BiFeO3 (BFO)
通過水熱法在FTO 基板上生長具有各種形貌的BFO薄膜，例如微粒（樣品I）、微孔板（樣品II）和微片（樣品III）。BFO薄膜的導電類型基於它們的費米能級和莫特-肖特基測量確定。樣品I (≈ 10.4 pm·V–1) 、 樣品II (≈ 19.7 pm·V–1) 和样品III (≈ 17.8 pm·V–1) 的壓電係數通過壓電力顯微鏡量測。使用 I-V 特性研究了三個樣品的壓電和壓電光電子效應。測定了樣品的每單位質量的電化學表面積 (ECSA) 和光致發光 (PL) 發射。對於 MB 溶液，樣品II 表現出優異的壓電光催化，降解速率常數 (k ≈ 19.8 x 10–3 min–1) ， 其中活性的主要影響被證實為 OH· 和 ·O2– 自由基。此外，樣品II 表現出最高的壓電光電化學 (piezo-PEC) 電流密度 (≈ −0.83 mA·cm–2) 。最大施加的偏置光子到電流轉換 (ABPE) 約為 0.54% 在 –0.51 V 時。這些結果表明 BFO 樣品在壓電應用中的巨大潛力。
BiFeO3-ZnO (BFO−ZnO)
P-BFO−n-ZnO 複合薄膜在錫摻雜氧化銦 (ITO) 基板上通過水熱法在 200 oC 6 小時內合成。 BFO NRs、ZnO MPs 和 BFO-ZnO 樣品的 XRD 揭示了它們理想的結晶度。高倍率和低倍率的 SEM 圖像詳細說明了 BFO MPs 在對齊良好的 NRs 上的分佈。進行 Mott-Schottky 測量以確定樣品的平帶電位和導電類型。觀察到復合材料具有良好的 ECSA（≈ 69.8 mF·cm–2·mg–1）、優異的壓電係數 (d33 ≈ 26.5 pm·V–1）和載流子壽命。基於 I–V 特性研究了樣品的壓電和壓電光電子效應。理論計算揭示了所有樣品的各向異性應力誘導壓電勢。基於復合材料的壓電納米發電機表現出持久的輸出（VOC ≈ 0.16 V 和 ISC ≈ 1.2 μA）和出色的靈敏度（≈ 6.2 x 10–3 V·N–1) ；還闡明了它們的日常環境應用。 PENG的輸出在520個工作循環後表現出高耐久性和穩定性。 BFO–ZnO 複合材料、BFO MPs 和 ZnO NRs 的壓電光催化 k 值分別約為 30.4、14.9、9.6 x 10–3 min–1。複合樣品的最大 ABPE 值在 0.63 V 時約為 0.86%，高於單個 ZnO（≈ 0.19% 在 0.68 V）和 BFO（≈ 0.55% 在 -0.54 V）。

BiFeO3 (BFO)
BFO films with various morphologies such as microparticles (Sample I), microplates (Sample II), and microsheets (Sample III) were grown on FTO substrates by hydrothermal method. The conductivity type of BFO films were determined based on their Fermi energy level and Mott-Schottky measurement. The piezoelectric coefficients of the Samples I (≈ 10.4 pm·V−1), Sample II (≈ 19.7 pm·V–1) and Sample III (≈17.8 pm·V−1) were experimentally determined through piezoresponse force microscopy. The piezotronic and piezophototronic effects of the three samples were studied using I–V characteristics. The electrochemical surface areas (ECSAs) per unit mass and photoluminescence (PL) emission of the samples were determined. The Sample II also exhibited the superior piezophotocatalytic degradation rate constant (k ≈ 19.8 x 10−3 min−1) for MB solutions, in which OH· and ·O2– radicals were verified their predominant impact for the activity. Furthermore, the Sample II exhibited the highest piezophotoelectrochemical (piezo-PEC) current density (≈ − 0.83 mA·cm2) among the samples. The maximum applied bias photon-to-current conversion (ABPE) was approximately 0.54% at −0.51 V. These results indicate the great potential of BFO samples in piezoelectric applications.
BiFeO3−ZnO (BFO−ZnO)
p-BFO−n-ZnO composite films on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates were synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 200 oC in 6 h. The XRD of the BFO NRs, ZnO MPs, and BFO–ZnO samples revealed their desirable crystallinity. SEM images with high- and low- magnification detail the distribution of the BFO MPs on the well-aligned NRs. Mott–Schottky measurements were performed to determine the flat-band potential and conductivity type of the samples. The favorable ECSA (≈ 69.8 mF·cm−2·mg−1), superior piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ≈ 26.5 pm·V−1) and carrier lifetime were observed for the composite. The piezotronic and piezophototronic effects of the samples were investigated based on the I−V characteristics. Theoretical calculations revealed the decent anisotropic stress-induced piezoelectric potentials for all the samples. The composite-based piezoelectric nanogenerators exhibited the durable output (VOC ≈ 0.16 V and ISC≈ 1.2 μA) and excellent sensitivity (≈ 6.2 x 10−3 V·N−1); their daily environment application was also elucidated. The output of PENG exhibited high durability and stability after 520 working cycles. The piezophotocatalytic k values were approximately 30.4, 14.9, 9.6 x 10−3 min−1 for the BFO–ZnO composite, BFO MPs and ZnO NRs, respectively. The maximum ABPE value of the composite sample was approximately 0.86% at 0.63 V, which was higher than that of the individual ZnO (≈ 0.19% at 0.68 V) and BFO (≈ 0.55% at −0.54 V).

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