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研究生：	陳添祿 Tan, Tian-Lu
論文名稱：	馬來西亞華裔文化認同的形成：一項針對「中華膠」現象的實驗調查 Cultural Identity Formation Among Malaysian Chinese: A Survey Experiment on the Intense Sinophilia Phenomenon
指導教授：	沈智新 Sheen, Chih-Hsin
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	社會科學院 - 政治學系 Department of Political Science
論文出版年：	2026
畢業學年度：	114
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	126
中文關鍵詞：	馬來西亞華人、中華膠、文化認同、調查實驗
外文關鍵詞：	Malaysian Chinese, Intense Sinophilia, cultural identity, survey experiment
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本論文旨在探討「中華膠」現象之成因。所謂「中華膠」，係指馬來西亞華裔社群中，部分群體對中國展現高度文化與政治認同之現象。既有討論多側重於質性研究與新聞報導，其背後的成因機制迄今尚未經量化檢證。本研究不直接測量對中國之政治認同，而以華裔族群文化認同作為中華膠之情感基礎的代理指標，檢驗其是否可由認同論述框架推動。
為此，本研究採問卷調查實驗法，以 600 名自我認同為華裔之馬來西亞成年人為研究對象，隨機分配至原生論、工具論、建構論三種文化認同論述框架之情境短文，其後透過「改編文化認同量表」（Adapted Cultural Identity Scale），測量其華裔族群文化認同與馬來西亞國家認同。
結果顯示，三種框架均未對華裔族群認同產生顯著影響，H1 至 H4 皆未獲支持，惟三組框架均順利通過操弄檢定。此虛無結果不宜歸因於操弄失敗，而較可能反映依變項的天花板效應：約四分之三的受試者，其認同分數落於量表全距的前 20%，可供推移的空間相當有限。在此樣本中，認同強度主要由個人傾向所決定，難以藉由單次訊息框架刺激而推移。
值得一提的是，建構論框架有顯著提升馬來西亞的國家認同。此非預期的結果顯示華裔歸屬感與馬來西亞國家認同或許是相輔相成、而非零和關係。總體而言，本論文為「中華膠」現象成因之情感基礎，提供了初步的量化實驗佐證，並對以高度認同群體為對象的實驗設計，提出方法論層次的反思。

This thesis examines the causes of the "Intense Sinophilia" (中華膠) phenomenon. The term refers to the high degree of cultural and political identification with China displayed by segments of the Malaysian Chinese community. Existing discussion has been largely qualitative and journalistic, and the mechanisms behind the phenomenon have yet to be tested quantitatively. Rather than measuring political identification with China directly, this study takes Chinese ethnic cultural identification, the affective basis of Intense Sinophilia, as a proxy indicator, and tests whether it can be moved by framings of identity discourse.
To this end, the study employs a survey experiment with 600 self-identified Chinese Malaysian adults, who were randomly assigned to vignettes presenting one of three framings of cultural identity formation: primordialist, instrumentalist, or constructivist. Chinese ethnic cultural identification and Malaysian national identification were then measured using the Adapted Cultural Identity Scale.
The results show that none of the three framings had a significant effect on Chinese ethnic identification, and H1 through H4 were all unsupported, although all three conditions passed their manipulation checks. This null result should not be attributed to failed manipulation; it more likely reflects a ceiling effect in the dependent variable. Roughly three-quarters of respondents scored within the top 20% of the scale range, leaving very little room for movement. In this sample, the strength of identification is determined mainly by individual disposition and is not readily shifted by a single exposure to a message frame.
One finding is worth noting: the constructivist framing significantly raised Malaysian national identification. This unanticipated result suggests that Chinese belonging and Malaysian national identification may be mutually reinforcing rather than zero-sum. Overall, the thesis provides preliminary quantitative experimental evidence on the affective basis of Intense Sinophilia, and offers a methodological reflection on experimental designs aimed at populations that hold their identities strongly.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1. General Overview 1
2. Background of the study 2
3. Research Motivation 2
4. Significance of the Study 4
5. Research Objectives 5
6. Conceptual Definitions 6
7. Research Questions 7
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL APPROACH 9
1. Overview of Ethnic Politics in Malaysia 9
1.1. Historical formation of Malaysian Chinese identity 9
1.2. Generational transition in Malaysian Chinese identity 11
1.3. What shapes Malaysian Chinese identity today 12
1.4. The empirical gap 14
2. Primordialism and cultural identity 14
2.1. The primordialist position 15
2.2. Primordialism applied to the Malaysian Chinese case 15
2.3. Language as a primordial marker of identity 16
2.4. Chinese schools as carriers of inherited identity 17
2.5. Hypothesis derivation: the primordialist prediction 19
3. Instrumentalism and cultural identity 19
3.1. The instrumentalist position 20
3.2. Instrumentalism applied to the Malaysian Chinese case 20
3.3. Chinese state influence operations 22
3.4. China’s economic rise and strategic logic of identification 24
3.5. Hypothesis derivation: the instrumentalist prediction 26
4. Constructivism and cultural identity 27
4.1. The constructivist position 28
4.2. Constructivism applied to the Malaysian Chinese case 29
4.3. How colonial rule built Malaysia’s racial categories 30
4.4. Post-independence policy and ethnic stratification 33
4.5. Hypothesis derivation: the constructivist prediction 37
5. Comparative theoretical synthesis 38
5.1. Comparative summary of the three accounts 38
5.2. Predicted relative magnitudes of framing effects 40
5.3. The moderating role of pre-existing behavioral cultural commitment 41
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN 43
1. Data Source 43
1.1. Participants and recruitment 43
1.2. Sampling and sample size 44
1.3. Survey administration and timing 45
1.4. Research ethics 46
2. Experimental Design 46
2.1. Design overview and conceptual framework 48
2.2. Vignette construction 50
2.3. Manipulation checks 53
2.4. Dependent variable: the Adapted Cultural Identity Scale (A-CIS) 54
2.5. Moderator and covariates 56
2.6. Secondary outcomes 57
3. Analytical Strategy 58
3.1. Main-effects and moderation model (tests H1, H2, H3, H4) 59
3.2. Secondary outcomes and realism check 60
3.3. Statistical decisions 60
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 62
1. Sample Characteristics and Data Quality 62
2. Measurement Reliability and Randomization Check 64
2.1. Measurement reliability and descriptive statistics 64
2.2. Randomization check 65
2.3. Manipulation checks 68
3. Treatment Effects on Cultural Identification 68
3.1. Effects on Chinese ethnic identification (H1, H2, H3) 68
3.2. Comparison across framings 70
3.3. The Ceiling Effect on Chinese Ethnic Identification 71
4. Moderation by Behavioral Cultural Commitment (H4) 74
5. Secondary Outcomes 76
5.1. Malaysian national identification (AMN) 77
5.2. Secondary outcome items (V1–V4) 78
5.3. Summary of secondary findings 80
6. Exploratory subgroup analyses 81
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION 83
1. Key Findings 83
1.1. Why the null is informative 83
1.2. Identification as a settled disposition 84
1.3. The constructivist effect on national identification 85
2. Implications 85
3. Research Limitations and Future Research 86
3.1. The ceiling 86
3.2. Design and exposure 87
3.3. Sample and generalizability 87
3.4. Measurement 89
3.5. Future research 89
3.6. Concluding Remarks 89
References 91
Appendix A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH VERSION, AS ADMINISTERED) 100
Appendix B SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (SIMPLIFIED CHINESE VERSION, AS ADMINISTERED) 108
                                    

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