本論文研究了單層碳微管中的低頻磁電子激發以及載子的衰減率。sp 3緊束模型和隨機相位進似法分別用來研究磁性能帶結構與磁性電子激發。磁性單粒子激發與磁性集體激發對於磁場的大小和方向、轉換動量、溫度、塞曼分裂與微管的幾何結構(半徑與螺旋角)的改變非常的敏感。共振非彈性光散射的測量可以用來驗證電子的集體激發與單粒子激發，因而驗證了能隙被推斷的正確性。在另一方面，電子的衰減率可以由屏蔽交換能的虛部或由費米金石定律來得到。零溫時，電子可以藉由轉換角動量不為零的電漿子模式來衰減。而當溫度被列入考慮時，溫度引起的單粒子激發所伴隨的非彈性庫倫交互作用可以有效的供給激發態電子做為去除激發之用。衰減率與微管的幾何結構、溫度和波向量有著強烈的關係。這些計算的結果粗略的與時間解析光電子譜、穿透譜和螢光譜的測量結果相吻合。

　We have studied the low-frequency magnetoelectronic excitations and the carrier decay rates of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The magneto band structures and the magneto electronic excitations respectively are investigated by the $sp^3$ tight-binding model and the random-phase approximation (RPA). The magneto single-particle and collective excitations are very sensitive to the changes in the magnitude and the direction of magnetic field, the transferred momentum, the temperature, the Zeeman splitting, and the nanotube geometry (radius and chiral angle). The resonant inelastic light-scattering measurements can be used to verify the collective excitations and the single-particle excitations and thus the validity of the predicted energy bands. On the other hand, the decay rates are studied by evaluating the screened exchange energy or the Golden Rule by Fermi. Electronic states can decay by the interband plasmon modes at zera temperature. When temperature are taken into account, the excited electrons are effectively deexcited by means of the inelastic Coulomb interactions with the temperature-induced e-h excitations. The decay rates strongly depend on the nanotube geometry, the temperature, and the wavevector. The calculated results are roughly consistent with the experimental measurements from the time-resolved photoelectron, transmission, and fluorescence spectroscopies.

[1] S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991).
[2] J. W. Mintwire, B. I. Dunlap, and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992).
[3] C. L. Kane, and E. J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1932 (1997).
[4] F. L. Shyu, and M. F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71, 1820 (2002).
[5] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 65, 505 (1996).
[6] S. Roche, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, and R. Saito, Phys. Rev. B 62, 16092 (2000).
[7] J. P. Lu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1123 (1995).
[8] A. Fujiwara, K. Tomiyama, H. Suematsu, M. Yumura, and K. Uchida, Phys. Rev. B 60, 13492 (1999).
[9] H. Ajiki, Phys. Rev. B 65, 233409 (2002).
[10] M. F. Lin and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 50
, 17744 (1994).
[11] X. K. Wang, X. W. Lin, V. P. Dravis, J. B. Ketterson, and R. P. H. Chang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 1881 (1993).
[12] W. Z. Li, S. S. Xie, L. X. Qian, B. H. Chang, B. S. Zou, W. Y. Zhou, R. A. Zhao, and G. Wang, Science 274, 1701 (1996).
[13] Y. Saito, M. Okuda, N. Fujimoto, T. Yoshikawa, M. Tomita, and T. Hayashi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 33, L526 (1994).
[14] T. Hertel, G. Moos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5002 (2000).
[15] J. -S. Lauret, C. Voisin, G. Cassabois, C. Delalade, Ph. Roussignol, O. Jost, and L. Capes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 057404 (2003).
[16] J. -S. Lauret, C. Voisin, G. Cassabois, J. Tignon, C. Delalade, Ph. Roussignol, O. Jost, and L. Capes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3572 (2004).
[17] O. J. Korovyanko, C. -X. Sheng, Z. V. Vardeny, A. B. Dalton, and R. H. Baughman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 017403 (2004).
[18] M. Ichida, Y. Hamanaka, H. Kataura, Y. Achiba, and A. Nakamura, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 3479 (2004).
[19] M. Zamkov, N. Woody, B. Shan, Z. Chang, and P. Richard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 056803 (2005).
[20] M. J. O'Connell et al., Science 297, 593 (2002).
[21] G. N. Ostojic, S. Zaric, J. Kono, M. S. Strano, V. C. Moore, R. H. Hauge, and R. E. Smalley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117402 (2004).
[22] F. Wang, G. Dukovic, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 177401 (2004).
[23] S. Reich, M. Dworzak, A. Hoffmann, C. Thomsen, and M. S. Strano, Phys. Rev. B 71, 033402 (2005).
[24] M. Jones et al., Phys. Rev. B 71, 115426 (2005).
[25] C. Manzoni et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 207401 (2005).
[26] F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, R. B. Chen, C. W. Chiu, and M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 67, 045405 (2003).
[27] C. W. Chiu, C. P. Chang, F. L. Shyu, R. B. Chen and M. F. Lin: Phys. Rev. B 67, 165421 (2003).
[28] C.W. Chiu, F.L. Shyu, C.P. Chang, D.S. Chuu, M.F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2936 (2004).
[29] C. W. Chiu, Y. H. Chiu, F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, D. S. Chuu, and M. F. Lin, Phys. Lett. 346, 347 (2005).
[30] P. R. Wallace, Phys. Rev. 71, 622 (1947).
[31] F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, R. B. Chen, and M. F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 454 (2003).
[34] J. W. G. Wildoer, L. C. Venema, A. G. Rinzler, R. E. Richard, and C. Dekker, Nature (London) 391, 59 (1998).
[35] T. W. Odom, J. L. Huang, P. Kim, and C. M. Lieber, Nature (London) 391, 62 (1998).
[36] P. Kim, T. W. Odom, J. L. Huang, and C. M. Lieber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1225 (1999).
[37] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 1255 (1993).
[38] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 2470 (1993).
[39] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 64, 4382 (1995).
[41] R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B 50, 14698 (1994); ibid, 53, 10408 (Errata; 1996).
[42] S. Roche, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, and R. Saito, Phys. Rev. B 62, 16092 (2000).
[43] S. Roche and R. Saito, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 246803 (2001).
[44] M. F. Lin, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 47, 6617(1993); 48, 5567 (1993).
[45] O. Sato et al., Phys. Rev. B 48, 1947 (1993).
[46] P. J. Lin-Chung, and A. K. Rajagopal, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8454 (1994).
[47] P. Longe, and S. M. Bose, Phys. Rev. B 48, 18239 (1993).
[48] C. Yannouleas et al., Phys. Rev. B 50, 7977 (1994); 53, 10225 (1996).
[49] M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, C. S. Huang, Y. K. Lin, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 53, 15493 (1996).
[50] B. Vasvari, Phys. Rev. B 55, 7993 (1997).
[51] M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1430 (1997).
[52] M. F. Lin, and D. S. Chuu, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, 757 (1997).
[53] M. F. Lin, and D. S. Chuu, Phys. Rev. B 57, 10183 (1998).
[54] M. F. Lin, and F. L. Shyu, Phys. Rev. B 60, 14434 (1999).
[55] T. Stockli, J. M. Pitarke, A. Chatelain, Z. L. Wang, and P. Stadelmann, Phys. Rev. B 64, 115424 (2001).
[56] G. Gumbs, and G. R. Aizin, Phys. Rev. B 65, 195407 (2002).
[57] R. Kuzuo, M. Tarauchi, and M. Tanaka, Jpn. J. App. Phys. 31, L1484 (1992).
[58] L. A. Bursill, P. A. Stadelmann, J. L. Peng, and S. Prawer, Phys. Rev. B 49, 2882 (1994).
[59] T. Pichler, M. Knupfer, M. S. Golden, J. Fink, A. Rinzler, and R. E. Smalley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4729 (1998).
[60] M. Kociak, L. Henrard, O. Stephan, K. Suenaga, and C. Colliex, Phys. Rev. B 61, 13936 (2000).
[61] B. W. Reed, and M. Sarikaya, Phys. Rev. B 64, 195404 (2001).
[62] L. Huang, H. N. Pedrosa, and T. D. Krauss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 017403 (2004).
[63] F. Wang, G. Dukovic, E. Knoesel, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. B 70, 241403(R) (2004).

Chapter 2
[1] S. Iijima, Nature (London) 354, 56 (1991).
[2] J. W. Mintwire, B. I. Dunlap, and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992).
[3] For the details of geometric structures see R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992); Phys. Rev. B 46, 1804 (1992).
[4] N. Hamada, S. I. Sawada, and A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
[5] C. L. Kane, and E. J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1932 (1997).
[6] J. -C. Charlier, and Ph. Lambin, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15037 (1998).
[7] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 1255 (1993).
[8] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 2470 (1993).
[9] R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B 50, 14698 (1994); ibid, 53, 10408 (Errata; 1996).
[10] S. Roche, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, and R. Saito, Phys. Rev. B 62, 16092 (2000).
[11] M. F. Lin, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 47, 6617(1993); 48, 5567 (1993).
[12] M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1430 (1997).
[13] A. R. Goni, A. Pinczuk, J. S. Weiner, J. M. Calleja, B. S. Dennis, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3298 (1991).
[14] R. Strenz, U. Bockelmann, F. Hirler, G. Abstreiter, G. Bohm, and G. Weimann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3022 (1994).
[15] E. Ulrichs, G. Biese, C. Steinebach, C. Schuller, D. Heitmann, K. Eberl, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12760 (1997); and references therein.

Chapter 3
[1] S. Iijima, Nature (London) 354, 56 (1991).
[2] For the details of geometric structures see R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992); Phys. Rev. B 46, 1804 (1992).
[3] J. W. Mintwire, B. I. Dunlap, and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992).
[4] J. W. Mintwire, and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2506 (1998).
[5] C. T. White and T. N. Todorov, Nature (London) 393, 240 (1998).
[6] J. -C. Charlier, and Ph. Lambin, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15037 (1998).
[7] N. Hamada, S. I. Sawada, and A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
[8] C. L. Kane, and E. J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1932 (1997).
[9] For the details of curvature effects see F. L. Shyu, and M. F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71, 1820 (2002).
[10] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 1255 (1993).
[11] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 2470 (1993).
[12] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 64, 4382 (1995).
[13] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 65, 505 (1996).
[14] R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B 50, 14698 (1994); ibid, 53, 10408 (Errata; 1996).
[15] S. Roche, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, and R. Saito, Phys. Rev. B 62, 16092 (2000).
[16] J. P. Lu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1123 (1995).
[17] F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, R. B. Chen, and M. F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 454 (2003).
[18] F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, R. B. Chen, C. W. Chiu, and M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 67, 045405 (2003).
[19] M. F. Lin, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 47, 6617(1993); 48, 5567 (1993).
[20] O. Sato et al., Phys. Rev. B 48 1947 (1993).
[21] P. J. Lin-Chung, and A. K. Rajagopal, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8454 (1994).
[22] P. Longe, and S. M. Bose, Phys. Rev. B 48, 18239 (1993).
[23] C. Yannouleas et al., Phys. Rev. B 50, 7977 (1994); 53, 10225 (1996).
[24] M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, C. S. Huang, Y. K. Lin, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 53, 15493 (1996).
[25] B. Vasvari, Phys. Rev. B 55, 7993 (1997).
[26] M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1430 (1997).
[27] M. F. Lin, and D. S. Chuu, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, 757 (1997).
[28] M. F. Lin, and D. S. Chuu, Phys. Rev. B 57, 10183 (1998).
[29] M. F. Lin, and F. L. Shyu, Phys. Rev. B 60, 14434 (1999).
[30] T. Stockli, J. M. Pitarke, A. Chatelain, Z. L. Wang, and P. Stadelmann, Phys. Rev. B 64, 115424 (2001).
[31] G. Gumbs, and G. R. Aizin, Phys. Rev. B 65, 195407 (2002).
[32] R. Kuzuo, M. Tarauchi, and M. Tanaka, Jpn. J. App. Phys. 31, L1484 (1992).
[33] L. A. Bursill, P. A. Stadelmann, J. L. Peng, and S. Prawer, Phys. Rev. B 49, 2882 (1994).
[34] T. Pichler, M. Knupfer, M. S. Golden, J. Fink, A. Rinzler, and R. E. Smalley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4729 (1998).
[35] M. Kociak, L. Henrard, O. Stephan, K. Suenaga, and C. Colliex, Phys. Rev. B 61, 13936 (2000).
[36] B. W. Reed, and M. Sarikaya, Phys. Rev. B 64, 195404 (2001).
[37] Q. P. Li, and S. Das Sarma, Phys. Rev. B 44, 6277 (1991).
[38] L. Wendler, and V. G. Grigoryan, Phys. Rev. B 54, 8652 (1996).
[39] M. Bayer, Ch. Schlier, Ch. Greus, A. Forchel, S. Benner, and H. Haug, Phys. Rev. B 55, 13180 (1997); and references therein.
[40] A. R. Goni, A. Pinczuk, J. S. Weiner, J. M. Calleja, B. S. Dennis, L. N. Pfeiffer, and K. W. West, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3298 (1991).
[41] R. Strenz, U. Bockelmann, F. Hirler, G. Abstreiter, G. Bohm, and G. Weimann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3022 (1994).
[42] E. Ulrichs, G. Biese, C. Steinebach, C. Schuller, D. Heitmann, K. Eberl, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12760 (1997); and references therein.

Chapter 4
[1] Iijima, Nature (London) 354, 56 (1991).
[2] For details on the geometric and electronic structures, see R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus and M. S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992).
[3] J. W. Mintwire, B. I. Dunlap and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992).
[4] N. Hamada, S. I. Sawada and A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
[5] M. F. Lin and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 50, 17744 (1994).
[6] P. J. Lin-Chung and A. K. Rajagopal, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8454 (1994).
[7] For details on the dielectric function, see M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, C. S. Huang, Y. K. Lin and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 53, 15493 (1996).
[8] M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1430 (1997).
[9] B. Vasvari, Phys. Rev. B 55, 7993 (1997).
[10] F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, R. B. Chen, C. W. Chiu and M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 67, 045405 (2003).
[11] C. W. Chiu, C. P. Chang, F. L. Shyu, R. B. Chen and M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 67, 165421 (2003).
[12] R. Kuzuo, M. Tarauchi and M. Tanaka, Jpn. J. App. Phys. 31, L1484 (1992).
[13] T. Pichler, M. Knupfer, M. S. Golden, J. Fink, A. Rinzler and R. E. Smalley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4729 (1998).
[14] H. Kataura, Y. Kumazawa, Y. Maniwa, I. Umezu, S. Suzuki, Y. Ohtsuka and Y. Achiba, Synth. Met, 103, 2555 (1999).
[15] M. Ichida, S. Mizuno, Y. Tani, Y. Saito and A. Nakamura, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 3131 (1999).
[16] S. Xu, J. Cao, C. C. Miller, D. A. Mantell, R. J. D. Miller and Y. Gao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 483 (1996).
[17] A. V. Chaplik, Sov. Phys. JETP 33, 997 (1971).
[18] J. J. Quinn, Phys. Rev. 112, 812 (1958).

Chapter 5
[1] S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991).
[2] J.W. Mintmire, B.I. Dunlap, C.T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992).
[3] R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992); Phys. Rev. B 46, 1804 (1992).
[4] N. Hamada, S.I. Sawada, A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
[5] C.L. Kane, E.J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1932 (1997).
[6] F.L. Shyu, M.F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71, 1820 (2002).
[7] F.L. Shyu, C.P. Chang, R.B. Chen, M. F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 454 (2003).
[8] R.A. Jishi, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, Phys Rev B 48, 11385 (1993).
[9] T. Hertel, G. Moos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5002 (2000).
[10] M.F. Lin, D.S. Chuu, C.S. Huang, Y.K. Lin, K.W.-K. Shung, Phys Rev B 53, 15493 (1996).
[11] P.J. Lin-Chung, A.K. Rajagopal, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8454 (1994).
[12] B. Vasvari, Phys. Rev. B 55, 7993 (1997).
[13] M.F. Lin, K.W.-K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 50, (1994) 17744.
[14] R. Kuzuo, M. Tarauchi, M. Tanaka, Jpn. J. App. Phys. 31, L1484 (1992).
[15] T. Pichler, M. Knupfer, M. S. Golden, J. Fink, A. Rinzler, R.E. Smalley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4729 (1998).
[16] M. Kociak, L. Henrard, O. Stephan, K. Suenaga, C. Colliex, Phys. Rev. B 61, 13936 (2000).
[17] B.W. Reed, M. Sarukaya, Phys. Rev. B 64, 195404 (2001).
[18] H. Kataura, Y. Kumazawa, Y. Minawa, I. Umezu, S. Suzuki, Y. Ohtsuka, Y. Achiba, Synth. Met. 103, 2555 (1999).
[19] M. Ichida, S. Mizuno, Y. Tani, Y. Saito, A. Nakamura, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 3131 (1999).
[20] C.W. Chiu, F.L. Shyu, C.P. Chang, D.S. Chuu, M.F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2936 (2004).
[21] H. Sakai, H. Suzuura, T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 1698 (2003).
[22] K.W.-K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 34, 1264 (1986).
[23] S. Das Sarma, E.H. Hwang, Phys. Rev. B 54, 1936 (1996).
[24] Q.P. Li, S. Das Sarma, R. Joynt, Phys. Rev. B 45, 13713 (1992).
[25] B.Y.-K. Hu, S. Das Sarma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1750 (1992).
[26] B.Y.-K. Hu, S. Das Sarma, Phys. Rev. B 48, 5469 (1993).

Chapter 6
[1] S. Iijima, Nature (London) 354, 56 (1991).
[2] J. W. Mintmire, B. I. Dunlap, and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992).
[3] N. Hamada, S. I. Sawada, and A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
[4] For the details of geometric and electronic structures see M. F. Lin, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 52, 8423 (1995).
[5] J. W. G. Wilder, L. C. Venema, A. G. Rinzler, R. E. Smalley, and C. Dekker, Nature (London) 391, 59 (1998).
[6] T. W. Odom, J. L. Huang, P. Kim, and C. M. Lieber, Nature (London) 391, 62 (1998).
[7] For the details of dielectric function see M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, C. S. Huang, Y. K. Lin, and K. W. -K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 53, 15493 (1996).
[8] G. Gumbs, Phys. Rev. B 66, 205413 (2002).
[9] H. Ajiki, and T. Ando, Physica B 201, 349 (1994).
[10] C. W. Chiu, F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, D. S. Chuu, and M. F.Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2936 (2004).
[11] J. -S. Lauret, C. Voisin, G. Cassabois, C. Delalade, Ph. Roussignol, O. Jost, and L. Capes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 057404 (2003); Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 85, 3572 (2004).
[12] O. J. Korovyanko, C. -X. Sheng, Z. V. Vardeny, A. B. Dalton, and R. H. Baughman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 017403 (2004).
[13] G. N. Ostojic, S. Zaric, J. Kono, M. S. Strano, V. C. Moore, R. H. Hauge, and R. E. Smalley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117402 (2004).
[14] L. Huang, H. N. Pedrosa, and T. D. Krauss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 017403 (2004).
[15] M. Ichida, Y. Hamanaka, H. Kataura, Y. Achiba, and A. Nakamura, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 3479 (2004).
[16] S. Reich, M. Dworzak, A. Hoffmann, C. Thomsen, and M. S. Strano, Phys. Rev. B 71, 033402 (2005).
[17] F. Wang, G. Dukovic, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 177401 (2004).
[18] F. Wang, G. Dukovic, E. Knoesel, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. B 70, 241403(R) (2004).

Chapter 7
[1] S. Iijima, Nature (London) 354, 56 (1991).
[2] R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2204 (1992).
[3] R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. B 46, 1804 (1992).
[4] J. W. Mintwire, B. I. Dunlap, and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 631 (1992).
[5] J. W. Mintwire and C. T. White, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2506 (1998).
[6] C. T. White and T. N. Todorov, Nature (London) 393, 240 (1998).
[7] J. -C. Charlier and Ph. Lambin, Phys. Rev. B 57, 15037 (1998).
[8] M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 62 (2000) 13153.
[9] N. Hamada, S. I. Sawada, and A. Oshiyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1579 (1992).
[10 ] C. L. Kane and E. J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1932 (1997).
[11] F. L. Shyu and M. F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71, 1820 (2002).
[12] F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, R. B. Chen, and M. F. Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 454 (2003).
[13] F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, R. B. Chen, C. W. Chiu, and M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 67 045405 (2003).
[14] C. W. Chiu, C. P. Chang, F. L. Shyu, R. B. Chen, and M.F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 67 165421 (2003).
[15] J. -C. Charlier, Ph. Lambin, and T. W. Ebbesen, Phys. Rev. B 54 8377 (1996).
[16] J. W. G. Wildoer, L. C. Venema, A. G. Rinzler, R. E. Richard, and C. Dekker, Nature (London) 391, 59 (1998).
[17] T. W. Odom, J. L. Huang, P. Kim, and C. M. Lieber, Nature (London) 391, 62 (1998).
[18] P. Kim, T. W. Odom, J. L. Huang, and C. M. Lieber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1225 (1999).
[19] M. Ouyang, J. -L. Huang, C. L. Cheung, and C. M. Lieber, Science 292, 702 (2001).
[20] M. F. Lin, D. S. Chuu, and K. W.-K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1430 (1997).
[21] M. F. Lin and K. W.-K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 47, 6617 (1993).
[22] M. F. Lin and K. W.-K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 48, 5567 (1993).
[23] O. Sato et al., Phys. Rev. B 48, 1947 (1993).
[24] P. J. Lin-Chung and A. K. Rajagopal, Phys. Rev. B 49, 8454 (1994).
[25] P. Longe and S. M. Bose, Phys. Rev. B 48, 18239 (1993).
[26] C. Yannouleas et al., Phys. Rev. B 50, 7977 (1994).
[27] C. Yannouleas et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 10225 (1996).
[28] M. F. Lin et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 15493 (1996).
[29] B. Vasvari, Phys. Rev. B 55, 7993 (1997).
[30] M. F. Lin and D. S. Chuu, Phys. Rev. B 57, 10183 (1998).
[31] F. L. Shyu and M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 60, 14434 (1999).
[32] T. Stockli et al., Phys. Rev. B 64, 115424 (2001).
[33] G. Gumbs and G. R. Aizin, Phys. Rev. B 65, 195407 (2002).
[34] J. S. Lauret et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3572 (2004).
[35] J. S. Lauret et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 057404 (2003).
[36] F. Wang, G. Dukovic, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 177401 (2004).
[37] L. Huang, H. N. Pedrosa, and T. D. Krauss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 017403 (2004).
[38] T. Hertel and G. Moos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5002 (2000).
[39] Y. Z. Ma et al., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 3368 (2004).
[40] O. J. Korovyanko, C. X. Sheng, Z. V. Vardeny, A. B. Dalton, and R.H. Baughman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 017403 (2004).
[41] G. N. Ostojic et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117402 (2004).
[42] C. W. Chiu, Y. H. Chiu, F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, D. S. Chuu, and M. F. Lin, Phys. Lett. A 346, 347 (2005).
[43] C. W. Chiu, F. L. Shyu, C. P. Chang, D. S. Chuu, and M. F.Lin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2936 (2004).
[44] C. W. Chiu, F. L. Shyu, and M. F. Lin, (Unpublished)
[45] K.W.-K. Shung, Phys. Rev. B 34, 1264 (1986).