| 研究生: |
蔡珮雯 Tsai, Pei-Wen |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
都市發展型態對都市公共成本及經濟效益之影響 The Effect of Urban Forms on Urban Public Cost and Economic Benefit |
| 指導教授: |
何東波
Ho, Tong-Po |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
規劃與設計學院 - 都市計劃學系 Department of Urban Planning |
| 論文出版年: | 2003 |
| 畢業學年度: | 91 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 111 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 都市效率 、都市發展型態 、都市淨效益 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | urban form, net urban benefit, city efficiency |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:113 下載:4 |
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過去幾十年台灣地區的都市成長,帶來繁榮與國民生活水準上的提高,但是隨著都市成長、擴大的同時也對都市帶來許多負面的成本。吾人體認到都市成長是需要付出代價的,當都市成本超過收益時,都市的品質將日益惡化,這點我們可以從目前許多大都市的發展經驗中發現,持續的成長反而造成生活品質愈趨低落,盲目的追求都市經濟繁榮的過程所產生種種都市的負面成本,似乎值得我們對都市經濟繁榮背後所存在的問題加以省思。
近年來,都市效率一直是都市發展的重要研究主題,已有許多證據顯示快速發展、無效率以及昂貴的發展型態造成都市政府的公共成本壓力,在這種情況下,都市政府該如何應對?過去對於都市規模的發展型態已有頗多的探討。但規模是影響都市效率的主要因素嗎?抑或不同的都市發展型態,如都市的機能強度、人力資本等,是否會對於都市效率有不同程度的影響?
首先,本研究藉由整理五種不同的都市範型(paradigm),並依此選出代表五種都市範型的都市發展型態變數,即影響都市發展過程之實質與非實質要素。包括實質要素:都市人口規模、都市服務功能、資源使用程度,以及非實質要素:資訊流通程度及知識教育程度。爾後,再以都市發展型態分別對都市公共成本及經濟效益建立線性迴歸方程式,並依照迴歸之結果,以圖形說明都市淨效益。同時,都市淨效益即代表本研究所界定之都市效率,指都市公共成本與經濟效益之間的差距。因此,最適之都市發展型態為達到都市淨效益最大時之都市發展型態,此時對於社會大眾最節省公共支出,都市全體居民最具經濟效益。
實證之空間範圍為台灣地區超過五萬人之都市,時間範圍則以民國85及90年兩年度之資料作橫斷面之比較分析,經由本研究之實證結果,結論茲說明如下:
一、都市人口規模具影響都市公共成本的重要地位,隨著都市規模的擴大,公共成本將有規模經濟的情形發生。
二、都市不同程度的服務功能形成其在公共成本上不同程度的負擔。都市服務功能的提昇將對都市平均每人公共成本造成負擔,透過都市服務功能變數在大都市規模之表現,同時告誡了我們雖然都市的形成的原因源自於規模與聚集的龐大經濟力量,但都市規模擴大所帶來的服務功能增加絕非毫無代價的,如擁擠、髒亂、生活品質低落及社會問題叢生等等均是都市成長的伴隨物。
三、資訊流通程度對於都市效率將有正面的助益。很顯然地就小規模都市而言,資訊流通將可提昇其都市效率,而規模較大的都市其資訊流通程度愈高對都市效率將更具明顯助益。
四、實證結果發現相嵌於人力資本指標所代表的知識教育程度及學術單位,的確對於都市淨效益的提昇具明顯的作用,更說明人力資本的累積及知識對於都市淨效益具有規模報酬遞增的特性。
五、資源必須謹慎地被使用。實證發現台灣地區之大都市為了追求成長、經濟發展在資源使用上過量,並對資源之使用存有迷思,更不符合現代所強調的資源永續的理念。而較小規模的都市則是由於可以對資源作較充分的運用,使得都市效率較佳,但是需注意的是,隨著都市規模擴大後,資源的使用同樣有不經濟的現象發生,並且有悖離都市資源永續的傾向存在。
In last decades, prosperity and higher standards of living was accompanying the growth of cities in Taiwan. In the meanwhile, social cost also went along with city expansion. From the traditional theory of optimum city size, it was recognized that city growth would cause the fall of quality of urban life. Thus, it is worthy to contemplate on the meanings of urban development and planning.
It has been a long history that city efficiency is an important issue in the field of urban development and planning. Lots of evidences show that inefficient urban development will cause fiscal pressure for local administrations. What on earth a city government could do in this situation? There are diverse discussions in the past about the influential factors on city efficiency, such as city size, functions, human capital, etc. In this study, city efficiency is presumably as the result of urban form. City size was well-known as a vital factor of urban form in early stages, but more other factors of urban forms were evolved and recognized to be critical on city efficiency. Five urban forms, which include city size, functions, information flow, resource utilization and knowledge, are selected and statistically tested on their relationship with city efficiency. In fact, the concepts of five urban forms mentioned above come from the evolution of urban development paradigms. City efficiency is defined as net urban benefit, which is the difference between urban economic benefit and urban public cost.
The regression models of public cost and economic benefit are separately estimated by independent variables of urban forms. Then, the net urban benefit is graphically demonstrated according to the variable of urban forms. The optimum urban form is justified by the maximum of net urban benefit. 110 jurisdictions with population above 500,000 persons of local administrations in Taiwan are selected as basic spatial units for analysis. Cross-sectional datum of 1996 and 2001 are separately utilized for comparison. The results of empirical study show as follows.
1. The size of city population has significant influence on public cost of cities. The larger the city size, the more economy of public cost the city is.
2. The increase of city functions will carry a burden on per capita public cost. It tells us that even if the formation of a city stems from scale and agglomeration economies, but the expansion of city functions are by no means without costs.
3. The degree of information flow in a city has bi-polarly effect on city efficiency. In regard to small size cities, they could bring higher city efficiency with the rising of information flow. In terms of big cities, the higher the information flow, the higher the city efficiency would be.
4. Empirical evidence reveals that human capital has apparently positive effect on net urban benefits. It also shows that the accumulation of human capital and knowledge have increasing return to scale for net urban benefit.
5. Finally, the resource should be utilized carefully. Empirical evidences in this study show that in search for city growth and economic development, big cities in Taiwan tent to utilize resource excessively. It is not suitable for the concept of sustainability. However, small size cities could make better usage of resource, which leads to better performance of city efficiency. It suggests that we need to keep eyes on the city expansion.
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