu, G. H.; Lee, Z.; Lee, S. W.; Kumar, S., High surface area carbon from polyacrylonitrile for high-performance electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016, 4 (47), 18294-18299.
165. Guo, N.; Li, M.; Sun, X.; Wang, F.; Yang, R., Enzymatic hydrolysis lignin derived hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors in ionic liquids with high power and energy densities. Green Chemistry 2017, 19 (11), 2595-2602.
166. Zhu, M.; Lan, J.; Zhang, X.; Sui, G.; Yang, X., Porous carbon derived from Ailanthus altissima with unique honeycomb-like microstructure for high-performance supercapacitors. New Journal of Chemistry 2017, 41 (11), 4281-4285.
167. Zhou, Y.; Jin, P.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, Y., Carbon nanospheres hanging on carbon nanotubes: a hierarchical three-dimensional carbon nanostructure for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017, 5 (32), 16595-16599.
168. Zhang, C.; Xie, Y.; Sun, G.; Pentecost, A.; Wang, J.; Qiao, W.; Ling, L.; Long, D.; Gogotsi, Y., Ion intercalation into graphitic carbon with a low surface area for high energy density supercapacitors. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2014, 161 (10), A1486.
169. Yang, C.; Li, C.-Y. V.; Li, F.; Chan, K.-Y., Complex impedance with transmission line model and complex capacitance analysis of ion transport and accumulation in hierarchical core-shell porous carbons. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2013, 160 (4), H271.
170. Xu, Z.; Wang, J.; Huiying, H.; Hu, Z.; Gan, L., High Electrochemical Performances Resulted from the Metamorphic Differentiation of Amorphous Carbons. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2015, 162 (9), H686.
171. Wei, C.; Yu, J.; Yang, X.; Zhang, G., Activated carbon fibers with hierarchical nanostructure derived from waste cotton gloves as high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Nanoscale research letters 2017, 12 (1), 1-6.
172. Tokita, M.; Egashira, M.; Yoshimoto, N.; Morita, M., Capacitor Properties of Carbon Electrodes Derived from α-Cyclodextrin. Electrochemistry 2013, 81 (10), 804-807.
173. Dubey, A. K.; Jain, V., Comparative study of convolution neural network’s relu and leaky-relu activation functions. In Applications of Computing, Automation and Wireless Systems in Electrical Engineering, Springer: 2019; pp 873-880.
174. Bock, S.; Weiß, M. In A proof of local convergence for the Adam optimizer, 2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), IEEE: 2019; pp 1-8.
175. Smith, S. L.; Kindermans, P.-J.; Ying, C.; Le, Q. V., Don't decay the learning rate, increase the batch size. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.00489 2017.
176. Li, X.-G.; Lv, Y.; Ma, B.-G.; Wang, W.-Q.; Jian, S.-W., Decomposition kinetic characteristics of calcium carbonate containing organic acids by TGA. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2017, 10, S2534-S2538.
177. Wang, J.; Kaskel, S., KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2012, 22 (45), 23710-23725.
178. Lehman, R. L.; Gentry, J. S.; Glumac, N. G., Thermal stability of potassium carbonate near its melting point. Thermochimica Acta 1998, 316 (1), 1-9.
179. Lozano-Castello, D.; Calo, J.; Cazorla-Amorós, D.; Linares-Solano, A., Carbon activation with KOH as explored by temperature programmed techniques, and the effects of hydrogen. Carbon 2007, 45 (13), 2529-2536.
180. Lindstad, T.; Syvertsen, M.; Ishak, R.; Arntzen, H.; Grøntvedt, P. In The influence of alkalis on the Boudouard reaction, Proceedings: Tenth International Ferroalloys Congress, 2004; p 4.
181. Lahijani, P.; Zainal, Z. A.; Mohammadi, M.; Mohamed, A. R., Conversion of the greenhouse gas CO2 to the fuel gas CO via the Boudouard reaction: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2015, 41, 615-632.
182. Tanthapanichakoon, W.; Ariyadejwanich, P.; Japthong, P.; Nakagawa, K.; Mukai, S.; Tamon, H., Adsorption–desorption characteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueous solution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from waste tires. Water research 2005, 39 (7), 1347-1353.
183. Wang, D. W.; Li, F.; Liu, M.; Lu, G. Q.; Cheng, H. M., 3D aperiodic hierarchical porous graphitic carbon material for high‐rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2008, 47 (2), 373-376.
184. Nguyen, Q. D.; Patra, J.; Hsieh, C.-T.; Li, J.; Dong, Q.-F.; Chang, J.-K., Supercapacitive properties of micropore-and mesopore-rich activated carbon in ionic liquid electrolytes with various constituent ions. ChemSusChem 2018, 12 (2).