從珠子參根部分離到5個新化合物以及其他37個已知化合物，經光譜分析與化學方法鑑定確認其結構，5個新化合物分別為panajaponol A (731)、pseudoginsenoside RT1 butyl ester (732)、panaxjapyne A (738)、panaxjapyne B (739)與panaxjapyne C (740)。藥理試驗中發現oleanolic acid (177)、chikusetsusaponin Ib (181)、taibaienoside I (733)、chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester (735)和pseudo-ginsenoside RT1 methyl ester (737)對fMLP所誘發人類嗜中性白血球釋放出的O2•−和elastase都具有明顯的抑制效果，其IC50值範圍為0.78-43.63 μM；另外，發現C17 polyacetylene的化合物對baker’s yeast α-glucosidase都具有很好的抑制作用，其中以(3S,10S)-panaxydiol (220) (IC50=22.21 µM)抑制效果最強；新化合物panajaponol A (731)可選擇性對鼻咽癌細胞(KB)和人類前列腺癌(DU145)細胞株有毒殺作用，其GI50分別為6.27和7.30 μg/mL。
以活性為導向，針對西洋參和人參根部水萃物進行離體大白兔陰莖海綿體組織舒張反應之試驗而追蹤到ginsenoside Re (51)和ginsenoside Rg2 (54)具有最好的舒張活性(EC50=95.1和114.7 μM)。另外，對西洋參根部水萃物進行成分研究共分離到31個化合物，其中有5個首次發現之新化合物，分別為panajaponol B (750)、panaxjapyne D (751)、panaxjapyne E (752)、panaxjapyne F (753)。
從黃花鼠尾草根部及葉部之甲醇初萃物共分離到26個化合物；在抗發炎活性試驗中發現，vanillic acid (755)、salvianolic acid B (771) 、caffeic acid methyl ester (772)、ursolic acid (689)、3-epi-corosolic acid (779)、2α,3α-23-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (780)和oleanolic acid 3-O-ferulate(781)具有較強的抑制活性。另外進行DPPH自由基捕捉測試，發現methyl rosemarinate (767)、rosemarinic acid (768)和caffeic acid methyl ester (772)具有比α-tocopherol (IC50, 21.33 μM)更好的自由基捕捉活性；而此植物對BChE (丁醯膽鹼酶)的抑制作用明顯比AChE (乙醯膽鹼酶)更好，其中以taxodione (503)抑制BChE活性最強，IC50=2.88 μM；並經由合成設計成功合成出melodamide A (783)及其一系列衍生物(837-852)。

Five compounds, panajaponol A (731), pseudoginsenoside RT1 butyl ester (732), panaxjapyne A (738), panaxjapyne B (739) and panaxjapyne C (740) , together with 37 known compounds, were isolated from the roots of Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer var. major. In pharmacological studies, oleanolic acid (177), chikusetsusaponin Ib (181), taibaienoside I (733), chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester (735) and pseudo-ginsenoside RT1 methyl ester (737) exhibited strong inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils in response to formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB), with IC50 values ranging from 43.63 to 0.78 μM, respectively. In addition, C17 polyacetylene exhibited the inhibitory activities on baker’s yeast α-glucosidase. Amoung them, (3S,10S)-panaxydiol (242) showed stronger inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 22.21 µM. Panajaponol A (731) showed greater than two- to three-fold selective cytotoxic activity against KB and DU145 cancer cell lines with the GI50 values of 6.27 and 7.30 μg/mL, respectivily.
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOH soluble portion of the water extract of the roots of Panax quinquefolium and Panax ginsen afforded active compounds, ginsenoside Re (51) and ginsenoside Rg2 (5) (EC50=95.1 and 114.7 μM), to relaxation in rabbit corpus cavernosum. In addition, we studies the phytochemical analysis on of the water extract of the roots of Panax quinquefolium, and isolated thirty-one compounds, including four new compounds, including panajaponol B (750), panaxjapyne D (751), panaxjapyne E (752) and panaxjapyne F (753).
Twenty-six compounds were isolated from the methanol extracts of the roots and the leaves of Salvia nipponica var. formosana, and they showed potent inhibitory effects on superoxide anion production in fMLP/CB-activated human neutrophils as well as other anti-inflammatory effects. Among them, ursolic acid (689), salvianolic acid B (771), 3-epi-corosolic acid (779), 2α,3α-23-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (780), oleanolic acid 3-O-ferulate(781), caffeic acid methyl ester (772) and vanillic acid (755) exhibited more potent inhibitory effect. Methyl rosemarinate (767), rosemarinic acid (768) and caffeic acid methyl ester (772) exhibited stronger antioxidative activities than α-tocopherol (IC50=21.33 μM). Moreover, These isolated compounds showed stronger inhibitoy activities on BChE rather than AChE, and taxodione (503) was with IC50 value of 2.88 μM. On the other hand, we also studied the synthesis of melodamide A (783) and its derivatives (837-852).

(1)Chan, R. Y.; Chen, W. F.; Dong, A.; Guo, D.; Wong, M. S., Estrogen-like activity of ginsenoside Rg1 derived from Panax notoginseng. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87, 3691-3695.
(2)Lee, E. J.; Ko, E.; Lee, J.; Rho, S.; Ko, S.; Shin, M. K.; Min, B. I.; Hong, M. C.; Kim, S. Y.; Bae, H., Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances CD4+ T-cell activities and modulates Th1/Th2 differentiation. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2004, 4, 235-244.
(3)Cho, W. C.; Chung, W. S.; Lee, S. K.; Leung, A. W.; Cheng, C. H.; Yue, K. K., Ginsenoside Re of Panax ginseng possesses significant antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic efficacies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 550, 173-179.
(4)Yanai, K.; Sato, K.; Masuda, S.; Ikeda, M.; Kinae, N., Utilization study of stems and leaves of Tienchi Ginseng. I. Anti-hypertensive effect of stems and leaves of Tienchi Ginseng on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP). Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2006, 70, 2501-2507.
(5)Ryu, S. Y.; Lee, C. O.; Choi, S. U., In vitro cytotoxicity of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Planta Med. 1997, 63, 339-342.
(6)Ryu, S. Y.; Oak, M. H.; Kim, K. M., Inhibition of mast cell degranulation by tanshinones from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Planta Med. 1999, 65, 654-655.
(7)Cao, E. H.; Liu, X. Q.; Wang, J. J.; Xu, N. F., Effect of natural antioxidant tanshinone II-A on DNA damage by lipid peroxidation in liver cells. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1996, 20, 801-806.
(8)Honda, G.; Koezuka, Y.; Tabata, M., Isolation of an antidermatophytic substance from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 408-411.
(9)Tada, M.; Okuno, K.; Chiba, K.; Ohnishi, E.; Yoshii, T., Antiviral diterpenes from Salvia officinalis. Phytochemistry 1994, 35, 539-541.
(10)Lin, H. C.; Ding, H. Y.; Chang, W. L., Two new fatty diterpenoids from Salvia miltiorrhiza. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 648-650.
(11)Ikeshiro, Y.; Mase, I.; Tomita, Y., Abietane type diterpenoids from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 3139-3141.
(12)Topcu, G., Bioactive triterpenoids from Salvia species. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 482-487.
(13)國家中醫藥管理局中華本草編委會, 中華本草, 上海科學技術出版社, 上海, 1999; Vol. 5, 836-838.
(14)國家中醫藥管理局中華本草編委會, 中華本草, 上海科學技術出版社, 上海, 1999; Vol. 5, 852-853.
(15)國家中醫藥管理局中華本草編委會, 中華本草, 上海科學技術出版社, 上海, 1999; Vol. 5, 805-806.
(16)鄭武燦編著, 台灣植物圖鑑 國立編譯館主編, 茂昌圖書有限公司, 2000; Vol. 下冊, 1306.
(17)Nolte, J.; Nigge, W.; Hohaus, E.; Cho, I. H.; Lentz, H., Comparative study of extraction techniques with ammonia or methanol/Water for the isolation of ginsenosides using HPLC/MS. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences 2005, 60, 205-210.
(18)Nakamura, S.; Sugimoto, S.; Matsuda, H.; Yoshikawa, M., Structures of dammarane-type triterpene triglycosides from the flower buds of Panax ginseng. Heterocycles 2007, 71, 577-588.
(19)Kim, D.; Oh, S.; Lee, I.; Jung, K.; Park, J., Anticomplementary activity of ginseng saponins and their degradation products. Phytochemistry 1998, 47, 397-399.
(20)Kim, W. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Han, S. B.; Lee, S. K.; Kim, N. D.; Park, M. K.; Kim, C. K.; Park, J. H., Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological Activity. J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63, 1702-1704.
(21)Shao, C. J.; Xu, J. D.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O., Saponins from flower-buds of Panax ginseng cultivated at Jilin, China. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 1934-1935.
(22)Lei, J.; Li, X.; Gong, X. j.; Zheng, Y. n., Isolation, synthesis and structures of cytotoxic ginsenoside derivatives. Molecules 2007, 12, 2140-2150.
(23)Atopkina, L. N.; Malinovskaya, G. V.; Elyakov, G. B.; Uvarova, N. I.; Woerdenbag, H. J.; Koulman, A.; Potier, P., Cytotoxicity of natural ginseng glycosides and semisynthetic analogues. Planta Med. 1999, 65, 30-34.
(24)Yoshikawa, M.; Sugimoto, S.; Nakamura, S.; Sakumae, H.; Matsuda, H., Medicinal flowers. XVI. new dammarane-type triterpene tetraglycosides and gastroprotective principles from flower buds of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 1034-1038.
(25)Yahara, S.; Matsuura, K.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O., Saponins of buds and flowers of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. isolation of ginsenosides-Rd, -Re, and -Rg1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1976, 24, 3212-3213.
(26)Kitagawa, I.; Taniyama, T.; Yoshikawa, M.; Ikenishi, Y.; Nakagawa, Y., Chemical studies on crude drug processing. VI. : chemical structures of malonyl-ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 2961-2970.
(27)Zhang, S. L.; Takeda, T.; Zhu, T. R.; Chen, Y. J.; Yao, X. S.; Tanaka, O.; Ogihara, Y., A new minor saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Planta Med. 1990, 56, 298-300.
(28)Kim, D. S.; Chang, Y. J.; Zedk, U.; Zhao, P.; Liu, Y. Q.; Yang, C. R., Dammarane saponins from Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1995, 40, 1493-1497.
(29)Kaku, T.; Miyata, T.; Uruno, T.; Sako, I.; Kinoshita, A., Chemico-pharmacological studies on saponins of Panax ginseng Meyer. Arzneimittel Forschung 1975, 25, 343-347.
(30)Shin, Y.; Lee, M.; Bang, K.; Kim, S.; Lee, S.; Hyun, D.; An, T.; Cha, S.; Seong, N., Metabolite analysis of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer by HPLC according to root age. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2007, 16, 636-640.
(31)Tung, N. H.; Song, G. Y.; Park, Y. J.; Kim, Y. H., Two new dammarane-type saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 57, 1412-1414.
(32)Tung, N. H.; Song, G. Y.; Nhiem, N. X.; Ding, Y.; Tai, B. H.; Jin, L. G.; Lim, C.-M.; Hyun, J. W.; Park, C. J.; Kang, H. K.; Kim, Y. H., Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their intracellular radical scavenging capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 58, 868-874.
(33)Hashimoto, K.; Satoh, K.; Murata, P.; Makino, B.; Sakakibara, I.; Kase, Y.; Ishige, A.; Higuchi, M.; Sasaki, H., Components of Panax ginseng that improve accelerated small intestinal transit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2003, 84, 115-119.
(34)Karikura, M.; Miyase, T.; Tanizawa, H.; Taniyama, T.; Takino, Y., Studies on absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng daponins .7. comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenoside-Rb1 and ginsenoside-Rb2 in the digestive-tract of rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39, 2357-2361.
(35)Asaka, I.; Ii, I.; Hirotani, M.; Asada, Y.; Furuya, T., Ginsenoside contents of plantlets regenerated from Panax ginseng embryoids. Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 61-63.
(36)Kuo, S. C.; Teng, C. M.; Lee, J. C.; Ko, F. N.; Chen, S. C.; Wu, T. S., Antiplatelet components in Panax ginseng. Planta Med. 1990, 56, 164-167.
(37)Ayras, P.; Lotjonen, S.; Widen, C. J., NMR-spectroscopy of naturally-occurring phloroglucinol derivatives. Planta Med. 1981, 42, 187-194.
(38)Yahara, S.; Tanaka, O.; Komori, T., Saponins of the leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1976, 24, 2204-2208.
(39)Ko, S. R.; Suzuki, Y.; Suzuki, K.; Choi, K. J.; Cho, B. G., Marked production of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and compound K by enzymatic method. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 1522-1527.
(40)Kang, K.; Kim, H.; Yamabe, N.; Yokozawa, T., Stereospecificity in hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of four ginsenosides produced by heat processing. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 5028-5031.
(41)Park, I. H.; Piao, L. Z.; Kwon, S. W.; Lee, Y. J.; Cho, S. Y.; Park, M. K.; Park, J. H., Cytotoxic dammarane glycosides from processed ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 538-540.
(42)Trinh, H. T.; Shin, Y. W.; Han, S. J.; Han, M. J.; Kim, D. H., Evaluation of antipruritic rffects of red ginseng and its ingredients in mice. Planta Med 2008, 74, 210-214.
(43)Kaku, T.; Kawashima, Y., Isolation and characterization of ginsenoside-Rg2, 20R-prosapogenin, 20S-prosapogenin and delta20-prosapogenin-chemical studies on saponins of Panax ginseng Meyer. Arzneimittel Forschung 1980, 30-1, 936-943.
(44)Yoshikawa, M.; Sugimoto, S.; Nakamura, S.; Matsuda, H., Medicinal flowers. XI. structures of new dammarane-type triterpene diglycosides with hydroperoxide group from flower buds of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 571-576.
(45)Koizumi, H.; Sanada, S.; Ida, Y.; Shoji, J., Studies on the saponins of ginseng. IV. on the structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside-Ra1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982, 30, 2393-2398.
(46)Sanada, S.; Kondo, N.; Shoji, J.; Tanaka, O.; Shibata, S., Studies on the saponins of ginseng. II. structures of ginsenoside-Re, -Rf and -Rg2. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1974, 22, 2407-2412.
(47)Zhou, X. M.; Cao, Y. L.; Dou, D. Q., Protective effect of ginsenoside-Re against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage in rats. Bio. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 2502-2505.
(48)Sugimoto, S.; Nakamura, S.; Matsuda, H.; Kitagawa, N.; Yoshikawa, M., Chemical constituents from seeds of Panax ginseng: structure of new dammarane-type triterpene ketone, panaxadione, and HPLC comparisons of seeds and flesh. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 57, 283-287.
(49)Elyakov, G. B.; Strigina, L. I., Panaxoside A-a neutral glycoside from the root of the ginseng (Panax ginseng). Izv. Sibirsk. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1962, 5, 26-29.
(50)Elyakov, G. B.; Strigina, L. I.; Khorlin, A. Y.; Kochetkov, N. K., Glycosides from ginseng roots. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya 1962, 2054-2058.
(51)Dou, D.; Wen, Y.; Pei, Y.; Yao, X.; Chen, Y.; Kawai, H.; Fukushima, H., Ginsenoside-Ia: A Novel Minor Saponin from the Leaves of Panax ginseng. Planta Med. 1996, 62, 179-181.
(52)Dou, D. Q.; Chen, Y. J.; Liang, L. H.; Pang, F. G.; Shimizu, N.; Takeda, T., Six new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001, 49, 442-446.
(53)Wu, L. j.; Wang, L. b.; Gao, H. y.; Wu, B.; Song, X. m.; Tang, Z. s., A new compound from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Fitoterapia 2007, 78, 556-560.
(54)Baek, N. I.; Kim, D. S.; Lee, Y. H.; Park, J. D.; Lee, C. B.; Kim, S. I., Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean Red Ginseng. Planta Med. 1996, 62, 86-87.
(55)Lee, S. M.; Shon, H. J.; Choi, C. S.; Hung, T. M.; Min, B. S.; Bae, K., Ginsenosides from heat processed ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 57, 92-94.
(56)Furuya, Isolation of panaxatriol from Panax ginseng callus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1970, 18, 2371-2372.
(57)Furuya, Isolation of saponins and sapogenins from callus tissue of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1973, 21, 98-101.
(58)Sanada, S.; Kondo, N.; Shoji, J.; Tanaka, O.; Shibata, S., Studies on the saponins of ginseng. I. structures of ginsenoside-Ro, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc and -Rd. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1974, 22, 421-428.
(59)Wei, Y.; Ma, C. M.; Hattori, M., Synthesis of dammarane-type triterpene derivatives and their ability to inhibit HIV and HCV proteases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 3003-3010.
(60)Lin, Y. T., The constituents of the Chinese Drug“Jin-Sen”(人蔘) Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1961, 8, 109-111.
(61)Cheng, L. Q.; Na, J. R.; Bang, M. H.; Kim, M. K.; Yang, D. C., Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by Microbacterium sp. GS514. Phytochemistry 2008, 69, 218-224.
(62)Zhang, S.; Yao, X.; Chen, Y.; Cui, C.; Tezuka, Y.; Kikuchi, T., Ginsenoside La, a novel saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 1966-1968.
(63)Ryu, J. H.; Park, J. H.; Eun, J. H.; Jung, J. H.; Sohn, D. H., A dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Phytochemistry 1997, 44, 931-933.
(64)Kitagawa, I.; Taniyama, T.; Hayashi, T.; Yoshikawa, M., Malonyl-ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd, four neew malonylated dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides from Ginseng Ridax Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1983, 31, 3353-3356.
(65)Ruan, C. C.; Liu, Z.; Li, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, L. J.; Pan, H. Y.; Zheng, Y. N.; Sun, G. Z.; Zhang, Y. S.; Zhang, L. X., Isolation and characterization of a new ginsenoside from the fresh root of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2010, 15, 2319-2325.
(66)Zhang, H.; Lu, Z. Z.; Tan, G. T.; Qiu, S. X.; Farnsworth, N. R.; Pezzuto, J. M.; Fong, H. H. S., Polyacetyleneginsenoside-Ro, a novel triterpene saponin from Panax ginseng. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 973-977.
(67)Washida, D.; Shimomura, K.; Kitanaka, S., Polyacetylenes in hairy roots of a Panax hybrid. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 1163-1165.
(68)Dabrowski, Z.; Wrobel, J. T.; Wojtasiewiz, K., Structure of an acetylenic compound from Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 2464-2465.
(69)Shim, S. C.; Chang, S. K.; Hur, C. W.; Kim, C. K., A polyacetylenic compound from Panax ginseng roots. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 2849-2850.
(70)Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Nakajima, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Mitsuhashi, H., Three acetylenic compounds from roots of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 899-903.
(71)Kwon, B. M.; Ro, S. H.; Kim, M. K.; Nam, J. Y.; Jung, H. J., Polyacetylene analogs, isolated from hairy roots of Panax ginseng, inhibit acyl-CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase. Planta Med. 1997, 63, 552-553.
(72)Washida, D.; Kitanaka, S., Determination of polyacetylenes and ginsenosides in Panax species using high performance liquid chromatography. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 51, 1314-1317.
(73)Sang, C. S.; Hun, Y. K.; Byung, H. H., Polyacetylenes from Panax ginseng roots. Phytochemistry 1983, 22, 1817-1818.
(74)Kobayashi, M.; Mahmud, T.; Umezome, T.; Wang, W.; Murakami, N.; Kitagawa, I., The absolute stereostructures of the polyacetylenic constituents of Ginseng Radix Rubra. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 15691-15700.
(75)Ahn, B. Z.; Kim, S. I., Beziehung zwischen struktur und cytotoxischer aktivität von panaxydol-analogen gegen L1210 zellen. Archiv der Pharmazie 1988, 321, 61-63.
(76)Kwon, B. M.; Nam, J. Y.; Lee, S. H.; Jeong, T. S.; Kim, Y. K.; Bok, S. H., Isolation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors form Panax ginseng roots. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1996, 44, 444-445.
(77)Poplawski, J.; Wrobel, J. T.; Glinka, T., Panaxydol, a new polyacetylenic epoxide from Panax ginseng roots. Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 1539-1541.
(78)Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Nakajima, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Mitsuhashi, H., Polyacetylenes from the roots of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 3327-3333.
(79)Matsunaga, H.; Katano, M.; Yamamoto, H.; Mori, M.; Takata, K., Studies on the panaxytriol of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. isolation, determination and antitumor activity. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 1279-1281.
(80)Fujimoto, Y.; Satoh, M., A new cytotoxic chlorine-containing polyacetylene from the callus of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 4206-4208.
(81)Liu, J. H.; Lee, C. S.; Leung, K. M.; Yan, Z. K.; Shen, B. H.; Zhao, Z. Z.; Jiang, Z. H., Quantification of two polyacetylenes in Radix Ginseng and roots of related Panax species using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometric method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 8830-8835.
(82)Moon, J.; Yu, S. J.; Kim, H. S.; Sohn, J., Induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and p27KIP1 increase by panaxydol isolated from Panax ginseng. Biochem. Pharm. 2000, 59, 1109-1116.
(83)Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Nakajima, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Mitsuhashi, H., Three acetylated polyacetylenes from the roots of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 4053-4055.
(84)Rho, M. C.; Lee, H. S.; Lee, S. W.; Chang, J. S.; Kwon, O. E.; Chung, M. Y.; Kim, Y. K., Polyacetylenic compounds, ACAT inhibitors from the roots of Panax ginseng. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 919-922.
(85)Lee, S. W.; Kim, K.; Rho, M. C.; Chung, M. Y.; Kim, Y. H.; Lee, S.; Lee, H. S.; Kim, Y. K., New polyacetylenes, DGAT inhibitors from the roots of Panax ginseng. Planta Med 2004, 70, 197-200.
(86)Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Niitsu, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Maruno, M., The constituents of Panax ginseng .4. linoleoylated polyacetylenes from the root of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1994, 35, 963-967.
(87)Takahashi, M.; Isoi, K.; Kimura, Y.; Yoshikura, M., Studies on the components of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. II. Yakugaku Zasshi 1964, 84, 752-756.
(88)Fujimoto, Y.; Satoh, M., Acetylenes from the callus of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 2850-2852.
(89)Lee, S. M.; Bae, K. H.; Sohn, H. J., Panaxfuraynes A and B, two new tetrahydrofuranic polyacetylene glycosides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 416-418.
(90)Iwabuchi, H.; Yoshikura, M.; Ikawa, Y.; Kamisako, W., Studies on the sesquiterpenoids of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. isolation and structure determination of sesquiterpene alcohols, panasinsanols A and B. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35, 1975-1981.
(91)Iwabuchi, H.; Yoshikura, M.; Kamisako, W., Studies on the sesquiterpenoids of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. II. : isolation and structure determination of ginsenol, a novel sesquiterpene alcohol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 2447-2451.
(92)Iwabuchi, H.; Kato, N.; Yoshikura, M., Studies on the sesquiterpenoids of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. IV. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38, 1405-1407.
(93)Iwabuchi, H.; Yoshikura, M.; Kamisako, W., Studies on the sequiterpenoids of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. III. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 509-510.
(94)Yoshihara, K.; Hirose, Y., The sesquiterpenes of ginseng. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1975, 48, 2078-2080.
(95)Richter, R.; Basar, S.; Koch, A.; König, W. A., Three sesquiterpene hydrocarbons from the roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). Phytochemistry 2005, 66, 2708-2713.
(96)Ushiyama, M.; Asada, Y.; Yoshikawa, T.; Furuya, T., Biotransformation of aromatic carboxylic acids by root culture of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 1859-1869.
(97)Furuya, T.; Ushiyama, M.; Asada, Y.; Yoshikawa, T., Biotransformation of 2-phenylpropionic acid in root culture of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 483-487.
(98)Komatsu, M.; Tomimori, T.; Makiguchi, Y., Studies on the constituents of the herb of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. II. : on the flavonoid constituents. Yakugaku Zasshi 1969, 89, 122-126.
(99)Tung, N. H.; Son, J. H.; Cho, K.; Kim, J. A.; Hyun, J. H.; Kang, H. K.; Song, G. Y.; Park, C. J.; Kim, Y. H., Phenolic components from the leaves of Panax ginseng and their effects on HL-60 human leukemia cells. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2010, 19, 271-274.
(100)Wang, J. Y.; Li, X. G.; Yang, X. W., Ginsenine, a new alkaloid from the berry of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2006, 8, 605-608.
(101)Takatori, K.; Kato, T.; Asano, S.; Ozaki, M.; Nakashima, T., Choline in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1963, 11, 1342-1343.
(102)Yagi, A.; Ishizu, T.; Okamura, N.; Noguchi, S.; Itoh, H., Growth of cultured human bronchiogenic epithelioid CCD-14 br cells and dermal fibroblasts, NB1 RGB treated with ginseng tetrapeptide and its isomer. Planta Med. 1996, 62, 115-118.
(103)Kuo, Y. H.; Ikegami, F.; Lambein, F., Neuroactive and other free amino acids in seed and young plants of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 2003, 62, 1087-1091.
(104)Besso, H.; Kasai, R.; Wei, J.; Wang, J. F.; Saruwatari, Y. I., Further studies on dammarane-saponins of American ginseng, roots of Panax quinquefolium L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982, 30, 4534-4538.
(105)Qiu, Y. K.; Dou, D. Q.; Cai, L. P.; Jiang, H. P.; Kang, T. G.; Yang, B. Y.; Kuang, H. X.; Li, M. Z. C., Dammarane-type saponins from Panax quinquefolium and their inhibition activity on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Fitoterapia 2009, 80, 219-222.
(106)Teng, R.; Ang, C. S.; McManus, D.; Armstrong, D.; Mau, S.; Bacic, A., Regioselective acylation of ginsenosides by novozyme 435 to generate molecular diversity. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2004, 87, 1860-1872.
(107)Yoshikawa, M.; Murakami, T.; Yashiro, K.; Yamahara, J.; Matsuda, H., Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XI. structures of new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, quinquenosides I, II, III, IV, and V, from American Ginseng, the roots of Panax quinquefolium L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46, 647-654.
(108)Nakamura, S.; Sugimoto, S.; Matsuda, H.; Yoshikawa, M., Medicinal flowers. XVII. new dammarane-type triterpene glycosides from flower buds of American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 1342-1348.
(109)Zhu, J. H.; Yu, R. M.; Yang, L.; Li, W. M., Two new compounds from transgenic Panax quinquefolium. Fitoterapia 2010, 81, 339-342.
(110)Li, T. S. C.; Mazza, G.; Cottrell, A. C.; Gao, L., Ginsenosides in roots and leaves of American ginseng. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996, 44, 717-720.
(111)Assinewe, V. A.; Baum, B. R.; Gagnon, D.; Arnason, J. T., Phytochemistry of wild populations of Panax quinquefolius L. (north American ginseng). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 4549-4553.
(112)Popovich, D. G.; Kitts, D. D., Generation of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from North American ginseng. Phytochemistry 2004, 65, 337-344.
(113)Schlag, E. M.; McIntosh, M. S., Ginsenoside content and variation among and within American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) populations. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 1510-1519.
(114)Chen, S. E.; Staba, E. J.; Taniyasu, S.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O., Further study on dammarane-saponins of leaves and stems of American ginseng, Panax Quinquefolium. Planta Med. 1981, 42, 406-409.
(115)Soldati, F.; Sticher, O., HPLC separation and quantitative-determination of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and from ginseng drug Preparations .2. Planta Med. 1980, 39, 348-357.
(116)Christensen, L. P.; Jensen, M.; Kidmose, U., Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides and polyacetylenes in American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolium L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 8995-9003.
(117)Yousef, L. F.; Bernards, M. A., In vitro metabolism of ginsenosides by the ginseng root pathogen Pythium irregulare. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 1740-1749.
(118)Chan, L. Y.; Chiu, P. Y.; Lau, T. K., Embryotoxicity study of ginsenoside Rc and Re in vitro rat whole embryo culture. Reprod. Toxicol. 2004, 19, 131-134.
(119)Chen, J.; Zhao, R.; Zeng, Y. M.; Meng, H.; Zuo, W. J.; Li, X.; Wang, J. H., Three new triterpenoid saponins from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2009, 11, 195-201.
(120)Dou, D.; Li, W.; Guo, N.; Fu, R.; Pei, Y.; Koike, K.; Nikaido, T., Ginsenoside Rg8, a New Dammarane-Type Triterpenoid Saponin from Roots of Panax quinquefolium. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 54, 751-753.
(121)Li, G. Y.; Zeng, Y. M.; Meng, H.; Li, X.; Wang, J. H., A new triterpenoid saponin from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2009, 20, 1207-1210.
(122)Li, W.; Gu, C.; Zhang, H.; Awang, D. V. C.; Fitzloff, J. F.; Fong, H. H. S.; van Breemen, R. B., Use of high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry to distinguish Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Asian Ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius L. (North American Ginseng). Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5417-5422.
(123)Jiang, H. P.; Qiu, Y. K.; Cheng, D. R.; Kang, T. G.; Dou, D. Q., Structure elucidation and complete NMR spectral assignments of two new dammarane-type tetraglycosides from Panax quinquefolium Magn. Reson. Chem. 2008, 46, 786-790.
(124)Fujimoto, Y.; Satoh, M.; Takeuchi, N.; Kirisawa, M., Cytotoxic acetylenes from Panax quinqefolium. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39, 521-523.
(125)Baranska, M.; Schulz, H.; Christensen, L. P., Structural changes of polyacetylenes in American ginseng root can be observed in situ by using Raman spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 3629-3635.
(126)Wang, C. N.; Shiao, Y. J.; Kuo, Y. H.; Chen, C. C.; Lin, Y. L., Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors from Saposhnikovia divaricata and Panax quinquefolium. Planta Med 2000, 66, 644-647.
(127)Satoh, Y.; Satoh, M.; Isobe, K.; Mohri, K.; Yoshida, Y.; Fujimoto, Y., Studies on Panax acetylenes: absolute structure of a new Panax acetylene, and inhibitory effects of related acetylenes on the growth of L-1210 cells. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 561-564.
(128)Fujimoto, Y.; Wang, H.; Satoh, M.; Takeuchi, N., Polyacetylenes from Panax quinquefolium. Phytochemistry 1994, 35, 1255-1257.
(129)Fujimoto, Y.; Hongcheng, W.; Kirisawa, M.; Satoh, M.; Takeuchi, N., Acetylenes from Panax quinquefolium. Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 3499-3501.
(130)Liu, C. D.; Chen, J.; Wang, J. H., A novel kaempferol triglycoside from flower buds of Panax quinquefolium. Chem. Nat. Compds. 2009, 45, 808-810.
(131)Zhu, J. H.; Liu, S.; Yu, R. M., A new ceramide from transgenic crown galls of Panax quinquefolium. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2009, 20, 447-449.
(132)Liao, P. Y.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Y. J.; Yang, C. R., Dammarane-type glycosides from steamed Panax notoginseng. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 1751-1756.
(133)Ma, W. G.; Mizutani, M.; Malterud, K. E.; Lu, S. L.; Ducrey, B.; Tahara, S., Saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry 1999, 52, 1133-1139.
(134)Matsuura, H.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O.; Saruwatari, Y.-i.; Fuwa, T.; Zhou, J., Further studies on dammarane-saponins of Sanchi ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1983, 31, 2281-2287.
(135)Yoshikawa, M.; Murakami, T.; Ueno, T.; Yashiro, K.; Hirokawa, N., Bioactive saponins and glycosides. VIII. notoginseng: new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, notoginsenosides-A, -B, -C, and -D, from the dried root of Panax notoginseng (BURK.) F. H. CHEN. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 1039-1045.
(136)Yoshikawa, M.; Morikawa, T.; Kashima, Y.; Ninomiya, K.; Matsuda, H., Structures of new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal ginseng saponins. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 922-927.
(137)Zhu, S.; Zou, K.; Fushimi, H.; Cai, S.; Komatsu, K., Comparative study on triterpene saponins of ginseng drugs. Planta Med. 2004, 70, 666-677.
(138)Cui, X. M.; Jiang, Z. Y.; Zeng, J.; Zhou, J. M.; Chen, J. J.; Zhang, X. M.; Xu, L. S.; Wang, Q., Two new dammarane triterpene glycosides from the rhizomes of Panax notoginseng. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2008, 10, 845-849.
(139)Chang, T. C.; Huang, S. F.; Yang, T. C.; Chan, F. N.; Lin, H. C.; Chang, W. L., Effect of ginsenosides on glucose uptake in human caco-2 cells is mediated through altered Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 expression. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 1993-1998.
(140)Yang, T. R.; Kasai, R.; Zhou, J.; Tanaka, O., Dammarane saponins of leaves and seeds of Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry 1983, 22, 1473-1478.
(141)Yoshikawa, M.; Murakami, T.; Ueno, T.; Hirokawa, N.; Yashiro, K., Bioactive saponins and glycosides. IX. notoginseng: structures of five new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, notoginsenosides-E, -G, -H, -I, and -J, and a novel acetylenic fatty acid glycoside, notoginsenic acid β-sophoroside, from the dried root of Panax notoginseng (BURK.) F. H. CHEN. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 1056-1062.
(142)Liu, J. W.; Tian, S. J.; Jean, D. B.; Luu, B., Panaxadiol glycosides that induce neuronal differentiation in neurosphere stem cells. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 1329-1334.
(143)Han, Y.; Sun, B.; Hu, X.; Zhang, H.; Jiang, B.; Spranger, M. I.; Zhao, Y., Transformation of bioactive compounds by fusarium sacchari fungus isolated from the soil-cultivated ginseng. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 9373-9379.
(144)Wang, X. Y.; Wang, D.; Ma, X. X.; Zhang, Y. J.; Yang, C. R., Two new dammarane-type bisdesmosides from the fruit pedicels of Panax notoginseng. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2008, 91, 60-66.
(145)Yoshikawa, M.; Morikawa, T.; Yashiro, K.; Murakami, T.; Matsuda, H., Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. notoginseng: immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins: structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (BURK.) F.H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001, 49, 1452-1456.
(146)Chen, J. T.; Li, H. Z.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Y. J.; Yang, C.-R., New dammarane monodesmosides from the acidic deglycosylation of notoginseng-leaf saponins. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2006, 89, 1442-1448.
(147)Zhou, J.; Wu, M. Z.; Taniyasu, S.; Besso, H.; Tanaka, O., Dammarane-saponins of sanchi-ginseng, roots of Panax notoginseng (BURK.) F.H. CHEN (Araliaceae) : structures of new saponins, notoginsenosides-R1 and -R2, and identification of ginsenosides-Rg2 and -Rh1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981, 29, 2844-2850.
(148)Zhao, P.; Liu, Y. Q.; Yang, C. R., Minor dammarane saponins from Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry 1996, 41, 1419-1422.
(149)Wang, J. R.; Yamasaki, Y.; Tanaka, T.; Kouno, I.; Jiang, Z. H., Dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the flowers of Panax notoginseng. Molecules 2009, 14, 2087-2094.
(150)Wei, J. X.; Wang, L. A.; Du, H.; Li, R., Isolation and identification of sanchinoside B1 and B2 from rootlets of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1985, 20, 288-293.
(151)Wei, J. X.; Chang, L. Y.; Wang, J. F.; Chen, W. S.; Friedrichs, E.; Puff, H.; Breitmaier, E., An oxepane derivative of panaxadiol from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Planta Med. 1984, 50, 47-52.
(152)Wang, P. H.; Jou, S. J.; Chen, W. C.; Lee, S. S., An improved oxidative cleavage method for large scale preparation of some acid-labile aglycones from glycosides. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2002, 49, 103-106.
(153)Wang, K. C.; Wang, P. H.; Lee, S. S., Microbial transformation of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol derivatives with Mycobacterium sp. (NRRL B-3805). J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 60, 1236-1241.
(154)Teng, R. W.; Li, H. Z.; Wang, D. Z.; Yang, C. R., Hydrolytic reaction of plant extracts to generate molecular diversity: new dammarane glycosides from the mild acid hydrolysate of root saponins of Panax notoginseng. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2004, 87, 1270-1278.
(155)Zhu, Y.; Pettolino, F.; Mau, S. L.; Bacic, A., Characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from the medicinal plant Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry 2005, 66, 1067-1076.
(156)Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S., Fatty acids and esters from Panax pseudo-ginseng rhizomes. Phytochemistry 1985, 24, 1091-1092.
(157)Morita, T.; Kasai, R.; Kohda, H.; Tanaka, O.; Zhou, J., Chemical and morphological study on Chinese Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer (Zhujie-Shen). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1983, 31, 3205-3209.
(158)Zou, K.; Zhu, S.; Meselhy; Tohda, C.; Cai, S.; Komatsu, K., Dammarane-type saponins from Panax japonicus and their neurite outgrowth activity in SK-N-SH cells. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1288-1292.
(159)Lin, T. D.; Kondo, N.; Shoji, J., Studies on the constituents of Panacis japonici rhizoma. V. the structures of chikusetsusaponin I, Ia, Ib, IVa and glycoside P1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1976, 24, 253-261.
(160)Kondo, N.; Aoki, K.; Ogawa, H.; Kasai, R.; Shoji, J., Studies on the constituents of Panacis japonici rhizoma. III. The structure of chikusetsusaponin. III. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1970, 18, 1558-1562.
(161)Matsuda, H.; Samukawa, K.; Fukuda, S.; Shiomoto, H.; Tong, C. N.; Kubo, M., Studies of Panax japonicus Fibrinolysis. Planta Med. 1989, 55, 18-21.
(162)Morita, T.; Tanaka, O.; Kohda, H., Saponin composition of rhizomes of Panax japonicus collected in south Kyushu, Japan, and its significance in oriental traditional medicine. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 3852-3858.
(163)Fujioka, N.; Kohda, H.; Yamasaki, K.; Kasai, R.; Shoyama, Y.; Nishioka, I., Dammarane and oleanane saponins from callus tissue of Panax japonicus. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 1855-1858.
(164)Zou, K.; Zhu, S.; Tohda, C.; Cai, S.; Komatsu, K., Dammarane-type triterpene saponins from Panax japonicus. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 346-351.
(165)Guo, Z. Y.; Zou, K.; Dan, F. J.; Wang, J. Z.; Zhu, S.; Komatsu, K., Panajaponin, a new glycosphingolipid from Panax japonicus. Nat. Prod. Res. 2010, 24, 86-91.
(166)Yahara, S.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O., New dammarane type saponins of leaves of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer. chikusetsusaponins-L5, -L9a and -L10. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1977, 25, 2041-2047.
(167)Kondo, N.; Shoji, J., Studies on the constituents of Panacis japonici rhizoma. I. : isolation and purification of the saponins. Yakugaku Zasshi 1968, 88, 325-329.
(168)Zhu, S.; Zou, K.; Cai, S.; Meselhy, M. R.; Komatsu, K., Simultaneous determination of triterpene saponins in ginseng drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2004, 52, 995-998.
(169)Kanako, H. N.; Matsumoto, T.; Kiyohara, H.; Nishizawa, A.; Atsumi, T.; Yamada, H., Suppression of fas-mediated spoptosis of keratinocyte cells by chikusetsusaponins isolated from the roots of Panax japonicus. Planta Med. 2006, 72, 193-198.
(170)Kondo, N.; Marumoto, Y.; Shoji, J., Studies on the constituents of Panacis japonici rhizoma. IV. the structure of chikusetsusaponin V. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1971, 19, 1103-1107.
(171)Yosioka, I.; Fujio, M.; Osamura, M.; Kitagawa, I., A hotel cleavage method of saponin with soil bacteria, intending to the genuine sapogenin: on senega and Panax saponins. Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 7, 6303-6308.
(172)Yahara, S.; Tanaka, O.; Nishioka, I., Dammarane type saponins of leaves of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer: saponins of the specimens collected in Tottori-ken, Kyoto-shi, and Niigata-ken. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1978, 26, 3010-3016.
(173)Kohda, H.; Tanaka, S.; Yamaoka, Y.; Izumi, H.; Nuno, M., Chikusetsusaponin. VI. a new saponin from the rhizome of Panax pseudo-ginseng var. angustatus Hara. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39, 1588-1590.
(174)Namba, T.; Matsushige, K.; Morita, T.; Tanaka, O., Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in Central Nepal and their chemotaxonomical significance. I Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 730-738.
(175)Tanaka, O.; Morita, T.; Kasai, R.; Kinouchi, J.; Sanada, S., Study on saponins of rhizomes of Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus collected at Tzatogang and Pari-la, Bhutan-Himalaya. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 2323-2330.
(176)Tanaka, O.; Yahara, S., Dammarane saponins of leaves of Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus. Phytochemistry 1978, 17, 1353-1358.
(177)Shukla, Y. N., Studies on indian ginseng .7. rhizome saponins of Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp Himalaicus and its var. bipinnatifidus. Planta Med. 1989, 396-396.
(178)Tanaka, O.; Han, E. C.; Yamaguchi, H.; Matsuura, H.; Murakami, T.; Taniyama, T.; Yoshikawa, M., Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in Central Nepal, and their chemotaxonomical significance. III. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 889-892.
(179)Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S., Saponins and other constituents from the rhizomes of Panax pseudo-ginseng subs himalaicus var. angustifolius. Phytochemistry 1986, 25, 2201-2203.
(180)Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S., Investigation of Panax .4. saponins of Panax pseudo-gnseng subsp Himalaicus var angustifolius rhizomes. Planta Med. 1988, 54, 367-368.
(181)Kondo, N.; Shoji, J., Studies on the constituents of Himalayan ginseng, Panax pseudoginseng. II. the structures of the saponins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1975, 23, 3282-3285.
(182)Kondo, N.; Shao, J.; Tanaka, O., Studies on the constituents of Himalayan ginseng, Panax pseudoginseng. I. the structures of the saponins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1973, 21, 2705-2711.
(183)Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S., An acetylated saponin from Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. Himalaicus var. angustifolius. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 3012-3014.
(184)Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S., A triterpenoid saponin from Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus var. angustifolius. Phytochemistry 1990, 29, 239-241.
(185)Shukla, Y. N.; Thakur, R. S.; Pachaly, P., A bidesmosidic oleanolic acid saponin from Panax pseudo-ginseng. Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 1046-1048.
(186)Morita, T.; Kong, Y. C.; But, P.; Ng, K. H.; Yip, T. T., Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in Central Nepal and their chemotaxonomical significance. II. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 4368-4372.
(187)Morita, T.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O.; Zhou, J.; Yang, T. R.; Shoji, J., Saponins of Zu-Tziseng, rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer var. major (BURK.) C.Y. Wu et K.M. FENG, collected in Yunnan, China. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982, 30, 4341-4345.
(188)Tohda, C.; Matsumoto, N.; Zou, K.; Meselhy, M. R.; Komatsu, K., Axonal and dendritic extension by protopanaxadiol-type saponins from ginseng drugs in SK-N-SH cells. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 90, 254-262.
(189)Morita, T.; Zhou, J.; Tanaka, O., Saponins from Panax pseudo-ginseng WALL. subsp. pseudo-ginseng Hara collected at Nielamu, Tibet, China. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 4833-4835.
(190)Duc, N.; Nham, N.; Kasai, R.; Ito, A.; Yamasaki, K.; Tanaka, O., Saponins from Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. collected in central Vietnam. I. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993, 41, 2010-2014.
(191)Minh Duc, N.; Kasai, R.; Ohtani, K.; Ito, A.; Thoi Nham, N., Saponins from Vietnamese Ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. collected in central Vietnam. II. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 115-122.
(192)Tran, Q. L.; Adnyana, I. K.; Tezuka, Y.; Nagaoka, T.; Tran, Q. K.; Kadota, S., Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 456-461.
(193)Nguyen, M.; Kasai, R.; Ohtani, K.; Ito, A.; Nguyen, T., Saponins from Vietnamese Ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. collected in Central Vietnam. III. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 634-640.
(194)Tran, Q. L.; Than, M. M.; Tezuka, Y.; Banskota, A. H.; Kouda, K.; Watanabe, H.; Zhu, S.; Komatsu, K.; Thet, M. M.; Swe, T.; Maruyama, Y.; Kadota, S., Wild ginseng grows in Myanmar. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 51, 679-682.
(195)Lui, J. H. c.; Staba, E. J., The ginsenosides of various ginseng plants and selected products. J. Nat. Prod. 1980, 43, 340-346.
(196)Yang, C. R.; Jiang, Z. D.; Zhou, J.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O., Two new oleanolic acid-type saponins from Panax stipuleanatus. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 1985, 7, 103-108.
(197)Li, H.; Deng, C. Q.; Chen, B. Y.; Zhang, S. P.; Liang, Y.; Luo, X. G., Total saponins of Panax notoginseng modulate the expression of caspases and attenuate apoptosis in rats following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 121, 412-418.
(198)Christensen, L. P., Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 2009, 55, 1-99.
(199)Baek, E. B.; Yoo, H. Y.; Park, S. J.; Chung, Y. S.; Hong, E. K.; Kim, S. J., Inhibition of arterial myogenic responses by a mixed aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng (PASEL) showing antihypertensive effects. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2009, 13, 287-293.
(200)Wang, Y. L.; Wang, C. Y.; Zhang, B. J.; Zhang, Z. Z., Shenfu injection suppresses apoptosis by regulation of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 during hypoxia/reoxygenation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2009, 36, 365-370.
(201)Wang, J.; Wu, L.; Zhang, W.; Deng, C., Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular intima hyperplasia and PCNA expression in rat aorta after balloon angioplasty. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009, 34, 735-739.
(202)Son, H. Y.; Han, H. S.; Jung, H. W.; Park, Y. K., Panax notoginseng attenuates the infarct volume in rat ischemic brain and the inflammatory response of microglia. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009, 109, 368-379.
(203)Liu, H.; Yang, J.; Du, F.; Gao, X.; Ma, X.; Huang, Y.; Xu, F.; Niu, W.; Wang, F.; Mao, Y.; Sun, Y.; Lu, T.; Liu, C.; Zhang, B.; Li, C., Absorption and disposition of ginsenosides after oral administration of Panax notoginseng extract to rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2009, 37, 2290-2298.
(204)Lau, A. J.; Toh, D. F.; Chua, T. K.; Pang, Y. K.; Woo, S. O.; Koh, H. L., Antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects of Panax notoginseng: comparison of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng with Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 125, 380-386.
(205)Kim, J. J.; Xiao, H.; Tan, Y.; Wang, Z. Z.; Paul Seale, J.; Qu, X., The effects and mechanism of saponins of Panax notoginseng on glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2009, 37, 1179-1189.
(206)Hong, S. J.; Wan, J. B.; Zhang, Y.; Hu, G.; Lin, H. C.; Seto, S. W.; Kwan, Y. W.; Lin, Z. X.; Wang, Y. T.; Lee, S. M., Angiogenic effect of saponin extract from Panax notoginseng on HUVECs in vitro and zebrafish in vivo. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 677-686.
(207)Deng, J.; Lv, X. T.; Wu, Q.; Huang, X. N., Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits rat left ventricular hypertrophy induced by abdominal aorta coarctation: involvement of calcineurin and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalings. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 608, 42-47.
(208)Choi, S. H.; Lee, J. H.; Pyo, M. K.; Lee, B. H.; Shin, T. J.; Hwang, S. H.; Kim, B. R.; Lee, S. M.; Oh, J. W.; Kim, H. C.; Bae, C. S.; Rhim, H.; Nah, S. Y., Mutations Leu427, Asn428, and Leu431 residues within transmembrane domain-I-segment 6 attenuate ginsenoside-mediated L-type Ca2+ channel current inhibitions. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 32, 1224-1230.
(209)Chai, H.; Dong, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhou, W., Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates homocysteine-augmented guidewire injury-induced intimal hyperplasia in mice. J. Surg. Res. 2009, 157, 193-198.
(210)Cai, B. X.; Li, X. Y.; Chen, J. H.; Tang, Y. B.; Wang, G. L.; Zhou, J. G.; Qui, Q. Y.; Guan, Y. Y., Ginsenoside-Rd, a new voltage-independent Ca2+ entry blocker, reverses basilar hypertrophic remodeling in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 606, 142-149.
(211)Zhang, G.; Liu, A.; Zhou, Y.; San, X.; Jin, T.; Jin, Y., Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 115, 441-418.
(212)Tewari, R. K.; Hahn, E. J.; Paek, K. Y., Modulation of copper toxicity-induced oxidative damage by nitric oxide supply in the adventitious roots of Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Rep. 2008, 27, 171-181.
(213)Zhang, Y. G.; Zhang, H. G.; Zhang, G. Y.; Fan, J. S.; Li, X. H.; Liu, Y. H.; Li, S. H.; Lian, X. M.; Tang, Z., Panax notoginseng saponins attenuate atherosclerosis in rats by regulating the blood lipid profile and an anti-inflammatory action. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2008, 35, 1238-1244.
(214)Yao, Y.; Wu, W. Y.; Liu, A. H.; Deng, S. S.; Bi, K. S.; Liu, X.; Guo, D. A., Interaction of salvianolic acids and notoginsengnosides in inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2008, 36, 313-328.
(215)Yao, Y.; Wu, W. Y.; Guan, S. H.; Jiang, B. H.; Yang, M.; Chen, X. H.; Bi, K. S.; Liu, X.; Guo, D. A., Proteomic analysis of differential protein expression in rat platelets treated with notoginsengnosides. Phytomedicine 2008, 15, 800-807.
(216)Wang, Z.; Li, M.; Wu, W. K.; Tan, H. M.; Geng, D. F., Ginsenoside Rb1 preconditioning protects against myocardial infarction after regional ischemia and reperfusion by activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signal transduction. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 2008, 22, 443-452.
(217)Sasaki, T.; Oh, K. B.; Matsuoka, H.; Saito, M., Effect of Panax ginseng components on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cardiac-like cells. Yakugaku Zasshi 2008, 128, 461-467.
(218)Qin, N.; Gong, Q. H.; Wei, L. W.; Wu, Q.; Huang, X. N., Total ginsenosides inhibit the right ventricular hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 31, 1530-1535.
(219)Park, T. Y.; Park, M. H.; Shin, W. C.; Rhee, M. H.; Seo, D. W.; Cho, J. Y.; Kim, H. M., Anti-metastatic potential of ginsenoside Rp1, a novel ginsenoside derivative. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 31, 1802-1805.
(220)Maslov, L. N.; Lishmanov Iu, B., Vascular effects of ginseng compounds. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 2008, 71, 58-68.
(221)Liu, L.; Shi, R.; Shi, Q.; Cheng, Y.; Huo, Y., Protective effect of saponins from Panax notoginseng against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Planta Med. 2008, 74, 203-209.
(222)Li, Y. N.; Wu, Y. L.; Jia, Z. H.; Qi, J. S., Interaction between COX-2 and iNOS aggravates vascular lesion and antagonistic effect of ginsenoside. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 119, 305-311.
(223)Feng, J. H.; Shi, Q.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, Y. Y., Effects of Radix Ginseng and Radix Ophiopogonis extract (SMF) on protein S-nitrosylation in ischemic myocardial tissue. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2008, 33, 1894-1897.
(224)Chen, W. X.; Wang, F.; Liu, Y. Y.; Zeng, Q. J.; Sun, K.; Xue, X.; Li, X.; Yang, J. Y.; An, L. H.; Hu, B. H.; Yang, J. H.; Wang, C. S.; Li, Z. X.; Liu, L. Y.; Li, Y.; Zheng, J.; Liao, F. L.; Han, D.; Fan, J. Y.; Han, J. Y., Effect of notoginsenoside R1 on hepatic microcirculation disturbance induced by gut ischemia and reperfusion. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 14, 29-37.
(225)Wang, J.; Huang, Z. G.; Cao, H.; Wang, Y. T.; Hui, P.; Hoo, C.; Li, S. P., Screening of anti-platelet aggregation agents from Panax notoginseng using human platelet extraction and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. J. Sep. Sci. 2008, 31, 1173-1180.
(226)Lee, W. M.; Kim, S. D.; Park, M. H.; Cho, J. Y.; Park, H. J.; Seo, G. S.; Rhee, M. H., Inhibitory mechanisms of dihydroginsenoside Rg3 in platelet aggregation: critical roles of ERK2 and cAMP. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2008, 60, 1531-1536.
(227)Zhang, Y.; Lu, S.; Liu, Y. Y., Effect of Panax quinquefolium saponin on insulin sensitivity in patients of coronary heart disease with blood glucose abnormality. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2007, 27, 1066-1069.
(228)Li, N.; Liu, B.; Dluzen, D. E.; Jin, Y., Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 458-463.
(229)Zhao, Y.; Wang, W.; Han, L.; Rayburn, E. R.; Hill, D. L.; Wang, H.; Zhang, R., Isolation, structural determination, and evaluation of the biological activity of 20(S)-25-methoxyl-dammarane-3b, 12b, 20-triol [20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD], a novel natural product from Panax notoginseng. Med. Chem. 2007, 3, 51-60.
(230)Yue, P. Y.; Mak, N. K.; Cheng, Y. K.; Leung, K. W.; Ng, T. B.; Fan, D. T.; Yeung, H. W.; Wong, R. N., Pharmacogenomics and the Yin/Yang actions of ginseng: anti-tumor, angiomodulating and steroid-like activities of ginsenosides. Chin. Med. 2007, 2, 6-27.
(231)Wang, C. L.; Shi, D. Z.; Yin, H. J., Effect of Panax quinquefolium saponin on angiogenesis and expressions of VEGF and bFGF in myocardium of rats with acute myocardial infarction. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2007, 27, 331-334.
(232)Sun, K.; Wang, C. S.; Guo, J.; Horie, Y.; Fang, S. P.; Wang, F.; Liu, Y. Y.; Liu, L. Y.; Yang, J. Y.; Fan, J. Y.; Han, J. Y., Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, and notoginsenoside R1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery. Life Sci. 2007, 81, 509-518.
(233)Kim, Y. M.; Namkoong, S.; Yun, Y. G.; Hong, H. D.; Lee, Y. C.; Ha, K. S.; Lee, H.; Kwon, H. J.; Kwon, Y. G., Water extract of Korean red ginseng stimulates angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and iNOS pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 30, 1674-1679.
(234)Jin, Y. R.; Yu, J. Y.; Lee, J. J.; You, S. H.; Chung, J. H.; Noh, J. Y.; Im, J. H.; Han, X. H.; Kim, T. J.; Shin, K. S.; Wee, J. J.; Yun, Y. P., Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of Korean Red Ginseng extract. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2007, 100, 170-175.
(235)Ji, W.; Gong, B. Q., Hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 113, 318-324.
(236)Jiang, Q. S.; Huang, X. N.; Dai, Z. K.; Yang, G. Z.; Zhou, Q. X.; Shi, J. S.; Wu, Q., Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on cardiac hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline in rat. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 567-572.
(237)Stavro, P. M.; Woo, M.; Leiter, L. A.; Heim, T. F.; Sievenpiper, J. L.; Vuksan, V., Long-term intake of North American Ginseng has no effect on 24-hour blood pressure and renal function. Hypertension 2006, 47, 791-796.
(238)Yang, Z. G.; Sun, H. X.; Ye, Y. P., Ginsenoside Rd from Panax notoginseng is cytotoxic towards HeLa cancer cells and induces apoptosis. Chem. Biodivers. 2006, 3, 187-197.
(239)Yu, J. Y.; Jin, Y. R.; Lee, J. J.; Chung, J. H.; Noh, J. Y.; You, S. H.; Kim, K. N.; Im, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Seo, J. M.; Han, H. J.; Lim, Y.; Park, E. S.; Kim, T. J.; Shin, K. S.; Wee, J. J.; Park, J. D.; Yun, Y. P., Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of Korean Red Ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2006, 29, 898-903.
(240)Xin, X.; Liu, J.; Li, X.; Zhong, J.; Wei, D., Extraction of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2 from cultured Panax notoginseng cells in vitro stimulates human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell proliferation. Am. J. Ther. 2006, 13, 205-210.
(241)Wang, J.; Hu, J. H., Inhibitory effect of Panax notoginseng on the VSMC proliferation induced by hyperlipidemia serum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2006, 31, 588-590.
(242)Sun, K.; Wang, C. S.; Guo, J.; Liu, Y. Y.; Wang, F.; Liu, L. Y.; He, J. G.; Fan, J. Y.; Han, J. Y., Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on lipopolysaccharide-induced adhesion of leukocytes in rat mesenteric venules. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2006, 34, 103-108.
(243)Radad, K.; Gille, G.; Liu, L.; Rausch, W. D., Use of ginseng in medicine with emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2006, 100, 175-186.
(244)Poindexter, B. J.; Allison, A. W.; Bick, R. J.; Dasgupta, A., Ginseng: Cardiotonic in adult rat cardiomyocytes, cardiotoxic in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Life Sci. 2006, 79, 2337-2344.
(245)Persson, I. A.; Dong, L.; Persson, K., Effect of Panax ginseng extract (G115) on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 105, 321-325.
(246)Ng, T. B., Pharmacological activity of sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng). J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2006, 58, 1007-1019.
(247)Nie, D. N.; Yin, S. M.; Xie, S. F., Experimental study on anti-platelet effects of ginsenoside-2A in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2006, 26 Suppl, 83-85.
(248)Ma, Z. C.; Gao, Y.; Wang, Y. G.; Tan, H. L.; Xiao, C. R.; Wang, S. Q., Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2006, 27, 1000-1006.
(249)Kim, J. H.; Lee, J. H.; Jeong, S. M.; Lee, B. H.; Yoon, I. S.; Choi, S. H.; Kim, D. H.; Park, T. K.; Kim, B. K.; Nah, S. Y., Stereospecific effects of ginsenoside Rg3 epimers on swine coronary artery contractions. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 365-370.
(250)Kim, J. H.; Cho, S. Y.; Kang, C. W.; Yoon, I. S.; Lee, J. H.; Jeong, S. M.; Lee, B. H.; Pyo, M. K.; Choi, S. H.; Quan, S. F.; Choi, C. B.; Rhim, H.; Nah, S. Y., Ginseng saponins diminish adverse vascular effects associated with chronic methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 2425-2431.
(251)Guan, Y. Y.; Zhou, J. G.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, G. L.; Cai, B. X.; Hong, L.; Qiu, Q. Y.; He, H., Ginsenoside-Rd from Panax notoginseng blocks Ca2+ influx through receptor- and store-operated Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 548, 129-136.
(252)Furukawa, T.; Bai, C. X.; Kaihara, A.; Ozaki, E.; Kawano, T.; Nakaya, Y.; Awais, M.; Sato, M.; Umezawa, Y.; Kurokawa, J., Ginsenoside Re, a main phytosterol of Panax ginseng, activates cardiac potassium channels via a nongenomic pathway of sex hormones. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006, 70, 1916-1924.
(253)Buettner, C.; Yeh, G. Y.; Phillips, R. S.; Mittleman, M. A.; Kaptchuk, T. J., Systematic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors. Ann. Pharmacother. 2006, 40, 83-95.
(254)Lian, X. Y.; Zhang, Z.; Stringer, J. L., Protective effects of ginseng components in a rodent model of neurodegeneration. Ann. Neurol. 2005, 57, 642-648.
(255)Han, K.; Shin, I. C.; Choi, K. J.; Yun, Y. P.; Hong, J. T.; Oh, K. W., Korea Red Ginseng water extract increases nitric oxide concentrations in exhaled breath. Nitric Oxide 2005, 12, 159-162.
(256)Zhou, Y.; Tian, L.; Mo, N., Relationship between the inhibitory effects of PNS on cardiac hypertrophy and its action on neurohormonal factor. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2005, 30, 916-919.
(257)Yin, H. J.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Y. R., Effect of folium Panax quinquefolium saponins on apoptosis of cardiac muscle cells and apoptosis-related gene expression in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2005, 25, 232-235.
(258)Yang, H. Y.; Liu, J. C.; Chen, Y. L.; Chen, C. H.; Lin, H.; Lin, J. W.; Chiu, W. T.; Chen, J. J.; Cheng, T. H., Inhibitory effect of trilinolein on endothelin-1-induced c-fos gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2005, 372, 160-167.
(259)Wu, Y. J.; Zhu, X. Y.; Sha, X. Y.; Fang, X. L., The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal preparation of Panax notoginseng saponins. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2005, 40, 377-381.
(260)Liang, H. C.; Chen, C. T.; Chang, Y.; Huang, Y. C.; Chen, S. C.; Sung, H. W., Loading of a novel angiogenic agent, ginsenoside Rg1 in an acellular biological tissue for tissue regeneration. Tissue Eng. 2005, 11, 835-846.
(261)Huang, Y. C.; Chen, C. T.; Chen, S. C.; Lai, P. H.; Liang, H. C.; Chang, Y.; Yu, L. C.; Sung, H. W., A natural compound (ginsenoside Re) isolated from Panax ginseng as a novel angiogenic agent for tissue regeneration. Pharm. Res. 2005, 22, 636-646.
(262)Dong, T. T.; Zhao, K. J.; Huang, W. Z.; Leung, K. W.; Tsim, K. W., Orthogonal array design in optimizing the extraction efficiency of active constituents from roots of Panax notoginseng. Phytother. Res. 2005, 19, 684-688.
(263)Chen, Y. J.; Li, J. D.; Huang, Q. F., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on rat cardiomyocytes apoptosis induced by angiotengin II in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2005, 30, 778-781.
(264)Chen, S. C.; Cheng, J. J.; Hsieh, M. H.; Chu, Y. L.; Kao, P. F.; Cheng, T. H.; Chan, P., Molecular mechanism of the inhibitory effect of trilinolein on endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Planta Med. 2005, 71, 525-529.
(265)Chen, M. W.; Ni, L.; Zhao, X. G.; Niu, X. Y., The inhibition of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 on the expressions of angiogenesis factors proteins in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and HUVEC304 cell. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2005, 30, 357-360.
(266)Zhou, W.; Chai, H.; Lin, P. H.; Lumsden, A. B.; Yao, Q.; Chen, C. J., Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of ginseng root for cardiovascular disease. Med. Sci. Monit. 2004, 10, RA187-192.
(267)Shao, Z. H.; Xie, J. T.; Vanden Hoek, T. L.; Mehendale, S.; Aung, H.; Li, C. Q.; Qin, Y.; Schumacker, P. T.; Becker, L. B.; Yuan, C. S., Antioxidant effects of American ginseng berry extract in cardiomyocytes exposed to acute oxidant stress. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2004, 1670, 165-171.
(268)Sengupta, S.; Toh, S. A.; Sellers, L. A.; Skepper, J. N.; Koolwijk, P.; Leung, H. W.; Yeung, H. W.; Wong, R. N.; Sasisekharan, R.; Fan, T. P., Modulating angiogenesis: the yin and the yang in ginseng. Circulation 2004, 110, 1219-1225.
(269)Liu, J. C.; Cheng, T. H.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, W. S.; Shih, N. L.; Chen, Y. L.; Chen, J. J.; Chan, P., Inhibitory effect of trilinolein on angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 484, 1-8.
(270)Liu, J. C.; Chan, P.; Chen, J. J.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, W. S.; Shih, N. L.; Chen, Y. L.; Hong, H. J.; Cheng, T. H., The inhibitory effect of trilinolein on norepinephrine-induced beta-myosin heavy chain promoter activity, reactive oxygen species generation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. J. Biomed. Sci. 2004, 11, 11-18.
(271)Chen, S. W.; Li, X. H.; Ye, K. H.; Jiang, Z. F.; Ren, X. D., Total saponins of Panax notoginseng protected rabbit iliac artery against balloon endothelial denudation injury. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2004, 25, 1151-1156.
(272)Bai, C. X.; Takahashi, K.; Masumiya, H.; Sawanobori, T.; Furukawa, T., Nitric oxide-dependent modulation of the delayed rectifier K+ current and the L-type Ca2+ current by ginsenoside Re, an ingredient of Panax ginseng, in guinea-pig cardiomyocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 142, 567-575.
(273)Nemmani, K. V.; Ramarao, P., Ginsenoside Rf potentiates U-50,488H-induced analgesia and inhibits tolerance to its analgesia in mice. Life Sci. 2003, 72, 759-768.
(274)Zhang, H. G.; Li, X. H.; Yang, Z. C., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on myocardial Gsalpha mRNA expression and ATPase activity after severe scald in rats. Burns 2003, 29, 541-546.
(275)Tian, J. M.; Li, H.; Ye, J. M.; Guo, W. F.; Li, L. Y.; Wang, L. P., Effect of ginsenoside Rg2 on chemical myocardial ischemia in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2003, 28, 1191-1192.
(276)Liu, J. W.; Wei, D. Z.; Du, C. B.; Zhong, J. J., Enhancement of fibrinolytic activity of bovine aortic endothelial cells by ginsenoside Rb2. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2003, 24, 102-108.
(277)Bai, C. X.; Sunami, A.; Namiki, T.; Sawanobori, T.; Furukawa, T., Electrophysiological effects of ginseng and ginsenoside Re in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 476, 35-44.
(278)Nemmani, K. V.; Ramarao, P., Ginseng total saponin potentiates acute U-50,488H-induced analgesia and inhibits tolerance to U-50,488H-induced analgesia in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2002, 72, 1-6.
(279)Nemmani, K. V.; Ramarao, P., Role of benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor complex in attenuation of U-50,488H-induced analgesia and inhibition of tolerance to its analgesia by ginseng total saponin in mice. Life Sci. 2002, 70, 1727-1740.
(280)Kim, Y. K.; Guo, Q.; Packer, L., Free radical scavenging activity of Red Ginseng aqueous extracts. Toxicology 2002, 172, 149-156.
(281)Liu, Z.; Li, Z.; Liu, X., Effect of ginsenoside Re on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2/Bax gene after ischemia and reperfusion in rats. J. Huazhong. Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci. 2002, 22, 305-309.
(282)Kim, C. S.; Park, J. B.; Kim, K. J.; Chang, S. J.; Ryoo, S. W.; Jeon, B. H., Effect of Korea red ginseng on cerebral blood flow and superoxide production. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2002, 23, 1152-1156.
(283)Lim, D. S.; Bae, K. G.; Jung, I. S.; Kim, C. H.; Yun, Y. S.; Song, J. Y., Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. J. Infect. 2002, 45, 32-38.
(284)Guan, L.; Li, W.; Liu, Z., Effect of ginsenoside-Rb1 on cardiomyocyte apoptosis after ischemia and reperfusion in rats. J. Huazhong. Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci. 2002, 22, 212-215.
(285)Chan, P.; Thomas, G. N.; Tomlinson, B., Protective effects of trilinolein extracted from Panax notoginseng against cardiovascular disease. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2002, 23, 1157-1162.
(286)Wu, C. H.; Tsai, B. R.; Hsieh, W. T.; Chang, G. Y.; Mao, S. J.; Chang, W. C., The preventive effects of G115 on balloon injury-induced neointima formation in rats. Life Sci. 2001, 70, 669-679.
(287)Sui, D. Y.; Yu, X. F.; Qu, S. C.; Lu, Z. Z.; Wang, L.; Chen, M. Q., Protective effect of Panax quinquefolium 20S-proto-panaxdiolsaponins on acute myocardial infarction in dogs. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2001, 26, 416-419.
(288)Scott, G. I.; Colligan, P. B.; Ren, B. H.; Ren, J., Ginsenosides Rb1 and Re decrease cardiac contraction in adult rat ventricular myocytes: role of nitric oxide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 134, 1159-1165.
(289)Li, Z.; Chen, X.; Niwa, Y.; Sakamoto, S.; Nakaya, Y., Involvement of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in ginsenosides-induced aortic relaxation in rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2001, 37, 41-47.
(290)Dou, D. Q.; Zhang, Y. W.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Y. J.; Yao, X. S., The inhibitory effects of ginsenosides on protein tyrosine kinase activated by hypoxia/reoxygenation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Planta Med. 2001, 67, 19-23.
(291)Sung, J.; Han, K. H.; Zo, J. H.; Park, H. J.; Kim, C. H.; Oh, B. H., Effects of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2000, 28, 205-216.
(292)Jeon, B. H.; Kim, C. S.; Kim, H. S.; Park, J. B.; Nam, K. Y.; Chang, S. J., Effect of Korean red ginseng on blood pressure and nitric oxide production. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2000, 21, 1095-1100.
(293)Xi, X. H.; Jiang, D. Y.; Tang, C. Z.; Tan, J. Q.; Nie, A. G., Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins combined isovolumic haemodilution on the retinal microcirculation of patients with retinal vein occlusion. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2000, 25, 376-378.
(294)Kwan, C. Y.; Kwan, T. K., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2000, 21, 1101-1105.
(295)Chan, P.; Tomlinson, B., Antioxidant effects of Chinese traditional medicine: focus on trilinolein isolated from the Chinese herb sanchi (Panax pseudoginseng). J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2000, 40, 457-461.
(296)Kim, N. D.; Kang, S. Y.; Park, J. H.; Schini-Kerth, V. B., Ginsenoside Rg3 mediates endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 367, 41-49.
(297)Zhang, B.; Jin, S.; Kuang, X.; Yao, W.; Xia, G.; Jiang, M., Effects of Rg1 on calcium channel of guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1999, 24, 624-626.
(298)Yuan, C. S.; Attele, A. S.; Wu, J. A.; Lowell, T. K.; Gu, Z.; Lin, Y., Panax quinquefolium L. inhibits thrombin-induced endothelin release in vitro. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1999, 27, 331-338.
(299)Maffei Facino, R.; Carini, M.; Aldini, G.; Berti, F.; Rossoni, G., Panax ginseng administration in the rat prevents myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage induced by hyperbaric oxygen: evidence for an antioxidant intervention. Planta Med. 1999, 65, 614-619.
(300)Liu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Ouyang, X.; Liu, X.; Guan, X., The effects of Radix Ginseng Rubra on cAMP of experimental ischemic myocardium in rats. J. Tongji. Med. Univ. 1999, 19, 90-92.
(301)Li, J.; Huang, M.; Teoh, H.; Man, R. Y., Panax quinquefolium saponins protects low density lipoproteins from oxidation. Life Sci. 1999, 64, 53-62.
(302)Han, K. H.; Choe, S. C.; Kim, H. S.; Sohn, D. W.; Nam, K. Y.; Oh, B. H.; Lee, M. M.; Park, Y. B.; Choi, Y. S.; Seo, J. D.; Lee, Y. W., Effect of Red Ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1998, 26, 199-209.
(303)Feng, P.; Jiang, H., Effect of total saponins of Panax notoginseng (TSPNS) on myocardial intracellular Ca2+ and activity of calcium pump of membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum in SHR. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1998, 23, 173-175.
(304)Choi, Y. D.; Xin, Z. C.; Choi, H. K., Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on the rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Int. J. Impot. Res. 1998, 10, 37-43.
(305)Nguyen, T. T.; Matsumoto, K.; Yamasaki, K.; Watanabe, H., Involvement of supraspinal GABA receptors in majonoside-R2 suppression of clonidine-induced antinociception in mice. Life Sci. 1997, 61, 427-436.
(306)Ma, L. Y.; Xiao, P. G.; Liang, F. Q.; Chi, M. G.; Dong, S. J., Effect of saponins of Panax notoginseng on synaptosomal 45Ca uptake. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1997, 18, 213-215.
(307)Huong, N. T.; Matsumoto, K.; Yamasaki, K.; Duc, N. M.; Nham, N. T.; Watanabe, H., Majonoside-R2, a major constituent of Vietnamese ginseng, attenuates opioid-induced antinociception. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1997, 57, 285-291.
(308)Zhang, W. J.; Wojta, J.; Binder, B. R., Effect of notoginsenoside R1 on the synthesis of components of the fibrinolytic system in cultured smooth muscle cells of human pulmonary artery. Cell Mol. Biol. 1997, 43, 581-587.
(309)Gillis, C. N., Panax ginseng pharmacology: a nitric oxide link? Biochem. Pharmacol. 1997, 54, 1-8.
(310)Chan, P.; Niu, C. S.; Tomlinson, B.; Hong, C. T.; Chen, J. P.; Hong, C. Y.; Tsai, S. K.; Cheng, J. T., Effect of trilinolein on superoxide dismutase activity and left ventricular pressure in isolated rat hearts subjected to hypoxia and normoxic perfusion. Pharmacology 1997, 55, 252-258.
(311)Chan, P.; Hong, C. Y.; Tomlinson, B.; Chang, N. C.; Chen, J. P.; Lee, S. T.; Cheng, J. T., Myocardial protective effect of trilinolein: an antioxidant isolated from the medicinal plant Panax pseudoginseng. Life Sci. 1997, 61, 1999-2006.
(312)Zhang, Y. G.; Liu, T. P., Influences of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on reversible focal brain ischemia in rats. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1996, 17, 44-48.
(313)Jin, Z. Q., The action of ginsenoside Re on inotropy and chronotropy of isolated atria prepared from guinea pigs. Planta Med. 1996, 62, 314-316.
(314)Guan, L.; Yi, X.; Feng, Q.; Yang, L., Effects of saponins from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium L. on the contraction of rabbit aortic strips. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1996, 21, 431-434.
(315)Chen, X., Cardiovascular protection by ginsenosides and their nitric oxide releasing action. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1996, 23, 728-732.
(316)Chan, P.; Niu, C. S.; Cheng, J. T.; Tsao, C. W.; Tsai, S. K.; Hong, C. Y., Trilinolein preserves mitochondria ultrastructure in isolated rat heart subjected to global ischemia through antioxidant activity as measured by chemiluminescence. Pharmacology 1996, 52, 216-225.
(317)Peng, C. F.; Li, Y. J.; Deng, H. W., Effects of ginsenosides on vasodilator nerve actions in the rat perfused mesentery are mediated by nitric oxide. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1995, 47, 614-617.
(318)Kim Iu, A.; Abdrasilov, B. S.; Nurieva, R. I.; Pak Kh, D., Action of triterpene glycosides of the dammarane series and their aglycones on the K+ and H+ ion currents in erythrocytes, induced by the ionophore A23187 and divalent ions. Antibiot Khimioter 1995, 40, 20-24.
(319)Kwan, C. Y., Vascular effects of selected antihypertensive drugs derived from traditional medicinal herbs. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. Suppl. 1995, 22, 297-299.
(320)Zhong, G. G.; Sun, C. W.; Li, Y. Y.; Qi, H.; Zhao, C. Y.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, X. M.; Yang, S. J.; Li, H., Calcium channel blockade and anti-free-radical actions of panaxadiol saponins Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rd. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1995, 16, 255-260.
(321)Wu, W.; Zhang, X. M.; Liu, P. M.; Li, J. M.; Wang, J. F., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponin Rg1 on cardiac electrophysiological properties and ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1995, 16, 459-463.
(322)Morisaki, N.; Watanabe, S.; Tezuka, M.; Zenibayashi, M.; Shiina, R.; Koyama, N.; Kanzaki, T.; Saito, Y., Mechanism of angiogenic effects of saponin from Ginseng Radix Rubra in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 115, 1188-1193.
(323)Kang, S. Y.; Schini-Kerth, V. B.; Kim, N. D., Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in the rat aorta. Life Sci. 1995, 56, 1577-1586.
(324)Kang, S. Y.; Kim, S. H.; Schini, V. B.; Kim, N. D., Dietary ginsenosides improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in the thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Gen. Pharmacol. 1995, 26, 483-487.
(325)Chen, X.; Lee, T. J., Ginsenosides-induced nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of the rabbit corpus cavernosum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 115, 15-18.
(326)Zhang, W.; Wojta, J.; Binder, B. R., Effect of notoginsenoside R1 on the synthesis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1994, 14, 1040-1046.
(327)Zhan, Y.; Xu, X. H.; Jiang, Y. P., Protective effects of ginsenoside on myocardiac ischemic and reperfusion injuries. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1994, 74, 626-628.
(328)Wang, X. M.; Qi, Y.; Sun, C. W.; Zhong, G. G.; Jiang, Y.; Qiu, Y. H., Single calcium channel analysis and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectral study on the myocardial effects of ginsenoside Rb2. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1994, 19, 621-624.
(329)Sato, K.; Mochizuki, M.; Saiki, I.; Yoo, Y. C.; Samukawa, K.; Azuma, I., Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by a saponin of Panax ginseng, ginsenoside-Rb2. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 17, 635-639.
(330)Mei, B.; Wang, Y. F.; Wu, J. X.; Chen, W. Z., Protective effects of ginsenosides on oxygen free radical induced damages of cultured vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1994, 29, 801-808.
(331)Guan, Y. Y.; Kwan, C. Y.; He, H.; Sun, J. J.; Daniel, E. E., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on receptor-operated Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1994, 15, 392-398.
(332)Chen, X.; Yang, S. J.; Chen, L.; Ma, X. L.; Chen, Y. P.; Wang, L. L.; Sun, C. W., The effects of Panax quinquefolium saponin (PQS) and its monomer ginsenoside on heart. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1994, 19, 617-620.
(333)Chen, J. Q.; Zhang, Y. G.; Li, S. L.; Zeng, Q.; Rong, M. Z., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on myocardial adenosinetriphosphatase. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1994, 15, 347-350.
(334)Xie, Z. C.; Qian, Z. K.; Liu, Z. W., Effect of ginseng on antiperoxidate injury in myocardium and erythrocytes in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1993, 13, 289-290.
(335)Dan, H. X.; Zhang, B. H.; Xie, S. R.; Yao, J. A.; Jia, J. N., Effects of panaxadiol saponins isolated from Panax notoginseng on intracellular and extracellular calcium. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1993, 14 Suppl, S22-25.
(336)Kim, H. S.; Oh, K. W.; Rheu, H. M.; Kim, S. H., Antagonism of U-50,488H-induced antinociception by ginseng total saponins is dependent on serotonergic mechanisms. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1992, 42, 587-593.
(337)Yang, S.; Qu, J.; Zhong, G.; Zhang, W., Protective effects of Panax quinquefolium saponin on oxidative damage of cultured rat cardiac cells. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1992, 17, 555-557.
(338)Wu, J. X.; Sun, J. J., Comparative effects of Panax notoginseng saponins, verapamil, and norepinephrine on cerebral circulation in anesthetized rats and rabbits. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1992, 13, 520-523.
(339)Liu, C. X.; Xiao, P. G., Recent advances on ginseng research in China. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992, 36, 27-38.
(340)Kim, H.; Chen, X.; Gillis, C. N., Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radical-induced injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1992, 189, 670-676.
(341)Jiang, Y.; Zhong, G. G.; Chen, L.; Ma, X. Y., Influences of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3 on electric and contractile activities of normal and damaged cultured myocardiocytes. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1992, 13, 403-406.
(342)Jiang, Y.; Zhong, G.; Shao, C.; Yue, G., Ca2+ channel blocking effect of panaxadiol saponins and panaxatriol saponins of cultured cardiac cells. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1992, 17, 172-173.
(343)Hu, Y.; Li, Y.; Jin, R.; Qi, L.; Dai, Y., Effects of artificial cultured Panax notoginseng cell on cardiovascular system. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1992, 17, 361-363.
(344)Chen, J. Q.; Zhang, Y. G.; Xiong, C.; Zhang, S. Z.; Zeng, Q.; Rong, M. Z., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on monophasic action potentials of heart and automaticity and contractility of isolated atria. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1992, 13, 538-540.
(345)Zhong, G. G.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, X. Q.; Yue, G., Effects of panaxadiol and panaxatriol saponins on action potentials of normal and xanthine-xanthine oxidase damaged cultured myocardial cells. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1991, 12, 256-260.
(346)Wang, B. X.; Yang, M.; Jin, Y. L.; Liu, P., Studies on the mechanism of ginseng polypeptide induced hypoglycemia. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1990, 25, 727-731.
(347)Shi, L.; Fan, P. S.; Wu, L.; Fang, J. X.; Han, Z. X., Effects of total saponins of Panax notoginseng on increasing PGI2 in carotid artery and decreasing TXA2 in blood platelets. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1990, 11, 29-32.
(348)Zhang, J.; Sun, J. P.; He, J. B., Protective effects of ginsenosides in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1990, 29, 653-655.
(349)Li, H. T.; Shi, L., Effects of total saponins of Panax notoginseng on Ca2+ influx into myocardial cells. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1990, 11, 213-217.
(350)Xiong, Z. G.; Sun, J. J., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponin Rb1 and Rg1 on myocardial action potential and slow inward current. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1989, 10, 520-522.
(351)Xiong, Z. G.; Chen, J. X.; Sun, J. J., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponin Rb1 and Rg1 on myocardial action potential and slow inward current. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1989, 10, 122-125.
(352)Morishita, S.; Saito, T.; Shoji, M.; Hirai, Y.; Tanaka, A., Pharmacological studies of "reiousan" which contains bezoar and ginseng. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1988, 91, 129-140.
(353)Wu, J. X.; Chen, J. X., Depressant actions of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular smooth muscles. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1988, 9, 147-152.
(354)Wu, J. X.; Chen, J. X., Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of Panax notoginseng saponins. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1988, 9, 409-412.
(355)Rao, M. R.; Shen, X. H.; Zou, X., Calcium antagonistic action of saponins from Panax notoginseng (sanqi-ginseng). J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 1987, 7, 127-130.
(356)Li, Y. J.; Deng, H. W.; Chen, X., The protective effect of ginsenosides and its components on myocytes anoxia/reoxygenation and myocardial reperfusion injury. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1987, 22, 1-5.
(357)Lei, X. L.; Chiou, G. C., Cardiovascular pharmacology of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F.H. Chen and Salvia miltiorrhiza. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1986, 14, 145-152.
(358)Guan, Y. Y.; He, H.; Chen, J. X., Effect of the total saponins of Panax notogiseng on contraction of rabbit aortic strips. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1985, 6, 267-269.
(359)Wang, J. D.; Chen, J. X., Cardiac and hemodynamic effect of total saponins of Panax notoginseng. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1984, 5, 181-185.
(360)Liu, S.; Chen, J. X., Anti-arrhythmic effect of total saponins of Panax notoginseng. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1984, 5, 100-103.
(361)Chen, X.; Gillis, C. N.; Moalli, R., Vascular effects of ginsenosides in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1984, 82, 485-491.
(362)Lee, D. C.; Lee, M. O.; Kim, C. Y.; Clifford, D. H., Effect of ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Ginseng on cardiovascular function in dogs. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1981, 45, 182-187.
(363)Clifford, D. H.; Lee, D. C.; Kim, C. Y.; Lee, M. O., Effects of the third (aqueous) extract of Ginseng on the cardiovascular dynamics of dogs during halothane anesthesia. Comp. Med. East West 1979, 6, 253-259.
(364)Seo, J. S.; Yun, J. H.; Baek, I. S.; Leem, Y. H.; Kang, H. W.; Cho, H. K.; Lyu, Y. S.; Son, H. J.; Han, P. L., Oriental medicine Jangwonhwan reduces Abeta(1-42) level and beta-amyloid deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 128, 206-212.
(365)Choi, R. C.; Zhu, J. T.; Leung, K. W.; Chu, G. K.; Xie, H. Q.; Chen, V. P.; Zheng, K. Y.; Lau, D. T.; Dong, T. T.; Chow, P. C.; Han, Y. F.; Wang, Z. T.; Tsim, K. W., A flavonol glycoside, isolated from roots of Panax notoginseng, reduces amyloid-beta-Induced neurotoxicity in cultured neurons: signaling transduction and drug development for Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 2010, 19, 795-811.
(366)Tu, L. H.; Ma, J.; Liu, H. P.; Wang, R. R.; Luo, J., The neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on calcineurin activity and tau phosphorylation in SY5Y cells. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 2009, 29, 1257-1264.
(367)Zhong, Z. G.; Wu, D. P.; Wang, J. S.; Wang, N. P.; Zhang, W. Y.; Lv, L.; Qu, Z. Q., Inhibitive effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on expression of Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42) protein in SAMP8's brain. Zhong Yao Cai 2009, 32, 82-85.
(368)Yang, L.; Hao, J.; Zhang, J.; Xia, W.; Dong, X.; Hu, X.; Kong, F.; Cui, X., Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes beta-amyloid peptide degradation by enhancing gene expression of neprilysin. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2009, 61, 375-380.
(369)Qi, D.; Zhu, Y.; Wen, L.; Liu, Q.; Qiao, H., Ginsenoside Rg1 restores the impairment of learning induced by chronic morphine administration in rats. J. Psychopharmacol. 2009, 23, 74-83.
(370)Chu, S. F.; Zhang, J. T., New achievements in ginseng research and its future prospects. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2009, 15, 403-408.
(371)Jia, L.; Zhao, Y.; Liang, X. J., Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine- ginseng (II): Collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine. Curr. Med. Chem. 2009, 16, 2924-2942.
(372)Shieh, P. C.; Tsao, C. W.; Li, J. S.; Wu, H. T.; Wen, Y. J.; Kou, D. H.; Cheng, J. T., Role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the action of ginsenoside Rh2 against beta-amyloid-induced inhibition of rat brain astrocytes. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 434, 1-5.
(373)Lee, S. T.; Chu, K.; Sim, J. Y.; Heo, J. H.; Kim, M., Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 2008, 22, 222-226.
(374)Hu, S. Q.; Yu, H. M.; Liu, T. S.; Yang, D. J.; Chen, X. Z.; He, C. J., Neuroprotective effects of water extracts of American Ginseng on SH-SY5Y cells apoptosis induced by Abeta25-35. Zhong Yao Cai 2008, 31, 1373-1377.
(375)Heo, J. H.; Lee, S. T.; Chu, K.; Oh, M. J.; Park, H. J.; Shim, J. Y.; Kim, M., An open-label trial of Korean Red Ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eur. J. Neurol. 2008, 15, 865-868.
(376)Rasheed, N.; Tyagi, E.; Ahmad, A.; Siripurapu, K. B.; Lahiri, S.; Shukla, R.; Palit, G., Involvement of monoamines and proinflammatory cytokines in mediating the anti-stress effects of Panax quinquefolium. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 117, 257-262.
(377)Lee, B.; Yang, C. H.; Hahm, D. H.; Lee, H. J.; Han, S. M.; Kim, K. S.; Shim, I., Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponins on behavioral sensitization and dopamine release induced by cocaine. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 31, 436-441.
(378)Nah, S. Y.; Kim, D. H.; Rhim, H., Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS Drug Rev. 2007, 13, 381-404.
(379)Lopez, M. V.; Cuadrado, M. P.; Ruiz-Poveda, O. M.; Del Fresno, A. M.; Accame, M. E., Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2007, 1770, 1308-1316.
(380)Leung, K. W.; Yung, K. K.; Mak, N. K.; Yue, P. Y.; Luo, H. B.; Cheng, Y. K.; Fan, T. P.; Yeung, H. W.; Ng, T. B.; Wong, R. N., Angiomodulatory and neurological effects of ginsenosides. Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14, 1371-1380.
(381)Chen, F.; Eckman, E. A.; Eckman, C. B., Reductions in levels of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide after oral administration of ginsenosides. FASEB J. 2006, 20, 1269-1271.
(382)Lee, E.; Kim, S.; Chung, K. C.; Choo, M. K.; Kim, D. H.; Nam, G.; Rhim, H., 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2, a newly identified active ingredient of ginseng, inhibits NMDA receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 536, 69-77.
(383)Zhong, Z. G.; Qu, Z. Q.; Wang, N. P.; Zhang, F. F.; Zhang, W. Y.; Lu, U. P., Effects of the Panax notoginseng saponins on the level of synaptophysin protein in brain in rat model with lesion of Meynert. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2005, 30, 913-915.
(384)Zhong, Z.; Qu, Z.; Wang, N.; Wang, J.; Xie, Z.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, W.; Lu, Z., Protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins against pathological lesion of cholinergic neuron in rat model with Alzheimer' s disease. Zhong Yao Cai 2005, 28, 119-122.
(385)Hao, W.; Xing, J. W.; Yong, Y. C.; Liang, Z.; Yang, L.; Hong, Z. C., Up-regulation of M1 muscarinic receptors expressed in CHOm1 cells by panaxynol via cAMP pathway. Neurosci. Lett. 2005, 383, 121-126.
(386)Cheng, Y.; Shen, L. H.; Zhang, J. T., Anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 and its mechanism of action. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2005, 26, 143-149.
(387)Shen, L. H.; Zhang, J. T., Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells. Neurol. Res. 2004, 26, 422-428.
(388)Radad, K.; Gille, G.; Moldzio, R.; Saito, H.; Rausch, W. D., Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic cells stressed with glutamate. Brain Res 2004, 1021, 41-53.
(389)Nishijo, H.; Uwano, T.; Zhong, Y. M.; Ono, T., Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: effects of red ginseng on learning and memory deficits in an animal model of amnesia. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2004, 95, 145-152.
(390)Lee, B. H.; Jeong, S. M.; Ha, T. S.; Park, C. S.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, D. H.; Han, J. S.; Kim, H. C.; Ko, S. R.; Nah, S. Y., Ginsenosides regulate ligand-gated ion channels from the outside. Mol. Cells 2004, 18, 115-121.
(391)Chang, H. K.; Jang, M. H.; Lim, B. V.; Lee, T. H.; Shin, M. C.; Shin, M. S.; Kim, H.; Kim, Y. P.; Kim, E. H.; Kim, C. J., Administration of Ginseng Radix decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2004, 32, 497-507.
(392)Wang, X. Y.; Zhang, J. T., Effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2003, 5, 1-4.
(393)Choi, S.; Lee, J. H.; Oh, S.; Rhim, H.; Lee, S. M.; Nah, S. Y., Effects of ginsenoside Rg2 on the 5-HT3A receptor-mediated ion current in Xenopus oocytes. Mol. Cells 2003, 15, 108-113.
(394)Sala, F.; Mulet, J.; Choi, S.; Jung, S. Y.; Nah, S. Y.; Rhim, H.; Valor, L. M.; Criado, M.; Sala, S., Effects of ginsenoside Rg2 on human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 301, 1052-1059.
(395)Murphy, L. L.; Lee, T. J., Ginseng, sex behavior, and nitric oxide. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2002, 962, 372-377.
(396)Mizumaki, Y.; Kurimoto, M.; Hirashima, Y.; Nishijima, M.; Kamiyama, H.; Nagai, S.; Takaku, A.; Sugihara, K.; Shimizu, M.; Endo, S., Lipophilic fraction of Panax ginseng induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and promotes neuronal survival of rat cortical neurons by protein kinase C dependent manner. Brain Res. 2002, 950, 254-260.
(397)Lim, B. V.; Shin, M. C.; Jang, M. H.; Lee, T. H.; Kim, Y. P.; Kim, H. B.; Lee, K. S.; Kim, H.; Kim, E. H.; Kim, C. J., Ginseng radix increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 25, 1550-1554.
(398)Kim, S.; Ahn, K.; Oh, T. H.; Nah, S. Y.; Rhim, H., Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides on NMDA receptor-mediated signals in rat hippocampal neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 296, 247-254.
(399)Yuan, C. S.; Wang, X.; Wu, J. A.; Attele, A. S.; Xie, J. T.; Gu, M., Effects of Panax quinquefolium L. on brainstem neuronal activities: comparison between Wisconsin-cultivated and Illinois-cultivated roots. Phytomedicine 2001, 8, 178-183.
(400)White, C. M.; Fan, C.; Song, J.; Tsikouris, J. P.; Chow, M., An evaluation of the hemostatic effects of hydrophilic, alcohol, and lipophilic extracts of Panax notoginseng. Pharmacotherapy 2001, 21, 773-777.
(401)Toda, N.; Ayajiki, K.; Fujioka, H.; Okamura, T., Ginsenoside potentiates NO-mediated neurogenic vasodilatation of monkey cerebral arteries. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 76, 109-113.
(402)Liu, D.; Li, B.; Liu, Y.; Attele, A. S.; Kyle, J. W.; Yuan, C. S., Voltage-dependent inhibition of brain Na+ channels by American ginseng. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 413, 47-54.
(403)Choi, S.; Kim, H. J.; Ko, Y. S.; Jeong, S. W.; Kim, Y. I.; Simonds, W. F.; Oh, J. W.; Nah, S. Y., G alpha(q/11) coupled to mammalian phospholipase C beta 3-like enzyme mediates the ginsenoside effect on Ca2+-activated Cl- current in the Xenopus oocyte. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 48797-48802.
(404)Zhong, Y. M.; Nishijo, H.; Uwano, T.; Tamura, R.; Kawanishi, K.; Ono, T., Red ginseng ameliorated place navigation deficits in young rats with hippocampal lesions and aged rats. Physiol. Behav. 2000, 69, 511-525.
(405)Lee, S. H.; Yang, S. C.; Park, J. K.; Jung, M. W.; Lee, C. J., Reduction of electrically evoked neural activity by ginseng saponin in rat hippocampal slices. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 23, 411-414.
(406)Tachikawa, E.; Kudo, K.; Harada, K.; Kashimoto, T.; Miyate, Y.; Kakizaki, A.; Takahashi, E., Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 369, 23-32.
(407)Suh, H. W.; Song, D. K.; Huh, S. O.; Kim, Y. H., Effects of ginsenosides injected intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly on antinociception induced by b-endorphin administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse. Neuropeptides 1999, 33, 101-106.
(408)Sloley, B. D.; Pang, P. K.; Huang, B. H.; Ba, F.; Li, F. L.; Benishin, C. G.; Greenshaw, A. J.; Shan, J. J., American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. J. Psychiatry. Neurosci. 1999, 24, 442-452.
(409)Kim, H. S.; Kim, K. S.; Oh, K. W., Inhibition by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1999, 63, 407-412.
(410)Han, H. J.; Park, S. H.; Koh, H. J.; Nah, S. Y.; Shin, D. H.; Choi, H. S., Protopanaxatriol ginsenosides inhibit glucose uptake in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubular cells by arachidonic acid release. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 1999, 22, 114-120.
(411)Bhattcharyya, D.; Sur, T. K., Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1999, 43, 505-509.
(412)Yoon, S. R.; Nah, J. J.; Shin, Y. H.; Kim, S. K.; Nam, K. Y.; Choi, H. S.; Nah, S. Y., Ginsenosides induce differential antinociception and inhibit substance P induced-nociceptive response in mice. Life Sci. 1998, 62, PL 319-325.
(413)Wang, L. C.; Lee, T. F., Effect of ginseng saponins on exercise performance in non-trained rats. Planta Med. 1998, 64, 130-133.
(414)Takahashi, M.; Tokuyama, S., Pharmacological and physiological effects of ginseng on actions induced by opioids and psychostimulants. Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 1998, 20, 77-84.
(415)Kudo, K.; Tachikawa, E.; Kashimoto, T.; Takahashi, E., Properties of ginseng saponin inhibition of catecholamine secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 341, 139-144.
(416)Tachikawa, E.; Kudo, K.; Kashimoto, T.; Takahashi, E., Effects of ginseng saponins on receptor stimulation-responses. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1997, 110 Suppl 1, 126P-131P.
(417)Salim, K. N.; McEwen, B. S.; Chao, H. M., Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates ChAT, NGF and trkA mRNA expression in the rat brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1997, 47, 177-182.
(418)Lim, J. H.; Wen, T. C.; Matsuda, S.; Tanaka, J.; Maeda, N.; Peng, H.; Aburaya, J.; Ishihara, K.; Sakanaka, M., Protection of ischemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside Rb1, a main ingredient of ginseng root. Neurosci. Res. 1997, 28, 191-200.
(419)Wen, T. C.; Yoshimura, H.; Matsuda, S.; Lim, J. H.; Sakanaka, M., Ginseng root prevents learning disability and neuronal loss in gerbils with 5-minute forebrain ischemia. Acta. Neuropathol. 1996, 91, 15-22.
(420)Kim, H. S.; Jang, C. G.; Park, W. K.; Oh, K. W.; Rheu, H. M.; Cho, D. H.; Oh, S., Blockade by ginseng total saponin of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 1996, 27, 199-204.
(421)Wang, F. Z.; Ding, A. S.; Liu, Z. W., Effect of ginsenosides against anoxic damage of hippocampal neurons in culture. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1995, 16, 419-422.
(422)Wang, A.; Cao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, R.; Liu, C., Effects of Chinese ginseng root and stem-leaf saponins on learning, memory and biogenic monoamines of brain in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1995, 20, 493-495.
(423)Seong, Y. H.; Shin, C. S.; Kim, H. S.; Baba, A., Inhibitory effect of ginseng total saponins on glutamate-induced swelling of cultured astrocytes. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 18, 1776-1778.
(424)Sakata, T.; Kang, M.; Kurokawa, M.; Yoshimatsu, H., Hypothalamic neuronal histamine modulates adaptive behavior and thermogenesis in response to endogenous pyrogen. Obes. Res. 1995, 3 Suppl 5, 707S-712S.
(425)Liu, M.; Zhang, J. T., Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 on cultured hippocampal neurons. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1995, 30, 674-678.
(426)Jiang, K. Y.; Qian, Z. N., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on posthypoxic cell damage of neurons in vitro. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1995, 16, 399-402.
(427)Watanabe, H.; Ohta, H.; Imamura, L.; Asakura, W.; Matoba, Y.; Matsumoto, K., Effect of Panax ginseng on age-related changes in the spontaneous motor activity and dopaminergic nervous system in the rat. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1991, 55, 51-56.
(428)Suzuki, Y.; Ito, Y.; Konno, C.; Furuya, T., Effects of tissue cultured ginseng on gastric secretion and pepsin activity. Yakugaku Zasshi 1991, 111, 770-774.
(429)Benishin, C. G.; Lee, R.; Wang, L. C.; Liu, H. J., Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on central cholinergic metabolism. Pharmacology 1991, 42, 223-229.
(430)Itoh, T.; Zang, Y. F.; Murai, S.; Saito, H., Effects of Panax ginseng root on the vertical and horizontal motor activities and on brain monoamine-related substances in mice. Planta Med. 1989, 55, 429-433.
(431)Lei, W. Y., Analgesic and central nervous system inhibiting effects of total saponins extracted from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Zhong Yao Tong Bao 1984, 9, 134-137.
(432)Yuan, H. D.; Chung, S. H., Protective effects of fermented ginseng on streptozotocin-induced pancreatic beta-cell damage through inhibition of NF-kB. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2010, 25, 53-58.
(433)Shim, J. Y.; Kim, M. H.; Kim, H. D.; Ahn, J. Y.; Yun, Y. S.; Song, J. Y., Protective action of the immunomodulator ginsan against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury via control of oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010, 242, 318-325.
(434)Wan, J. B.; Lee, S. M.; Wang, J. D.; Wang, N.; He, C. W.; Wang, Y. T.; Kang, J. X., Panax notoginseng reduces atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced endothelial adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adhesion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 6692-6697.
(435)Rong, L.; Chen, Y.; He, M.; Zhou, X., Panax notoginseng saponins attenuate acute lung injury induced by intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion in rats. Respirology 2009, 14, 890-898.
(436)Peralta, E. A.; Murphy, L. L.; Minnis, J.; Louis, S.; Dunnington, G. L., American Ginseng inhibits induced COX-2 and NFKB activation in breast cancer cells. J. Surg. Res. 2009, 157, 261-267.
(437)Lim, Y. J.; Na, H. S.; Yun, Y. S.; Choi, I. S.; Oh, J. S.; Rhee, J. H.; Cho, B. H.; Lee, H. C., Suppressive effects of ginsan on the development of allergic reaction in murine asthmatic model. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2009, 150, 32-42.
(438)Lee, J. S.; Kwon, K. A.; Jung, H. S.; Kim, J. H.; Hahm, K. B., Korea red ginseng on Helicobacter pylori-induced halitosis: newer therapeutic strategy and a plausible mechanism. Digestion. 2009, 80, 192-199.
(439)Lee, D. C.; Yang, C. L.; Chik, S. C.; Li, J. C.; Rong, J. H.; Chan, G. C.; Lau, A. S., Bioactivity-guided identification and cell signaling technology to delineate the immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng on human promonocytic U937 cells. J. Transl. Med. 2009, 7, 1-10.
(440)Jung, H. W.; Seo, U. K.; Kim, J. H.; Leem, K. H.; Park, Y. K., Flower extract of Panax notoginseng attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response via blocking of NF-kappaB signaling pathway in murine macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 122, 313-319.
(441)Ichikawa, T.; Li, J.; Nagarkatti, P.; Nagarkatti, M.; Hofseth, L. J.; Windust, A.; Cui, T., American ginseng preferentially suppresses STAT/iNOS signaling in activated macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 125, 145-150.
(442)Yeo, M.; Kim, D. K.; Cho, S. W.; Hong, H. D., Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, protects ethanol-induced gastric damages in rat through the induction of cytoprotective heat-shock protein 27. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2008, 53, 606-613.
(443)Rhule, A.; Rase, B.; Smith, J. R.; Shepherd, D. M., Toll-like receptor ligand-induced activation of murine DC2.4 cells is attenuated by Panax notoginseng. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 116, 179-186.
(444)Lee, J. H.; Lee, Y. M.; Kim, P. N.; Jeong, C. S., Potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Panax ginseng head butanolic fraction in animals. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 3749-3752.
(445)Joo, S. S.; Yoo, Y. M.; Ahn, B. W.; Nam, S. Y.; Kim, Y. B.; Hwang, K. W.; Lee do, I., Prevention of inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity by Rg3 and its role in microglial activation. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 31, 1392-1396.
(446)Jin, Y.; Kotakadi, V. S.; Ying, L.; Hofseth, A. B.; Cui, X.; Wood, P. A.; Windust, A.; Matesic, L. E.; Pena, E. A.; Chiuzan, C.; Singh, N. P.; Nagarkatti, M.; Nagarkatti, P. S.; Wargovich, M. J.; Hofseth, L. J., American Ginseng suppresses inflammation and DNA damage associated with mouse colitis. Carcinogenesis 2008, 29, 2351-2239.
(447)Zhang, J. H.; Wang, J. P.; Wang, H. J., Clinical study on effect of total Panax notoginseng saponins on immune related inner environment imbalance in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2007, 27, 589-592.
(448)Tang, Y. H.; Zhang, S. P.; Liang, Y.; Deng, C. Q., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on mRNA expressions of interleukin-1 beta, its correlative factors and cysteinyl-aspartate specific protease after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2007, 5, 328-332.
(449)Kim, S. J.; Jeong, H. J.; Yi, B. J.; Kang, T. H.; An, N. H.; Lee, E. H.; Yang, D. C.; Kim, H. M.; Hong, S. H.; Um, J. Y., Transgenic Panax ginseng inhibits the production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as COX-2 expression in human mast cells. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2007, 35, 329-339.
(450)Kim, H. A.; Kim, S.; Chang, S. H.; Hwang, H. J.; Choi, Y. N., Anti-arthritic effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on collagen induced arthritis in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2007, 7, 1286-1291.
(451)Jin, U. H.; Park, S. G.; Suh, S. J.; Kim, J. K.; Kim, D. S.; Moon, S. K.; Lee, Y. C.; Park, W. H.; Kim, C. H., Inhibitory effect of Panax notoginseng on nitric oxide synthase, cyclo-oxygenase-2 and neutrophil functions. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21, 142-148.
(452)Jeong, H. G.; Pokharel, Y. R.; Han, E. H.; Kang, K. W., Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by ginsenoside Rd via activation of CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins and cyclic AMP response binding protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 359, 51-56.
(453)Choi, K.; Kim, M.; Ryu, J.; Choi, C., Ginsenosides compound K and Rh2 inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced activation of the NF-kB and JNK pathways in human astroglial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 421, 37-41.
(454)Chang, S. H.; Choi, Y.; Park, J. A.; Jung, D. S.; Shin, J.; Yang, J. H.; Ko, S. Y.; Kim, S. W.; Kim, J. K., Anti-inflammatory effects of BT-201, an n-butanol extract of Panax notoginseng, observed in vitro and in a collagen-induced arthritis model. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 26, 785-791.
(455)Wang, Y.; Peng, D.; Huang, W.; Zhou, X.; Liu, J.; Fang, Y., Mechanism of altered TNF-alpha expression by macrophage and the modulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins in scald mice. Burns. 2006, 32, 846-852.
(456)Rhule, A.; Navarro, S.; Smith, J. R.; Shepherd, D. M., Panax notoginseng attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 106, 121-128.
(457)Zhang, H. S.; Wang, S. Q., Notoginsenoside R1 from Panax notoginseng inhibits TNF-alpha-induced PAI-1 production in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Vascul. Pharmacol. 2006, 44, 224-230.
(458)Zhang, H. S.; Wang, S. Q., Notoginsenoside R1 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced fibronectin production in smooth muscle cells via the ROS/ERK pathway. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2006, 40, 1664-1674.
(459)Ahn, J. Y.; Song, J. Y.; Yun, Y. S.; Jeong, G.; Choi, I. S., Protection of staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsen. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 46, 187-197.
(460)Ahn, J. Y.; Choi, I. S.; Shim, J. Y.; Yun, E. K.; Yun, Y. S.; Jeong, G.; Song, J. Y., The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory signals. Eur. J. Immunol. 2006, 36, 37-45.
(461)Park, W. H.; Lee, S. K.; Kim, C. H., A Korean herbal medicine, Panax notoginseng, prevents liver fibrosis and hepatic microvascular dysfunction in rats. Life Sci. 2005, 76, 1675-1690.
(462)Park, E. K.; Shin, Y. W.; Lee, H. U.; Kim, S. S.; Lee, Y. C.; Lee, B. Y.; Kim, D. H., Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K on NO and prostaglandin E2 biosyntheses of RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 28, 652-656.
(463)Lee, S. H.; Seo, G. S.; Ko, G.; Kim, J. B.; Sohn, D. H., Anti-inflammatory activity of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol: enhanced heme oxygenase 1 expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Planta Med. 2005, 71, 1167-1170.
(464)Seo, J. Y.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, N. W.; Her, E.; Chang, S. H.; Ko, N. Y.; Yoo, Y. H.; Kim, J. W.; Seo, D. W.; Han, J. W.; Kim, Y. M.; Choi, W. S., Effect of a fermented ginseng extract, BST204, on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in murine macrophages. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2005, 5, 929-936.
(465)Lee, J. Y.; Shin, J. W.; Chun, K. S.; Park, K. K.; Chung, W. Y.; Bang, Y. J.; Sung, J. H.; Surh, Y. J., Antitumor promotional effects of a novel intestinal bacterial metabolite (IH-901) derived from the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides in mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 2005, 26, 359-367.
(466)Joo, S. S.; Won, T. J.; Lee, D. I., Reciprocal activity of ginsenosides in the production of proinflammatory repertoire, and their potential roles in neuroprotection in vivo. Planta Med. 2005, 71, 476-481.
(467)Horie, Y.; Han, J. Y.; Mori, S.; Konishi, M.; Kajihara, M.; Kaneko, T.; Yamagishi, Y.; Kato, S.; Ishii, H.; Hibi, T., Herbal cardiotonic pills prevent gut ischemia/reperfusion-induced hepatic microvascular dysfunction in rats fed ethanol chronically. World J. Gastroenterol. 2005, 11, 511-515.
(468)Zou, K.; Liu, Z. X.; Zhu, S.; Cai, S. Q.; Komatsu, K., Research of ginsenosides in kou zi qi using HPLC-MS-MS. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2004, 39, 385-388.
(469)Park, E. K.; Choo, M. K.; Han, M. J.; Kim, D. H., Ginsenoside Rh1 possesses antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2004, 133, 113-120.
(470)Oh, G. S.; Pae, H. O.; Choi, B. M.; Seo, E. A.; Kim, D. H.; Shin, M. K.; Kim, J. D.; Kim, J. B.; Chung, H. T., 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol, one of ginsenoside metabolites, inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions through inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Cancer Lett. 2004, 205, 23-29.
(471)Keum, Y. S.; Han, S. S.; Chun, K. S.; Park, K. K.; Park, J. H.; Lee, S. K.; Surh, Y. J., Inhibitory effects of the ginsenoside Rg3 on phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, NF-kappaB activation and tumor promotion. Mutat. Res. 2003, 523-524, 75-85.
(472)Kim, N. D.; Kim, E. M.; Kang, K. W.; Cho, M. K.; Choi, S. Y.; Kim, S. G., Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrine-induced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 140, 661-670.
(473)Li, X.; Cui, S., The mechanisms and effects of Panax notoginsen and methylprednisolone in a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2002, 25, 520-523.
(474)Jeong, C. S., Effect of butanol fraction of Panax ginseng head on gastric lesion and ulcer. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2002, 25, 61-66.
(475)Surh, Y. J.; Na, H. K.; Lee, J. Y.; Keum, Y. S., Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2001, 16 Suppl, 38-41.
(476)Li, S. H.; Chu, Y., Anti-inflammatory effects of total saponins of Panax notoginseng. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1999, 20, 551-554.
(477)Sonoda, Y.; Kasahara, T.; Mukaida, N.; Shimizu, N.; Tomoda, M.; Takeda, T., Stimulation of interleukin-8 production by acidic polysaccharides from the root of Panax ginseng. Immunopharmacology 1998, 38, 287-294.
(478)Kudo, K.; Tachikawa, E.; Kashimoto, T.; Takahashi, E., Properties of ginseng saponin inhibition of catecholamine secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 341, 139-144.
(479)Matsuda, H.; Samukawa, K.; Kubo, M., Anti-inflammatory activity of ginsenoside Ro. Planta Med. 1990, 56, 19-23.
(480)Hao, C. Q.; Yang, F., Anti-inflammatory effects of total saponins of Panax notoginseng. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1986, 7, 252-255.
(481)Otsuka, H.; Komiya, T.; Fujioka, S.; Goto, M.; Hiramatsu, Y.; Fujimura, H., Studies on anti-inflammatory agents. IV. Anti-inflammatory constituents from roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Yakugaku Zasshi 1981, 101, 1113-1117.
(482)Yang, C. Y.; Xie, Z. G.; Cheng, W. B.; Jiang, X.; Chen, Z. H., Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obese and prevention from kidney pathological changes in KK-Ay mice. Zhong Yao Cai 2009, 32, 1571-1576.
(483)Reay, J. L.; Scholey, A. B.; Milne, A.; Fenwick, J.; Kennedy, D. O., Panax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, 1673-1678.
(484)Liu, Z.; Wang, L. J.; Li, X.; Hu, J. N.; Chen, Y.; Ruan, C. C.; Sun, G. Z., Hypoglycemic effects of malonyl-ginsenosides extracted from roots of Panax ginseng on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 1426-1430.
(485)Lim, S.; Yoon, J. W.; Choi, S. H.; Cho, B. J.; Kim, J. T.; Chang, H. S.; Park, H. S.; Park, K. S.; Lee, H. K.; Kim, Y. B.; Jang, H. C., Effect of ginsam, a vinegar extract from Panax ginseng, on body weight and glucose homeostasis in an obese insulin-resistant rat model. Metabolism 2009, 58, 8-15.
(486)Lee, H. J.; Lee, Y. H.; Park, S. K.; Kang, E. S.; Kim, H. J.; Lee, Y. C.; Choi, C. S.; Park, S. E.; Ahn, C. W.; Cha, B. S.; Lee, K. W.; Kim, K. S.; Lim, S. K.; Lee, H. C., Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves insulin sensitivity and attenuates the development of diabetes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Metabolism 2009, 58, 1170-1177.
(487)Hwang, J. T.; Lee, M. S.; Kim, H. J.; Sung, M. J.; Kim, H. Y.; Kim, M. S.; Kwon, D. Y., Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR-gamma signal pathways. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 262-266.
(488)Zhang, Z.; Li, X.; Lv, W.; Yang, Y.; Gao, H.; Yang, J.; Shen, Y.; Ning, G., Ginsenoside Re reduces insulin resistance through inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB. Mol. Endocrinol. 2008, 22, 186-195.
(489)Yin, J.; Zhang, H.; Ye, J., Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of metabolic syndrome. Endocr. Metab. Immune. Disord. Drug Targets 2008, 8, 99-111.
(490)Vuksan, V.; Sung, M. K.; Sievenpiper, J. L.; Stavro, P. M.; Jenkins, A. L.; Di Buono, M.; Lee, K. S.; Leiter, L. A.; Nam, K. Y.; Arnason, J. T.; Choi, M.; Naeem, A., Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2008, 18, 46-56.
(491)Park, M. W.; Ha, J.; Chung, S. H., 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and activates AMPK. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 31, 748-751.
(492)Ma, S. W.; Benzie, I. F.; Chu, T. T.; Fok, B. S.; Tomlinson, B.; Critchley, L. A., Effect of Panax ginseng supplementation on biomarkers of glucose tolerance, antioxidant status and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic subjects: results of a placebo-controlled human intervention trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2008, 10, 1125-1127.
(493)Lin, E.; Wang, Y.; Mehendale, S.; Sun, S.; Wang, C. Z.; Xie, J. T.; Aung, H. H.; Yuan, C. S., Antioxidant protection by American ginseng in pancreatic beta-cells. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2008, 36, 981-988.
(494)Kim, K.; Kim, H. Y., Korean red ginseng stimulates insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 120, 190-195.
(495)Chen, Z. H.; Li, J.; Liu, J.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, M. X.; Zhang, L., Saponins isolated from the root of Panax notoginseng showed significant anti-diabetic effects in KK-Ay mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2008, 36, 939-951.
(496)Yun, S. N.; Ko, S. K.; Lee, K. H.; Chung, S. H., Vinegar-processed ginseng radix improves metabolic syndrome induced by a high fat diet in ICR mice. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2007, 30, 587-595.
(497)Xie, J. T.; Wang, C. Z.; Ni, M.; Wu, J. A.; Mehendale, S. R.; Aung, H. H.; Foo, A.; Yuan, C. S., American ginseng berry juice intake reduces blood glucose and body weight in ob/ob mice. J. Food Sci. 2007, 72, 590-594.
(498)Trinh, H. T.; Han, S. J.; Kim, S. W.; Lee, Y. C.; Kim, D. H., Bifidus fermentation increases hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of red ginseng. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 17, 1127-1133.
(499)Su, C. F.; Cheng, J. T.; Liu, I. M., Increase of acetylcholine release by Panax ginseng root enhances insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 412, 101-104.
(500)Shang, W.; Yang, Y.; Jiang, B.; Jin, H.; Zhou, L.; Liu, S.; Chen, M., Ginsenoside Rb1 promotes adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by enhancing PPARgamma2 and C/EBPalpha gene expression. Life Sci. 2007, 80, 618-625.
(501)Lee, W. K.; Kao, S. T.; Liu, I. M.; Cheng, J. T., Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the active principles of Panax ginseng root to improve insulin sensitivity in fructose-rich chow-fed rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 2007, 39, 347-354.
(502)Kim, H. Y.; Kim, K., Protective effect of ginseng on cytokine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 2816-2823.
(503)Han, G. C.; Ko, S. K.; Sung, J. H.; Chung, S. H., Compound K enhances insulin secretion with beneficial metabolic effects in db/db mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 10641-10648.
(504)Banz, W. J.; Iqbal, M. J.; Bollaert, M.; Chickris, N.; James, B.; Higginbotham, D. A.; Peterson, R.; Murphy, L., Ginseng modifies the diabetic phenotype and genes associated with diabetes in the male ZDF rat. Phytomedicine 2007, 14, 681-689.
(505)Wang, H.; Reaves, L. A.; Edens, N. K., Ginseng extract inhibits lipolysis in rat adipocytes in vitro by activating phosphodiesterase 4. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 337-342.
(506)Lee, W. K.; Kao, S. T.; Liu, I. M.; Cheng, J. T., Increase of insulin secretion by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in Wistar rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006, 33, 27-32.
(507)Cho, W. C.; Yip, T. T.; Chung, W. S.; Lee, S. K.; Leung, A. W.; Cheng, C. H.; Yue, K. K., Altered expression of serum protein in ginsenoside Re-treated diabetic rats detected by SELDI-TOF MS. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 108, 272-279.
(508)Xie, J. T.; Wang, C. Z.; Wang, A. B.; Wu, J.; Basila, D.; Yuan, C. S., Antihyperglycemic effects of total ginsenosides from leaves and stem of Panax ginseng. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2005, 26, 1104-1110.
(509)Xie, J. T.; McHendale, S.; Yuan, C. S., Ginseng and diabetes. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2005, 33, 397-404.
(510)Luo, L.; Yin, H. J.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Y. R.; Liu, Y.; Shi, D. Z., Effect of ginseng fruit saponins on insulin sensitivity index in high fat-fed rats. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2005, 3, 463-465.
(511)Liu, T. P.; Liu, I. M.; Cheng, J. T., Improvement of insulin resistance by Panax ginseng in fructose-rich chow-fed rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 2005, 37, 146-151.
(512)Yun, S. N.; Moon, S. J.; Ko, S. K.; Im, B. O.; Chung, S. H., Wild ginseng prevents the onset of high-fat diet induced hyperglycemia and obesity in ICR mice. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2004, 27, 790-796.
(513)Xie, J. T.; Wu, J. A.; Mehendale, S.; Aung, H. H.; Yuan, C. S., Anti-hyperglycemic effect of the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in ob/ob mice. Phytomedicine 2004, 11, 182-187.
(514)Xie, J. T.; Mehendale, S. R.; Wang, A.; Han, A. H.; Wu, J. A.; Osinski, J.; Yuan, C. S., American ginseng leaf: ginsenoside analysis and hypoglycemic activity. Pharmacol. Res. 2004, 49, 113-117.
(515)Wang, B. X.; Zhou, Q. L.; Yang, M.; Wang, Y.; Cui, Z. Y.; Liu, Y. Q.; Ikejima, T., Hypoglycemic activity of ginseng glycopeptide. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2003, 24, 50-54.
(516)Wang, B. X.; Zhou, Q. L.; Yang, M.; Wang, Y.; Cui, Z. Y.; Liu, Y. Q.; Ikejima, T., Hypoglycemic mechanism of ginseng glycopeptide. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2003, 24, 61-66.
(517)Dey, L.; Xie, J. T.; Wang, A.; Wu, J.; Maleckar, S. A.; Yuan, C. S., Anti-hyperglycemic effects of ginseng: comparison between root and berry. Phytomedicine 2003, 10, 600-605.
(518)Xie, J. T.; Zhou, Y. P.; Dey, L.; Attele, A. S.; Wu, J. A.; Gu, M.; Polonsky, K. S.; Yuan, C. S., Ginseng berry reduces blood glucose and body weight in db/db mice. Phytomedicine 2002, 9, 254-258.
(519)Xie, J. T.; Aung, H. H.; Wu, J. A.; Attel, A. S.; Yuan, C. S., Effects of American ginseng berry extract on blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2002, 30, 187-194.
(520)Dey, L.; Zhang, L.; Yuan, C. S., Anti-diabetic and anti-obese effects of ginseng berry extract: comparison between intraperitoneal and oral administrations. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2002, 30, 645-647.
(521)Attele, A. S.; Zhou, Y. P.; Xie, J. T.; Wu, J. A.; Zhang, L.; Dey, L.; Pugh, W.; Rue, P. A.; Polonsky, K. S.; Yuan, C. S., Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes 2002, 51, 1851-1858.
(522)Chung, S. H.; Choi, C. G.; Park, S. H., Comparisons between white ginseng radix and rootlet for antidiabetic activity and mechanism in KKAy mice. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2001, 24, 214-218.
(523)Vuksan, V.; Stavro, M. P.; Sievenpiper, J. L.; Koo, V. Y.; Wong, E.; Beljan-Zdravkovic, U.; Francis, T.; Jenkins, A. L.; Leiter, L. A.; Josse, R. G.; Xu, Z., American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect of dose and time escalation. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2000, 19, 738-744.
(524)Vuksan, V.; Sievenpiper, J. L.; Koo, V. Y.; Francis, T.; Beljan-Zdravkovic, U.; Xu, Z.; Vidgen, E., American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160, 1009-1013.
(525)Ohnishi, Y.; Takagi, S.; Miura, T.; Usami, M.; Kako, M.; Ishihara, E.; Yano, H.; Tanigawa, K.; Seino, Y., Effect of Ginseng Radix on GLUT2 protein content in mouse liver in normal and epinephrine-induced hyperglycemic mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1996, 19, 1238-1240.
(526)Gong, Y. H.; Jiang, J. X.; Li, Z.; Zhu, L. H.; Zhang, Z. Z., Hypoglycemic effect of sanchinoside C1 in alloxan-diabetic mice. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1991, 26, 81-85.
(527)Yang, M.; Wang, B. X.; Jin, Y. L.; Wang, Y.; Cui, Z. Y., Effects of ginseng polysaccharides on reducing blood glucose and liver glycogen. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1990, 11, 520-524.
(528)Wang, B. X.; Yang, M.; Jin, Y. L.; Cui, Z. Y.; Wang, Y., Studies on the hypoglycemic effect of ginseng polypeptide. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1990, 25, 401-405.
(529)Takaku, T.; Kameda, K.; Matsuura, Y.; Sekiya, K.; Okuda, H., Studies on insulin-like substances in Korean red ginseng. Planta Med. 1990, 56, 27-30.
(530)Davydov, V. V.; Molokovskii, D. S.; Limarenko, A., Efficacy of ginseng drugs in experimental insulin-dependent diabetes and toxic hepatitis. Patol. Fiziol. Eksp. Ter. 1990, 49-52.
(531)Etou, H.; Sakata, T.; Fujimoto, K.; Terada, K.; Yoshimatsu, H.; Ookuma, K.; Hayashi, T.; Arichi, S., Ginsenoside-Rb1 as a suppressor in central modulation of feeding in the rat. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1988, 91, 9-15.
(532)Oshima, Y.; Sato, K.; Hikino, H., Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of quinquefolans A, B, and C, glycans of Panax quinquefolium roots. J. Nat. Prod. 1987, 50, 188-190.
(533)Oshima, Y.; Konno, C.; Hikino, H., Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans I, J, K and L, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1985, 14, 255-259.
(534)Ng, T. B.; Yeung, H. W., Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. Gen. Pharmacol. 1985, 16, 549-552.
(535)Konno, C.; Murakami, M.; Oshima, Y.; Hikino, H., Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans Q, R, S, T and U, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1985, 14, 69-74.
(536)Martinez, B.; Staba, E. J., The physiological effects of Aralia, Panax and Eleutherococcus on exercised rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1984, 35, 79-85.
(537)Konno, C.; Sugiyama, K.; Kano, M.; Takahashi, M.; Hikino, H., Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of panaxans A, B, C, D and E, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. Planta Med. 1984, 50, 434-436.
(538)Waki, I.; Kyo, H.; Yasuda, M.; Kimura, M., Effects of a hypoglycemic component of ginseng radix on insulin biosynthesis in normal and diabetic animals. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1982, 5, 547-554.
(539)Kimura, M.; Waki, I.; Tanaka, O.; Nagai, Y.; Shibata, S., Pharmacological sequential trials for the fractionation of components with hypoglycemic activity in alloxan diabetic mice from Ginseng Radix. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1981, 4, 402-409.
(540)Kimura, M.; Waki, I.; Chujo, T.; Kikuchi, T.; Hiyama, C.; Yamazaki, K.; Tanaka, O., Effects of hypoglycemic components in ginseng radix on blood insulin level in alloxan diabetic mice and on insulin release from perfused rat pancreas. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1981, 4, 410-417.
(541)Hiai, S.; Yokoyama, H.; Oura, H., Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion. Endocrinol. Jpn. 1979, 26, 737-740.
(542)Tung, N. H.; Song, G. Y.; Kim, J. A.; Hyun, J. H.; Kang, H. K.; Kim, Y. H., Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their effects on human leukemia cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 309-314.
(543)Xie, J. T.; Wang, C. Z.; Zhang, B.; Mehendale, S. R.; Li, X. L.; Sun, S.; Han, A. H.; Du, W.; He, T. C.; Yuan, C. S., In vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of american ginseng berry: exploring representative compounds. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 32, 1552-1558.
(544)Wang, C. Z.; Li, X. L.; Wang, Q. F.; Mehendale, S. R.; Fishbein, A. B.; Han, A. H.; Sun, S.; Yuan, C. S., The mitochondrial pathway is involved in American ginseng-induced apoptosis of SW-480 colon cancer cells. Oncol. Rep. 2009, 21, 577-584.
(545)Purup, S.; Larsen, E.; Christensen, L. P., Differential effects of falcarinol and related aliphatic C17-polyacetylenes on intestinal cell proliferation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 8290-8296.
(546)Park, S. E.; Park, C.; Kim, S. H.; Hossain, M. A.; Kim, M. Y.; Chung, H. Y.; Son, W. S.; Kim, G. Y.; Choi, Y. H.; Kim, N. D., Korean red ginseng extract induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 121, 304-312.
(547)Miller, S. C.; Delorme, D.; Shan, J. J., CVT-E002 stimulates the immune system and extends the life span of mice bearing a tumor of viral origin. J. Soc. Integr. Oncol. 2009, 7, 127-136.
(548)Li, H.; Ye, M.; Guo, H.; Tian, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, J.; Hu, Y.; Guo, D., Biotransformation of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol by Mucor spinosus. Phytochemistry 2009, 70, 1416-1420.
(549)Bi, X.; Zhao, Y.; Fang, W.; Yang, W., Anticancer activity of Panax notoginseng extract 20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD: Targetting beta-catenin signalling. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2009, 36, 1074-1078.
(550)Zhang, Q. H.; Wu, C. F.; Duan, L.; Yang, J. Y., Protective effects of total saponins from stem and leaf of Panax ginseng against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in mouse bone marrow cells and peripheral lymphocyte cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 293-302.
(551)Yang, M. C.; Seo, D. S.; Choi, S. U.; Park, Y. H.; Lee, K. R., Polyacetylenes from the roots of cultivated-wild ginseng and their cytotoxicity in vitro. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008, 31, 154-159.
(552)Wang, Y.; Jin, Y.; Zhou, C.; Qu, H.; Cheng, Y., Discovering active compounds from mixture of natural products by data mining approach. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2008, 46, 605-611.
(553)Huang, J.; Tang, X. H.; Ikejima, T.; Sun, X. J.; Wang, X. B.; Xi, R. G.; Wu, L. J., A new triterpenoid from Panax ginseng exhibits cytotoxicity through p53 and the caspase signaling pathway in the HepG2 cell line. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008, 31, 323-329.
(554)Wang, W.; Zhao, Y.; Rayburn, E. R.; Hill, D. L.; Wang, H.; Zhang, R., In vitro anti-cancer activity and structure-activity relationships of natural products isolated from fruits of Panax ginseng. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2007, 59, 589-601.
(555)Wang, C. Z.; Aung, H. H.; Ni, M.; Wu, J. A.; Tong, R.; Wicks, S.; He, T. C.; Yuan, C. S., Red American ginseng: ginsenoside constituents and antiproliferative activities of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius roots. Planta Med. 2007, 73, 669-674.
(556)Pawar, A. A.; Tripathi, D. N.; Ramarao, P.; Jena, G., Protective effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) against mitomycin C induced micronuclei in mice. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21, 1221-1227.
(557)Kitts, D. D.; Popovich, D. G.; Hu, C., Characterizing the mechanism for ginsenoside-induced cytotoxicity in cultured leukemia (THP-1) cells. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2007, 85, 1173-1183.
(558)Zhou, W.; Feng, M. Q.; Li, J. Y.; Zhou, P., Studies on the preparation, crystal structure and bioactivity of ginsenoside compound K. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2006, 8, 519-527.
(559)Wang, C. Z.; Zhang, B.; Song, W. X.; Wang, A.; Ni, M.; Luo, X.; Aung, H. H.; Xie, J. T.; Tong, R.; He, T. C.; Yuan, C. S., Steamed American ginseng berry: ginsenoside analyses and anticancer activities. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 9936-9942.
(560)Mannaa, F.; Abdel-Wahhab, M. A.; Ahmed, H. H.; Park, M. H., Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2006, 26, 198-206.
(561)Ji, Z. N.; Dong, T. T.; Ye, W. C.; Choi, R. C.; Lo, C. K.; Tsim, K. W., Ginsenoside Re attenuate beta-amyloid and serum-free induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 107, 48-52.
(562)Min, J. K.; Kim, J. H.; Cho, Y. L.; Maeng, Y. S.; Lee, S. J.; Pyun, B. J.; Kim, Y. M.; Park, J. H.; Kwon, Y. G., 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 prevents endothelial cell apoptosis via inhibition of a mitochondrial caspase pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 349, 987-994.
(563)He, K.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Li, P.; Yang, L., A dammarane glycoside derived from ginsenoside Rb3. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 53, 177-179.
(564)Zeng, X. L.; Tu, Z. G., Induction of differentiation by ginsenoside Rh2 in hepatocarcinoma cell SMMC-7721. Ai Zheng 2004, 23, 879-884.
(565)Popovich, D. G.; Kitts, D. D., Mechanistic studies on protopanaxadiol, Rh2, and ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) extract induced cytotoxicity in intestinal Caco-2 cells. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2004, 18, 143-149.
(566)Oh, S. H.; Yin, H. Q.; Lee, B. H., Role of the Fas/Fas ligand death receptor pathway in ginseng saponin metabolite-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2004, 27, 402-406.
(567)Choi, C. H.; Kang, G.; Min, Y. D., Reversal of p-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by protopanaxatriol ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 235-240.
(568)Shin, J. Y.; Song, J. Y.; Yun, Y. S.; Yang, H. O.; Rhee, D. K.; Pyo, S., Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2002, 24, 469-482.
(569)Popov, A. M., Comparative study of cytotoxic and hemolytic effects of triterpenoids isolated from Ginseng and Sea cucumber. Izv. Akad. Nauk Ser. Biol. 2002, Sep-Oct, 155-164.
(570)Park, I. H.; Piao, L. Z.; Kwon, S. W.; Lee, Y. J.; Cho, S. Y.; Park, M. K.; Park, J. H., Cytotoxic dammarane glycosides from processed ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 538-540.
(571)Kim, J. Y.; Lee, K. W.; Kim, S. H.; Wee, J. J.; Kim, Y. S.; Lee, H. J., Inhibitory effect of tumor cell proliferation and induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest by panaxytriol. Planta Med. 2002, 68, 119-122.
(572)Hasegawa, H.; Suzuki, R.; Nagaoka, T.; Tezuka, Y.; Kadota, S.; Saiki, I., Prevention of growth and metastasis of murine melanoma through enhanced natural-killer cytotoxicity by fatty acid-conjugate of protopanaxatriol. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 25, 861-866.
(573)Wu, X. G.; Zhu, D. H.; Li, X., Anticarcinogenic effect of red ginseng on the development of liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2001, 16 Suppl, S61-65.
(574)Chen, F. D.; Wu, M. C.; Wang, H. E.; Hwang, J. J.; Hong, C. Y.; Huang, Y. T.; Yen, S. H.; Ou, Y. H., Sensitization of a tumor, but not normal tissue, to the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation using Panax notoginseng extract. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2001, 29, 517-524.
(575)Bespalov, V. G.; Alexandrov, V. A.; Limarenko, A. Y.; Voytenkov, B. O.; Okulov, V. B.; Kabulov, M. K.; Peresunko, A. P.; Slepyan, L. I.; Davydov, V. V., Chemoprevention of mammary, cervix and nervous system carcinogenesis in animals using cultured Panax ginseng drugs and preliminary clinical trials in patients with precancerous lesions of the esophagus and endometrium. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2001, 16 Suppl, S42-53.
(576)Moon, J.; Yu, S. J.; Kim, H. S.; Sohn, J., Induction of G(1) cell cycle arrest and p27(KIP1) increase by panaxydol isolated from Panax ginseng. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2000, 59, 1109-1116.
(577)Lee, S. J.; Ko, W. G.; Kim, J. H.; Sung, J. H.; Moon, C. K.; Lee, B. H., Induction of apoptosis by a novel intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponin via cytochrome c-mediated activation of caspase-3 protease. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2000, 60, 677-685.
(578)Gao, R.; Jin, J.; Niu, Y., Potentiated effects of total saponins of Panax ginseng on inhibition of leukemic cells by cytotoxic drugs. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1999, 19, 17-19.
(579)Ferrando, A.; Vila, L.; Voces, J. A.; Cabral, A. C.; Alvarez, A. I.; Prieto, J. G., Effects of a standardized Panax ginseng extract on the skeletal muscle of the rat: a comparative study in animals at rest and under exercise. Planta Med. 1999, 65, 239-244.
(580)Kim, K. H.; Lee, Y. S.; Jung, I. S.; Park, S. Y.; Chung, H. Y.; Lee, I. R.; Yun, Y. S., Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2. Planta Med. 1998, 64, 110-115.
(581)Lee, Y. S.; Chung, I. S.; Lee, I. R.; Kim, K. H.; Hong, W. S.; Yun, Y. S., Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17, 323-331.
(582)Kim, Y. W.; Song, D. K.; Kim, W. H.; Lee, K. M.; Wie, M. B.; Kim, Y. H.; Kee, S. H.; Cho, M. K., Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract decreases serum gamma-globulin and IgG1 isotype in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 58, 55-58.
(583)Baek, N. I.; Kim, D. S.; Lee, Y. H.; Park, J. D.; Lee, C. B.; Kim, S. I., Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Planta Med. 1996, 62, 86-87.
(584)Hasegawa, H.; Sung, J. H.; Matsumiya, S.; Uchiyama, M.; Inouye, Y.; Kasai, R.; Yamasaki, K., Reversal of daunomycin and vinblastine resistance in multidrug-resistant P388 leukemia in vitro through enhanced cytotoxicity by triterpenoids. Planta Med. 1995, 61, 409-413.
(585)Mizuno, M.; Yamada, J.; Terai, H.; Kozukue, N.; Lee, Y. S.; Tsuchida, H., Differences in immunomodulating effects between wild and cultured Panax ginseng. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994, 200, 1672-1678.
(586)Matsunaga, H.; Katano, M.; Saita, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Mori, M., Potentiation of cytotoxicity of mitomycin C by a polyacetylenic alcohol, panaxytriol. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1994, 33, 291-297.
(587)Hasegawa, H.; Matsumiya, S.; Uchiyama, M.; Kurokawa, T.; Inouye, Y.; Kasai, R.; Ishibashi, S.; Yamasaki, K., Inhibitory effect of some triterpenoid saponins on glucose transport in tumor cells and its application to in vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities. Planta Med. 1994, 60, 240-243.
(588)Lin, S. G.; Zheng, X. L.; Chen, Q. Y.; Sun, J. J., Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on increased proliferation of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells stimulated by hypercholesterolemic serum. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1993, 14, 314-316.
(589)Fujimoto, Y.; Satoh, M.; Takeuchi, N.; Kirisawa, M., Cytotoxic acetylenes from Panax quinquefolium. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39, 521-523.
(590)Matsunaga, H.; Katano, M.; Yamamoto, H.; Fujito, H.; Mori, M.; Takata, K., Cytotoxic activity of polyacetylene compounds in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38, 3480-3482.
(591)Fujimoto, Y.; Satoh, M.; Takeuchi, N.; Kirisawa, M., Synthesis and absolute configurations of the cytotoxic polyacetylenes isolated from the callus of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38, 1447-1450.
(592)Ahn, B. Z.; Kim, S. I.; Lee, Y. H., Acetylpanaxydol and panaxydolchlorohydrin, two new polyenes from Korean ginseng with cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells. Arch. Pharm. 1989, 322, 223-226.
(593)Fujimoto, Y.; Satoh, M., A new cytotoxic chlorine-containing polyacetylene from the callus of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 4206-4208.
(594)Ahn, B. Z.; Kim, S. I., Heptadeca-1,8t-dien-4,6-diyne-3,10-diol, a substance cytotoxic to L1210 cells from Korean ginseng roots. Planta Med. 1988, 54, 183.
(595)Jie, Y. H.; Cammisuli, S.; Baggiolini, M., Immunomodulatory effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer in the mouse. Agents Actions. 1984, 15, 386-391.
(596)Liu, W. J.; Tang, H. T.; Jia, Y. T.; Ma, B.; Fu, J. F.; Wang, Y.; Lv, K. Y.; Xia, Z. F., Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Shock 2009, DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181ceede4.
(597)Yokozawa, T.; Liu, Z. W., The role of ginsenoside-Rd in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Ren. Fail. 2000, 22, 115-127.
(598)Zhang, Y., Protective effects of ginsenosides on warm ischemic damages of the rabbit kidney. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1992, 72, 84-85.
(599)Liu, L. Y.; Gemba, M., Stimulation of p-aminohippurate transport in renal cortical slices prepared from rats treated with ginsenosides. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1990, 13, 507-511.
(600)Kim, S. J.; Yuan, H. D.; Chung, S. H., Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses hepatic glucose production via AMP-activated protein kinase in HepG2 cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2010, 33, 325-328.
(601)Peng, X. D.; Dai, L. L.; Huang, C. Q.; He, C. M.; Yang, B.; Chen, L. J., Relationship between anti-fibrotic effect of Panax notoginseng saponins and serum cytokines in rat hepatic fibrosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 388, 31-34.
(602)Kang, K. S.; Yamabe, N.; Kim, H. Y.; Yokozawa, T., Effect of sun ginseng methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in rats. Phytomedicine 2007, 14, 840-845.
(603)Han, M.; Fu, S.; Fang, X. L., Comparison between the characteristics of absorption and pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb, of Panax notoginseng saponins. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2007, 42, 849-853.
(604)Lee, H.; Gonzalez, F. J.; Yoon, M., Ginsenoside Rf, a component of ginseng, regulates lipoprotein metabolism through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 339, 196-203.
(605)Yu, C. T.; Chen, J.; Teng, X. W.; Tong, V.; Chang, T. K., Lack of evidence for induction of CYP2B1, CYP3A23, and CYP1A2 gene expression by Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius extracts in adult rats and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2005, 33, 19-22.
(606)Kim, H. C.; Shin, E. J.; Jang, C. G.; Lee, M. K.; Eun, J. S.; Hong, J. T.; Oh, K. W., Pharmacological action of Panax ginseng on the behavioral toxicities induced by psychotropic agents. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2005, 28, 995-1001.
(607)Song, J. Y.; Akhalaia, M.; Platonov, A.; Kim, H. D.; Jung, I. S.; Han, Y. S.; Yun, Y. S., Effects of polysaccharide ginsan from Panax ginseng on liver function. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2004, 27, 531-538.
(608)Lin, C. F.; Wong, K. L.; Wu, R. S.; Huang, T. C.; Liu, C. F., Protection by hot water extract of Panax notoginseng on chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17, 1119-1122.
(609)Tran, Q. L.; Adnyana, I. K.; Tezuka, Y.; Harimaya, Y.; Saiki, I.; Kurashige, Y.; Tran, Q. K.; Kadota, S., Hepatoprotective effect of majonoside R2, the major saponin from Vietnamese Ginseng (Panax vietnamensis). Planta Med. 2002, 68, 402-406.
(610)Lee, H. C.; Hwang, S. G.; Lee, Y. G.; Sohn, H. O.; Lee, D. W.; Hwang, S. Y.; Kwak, Y. S.; Wee, J. J.; Joo, W. H.; Cho, Y. K.; Moon, J. Y., In vivo effects of Panax ginseng extracts on the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system in the liver of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-exposed guinea pig. Life Sci. 2002, 71, 759-769.
(611)Voces, J.; Alvarez, A. I.; Vila, L.; Ferrando, A.; Cabral de Oliveira, C.; Prieto, J. G., Effects of administration of the standardized Panax ginseng extract G115 on hepatic antioxidant function after exhaustive exercise. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 1999, 123, 175-184.
(612)Konoshima, T.; Takasaki, M.; Ichiishi, E.; Murakami, T.; Tokuda, H.; Nishino, H.; Duc, N. M.; Kasai, R.; Yamasaki, K., Cancer chemopreventive activity of majonoside-R2 from Vietnamese Ginseng, Panax vietnamensis. Cancer Lett. 1999, 147, 11-16.
(613)Cui, X.; Sakaguchi, T.; Ishizuka, D.; Tsukada, K.; Hatakeyama, K., Orally administered ginseng extract reduces serum total cholesterol and triglycerides that induce fatty liver in 66% hepatectomized rats. J. Int. Med. Res. 1998, 26, 181-187.
(614)Yokozawa, T.; Oura, H., Increased hepatic adenine nucleotide content by Ginseng. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991, 34, 79-82.
(615)Kim, H. S.; Jang, C. G.; Lee, M. K., Antinarcotic effects of the standardized ginseng extract G115 on morphine. Planta Med. 1990, 56, 158-163.
(616)Hata, T.; Kita, T.; Kawabata, A.; Itoh, E.; Kawashima, Y., Effect of ginseng-20S-prosapogenin on tissue blood flow measured by the hydrogen clearance method in sympathicotonic- or parasympathicotonic-type stressed mice. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1985, 8, 1068-1072.
(617)Yamamoto, M.; Uemura, T.; Nakama, S.; Uemiya, M.; Kumagai, A., Serum HDL-cholesterol-increasing and fatty liver-improving actions of Panax ginseng in high cholesterol diet-fed rats with clinical effect on hyperlipidemia in man. Am. J. Chin. Med. 1983, 11, 96-101.
(618)Qureshi, A. A.; Abuirmeileh, N.; Din, Z. Z.; Ahmad, Y.; Burger, W. C.; Elson, C. E., Suppression of cholesterogenesis and reduction of LDL cholesterol by dietary ginseng and its fractions in chicken liver. Atherosclerosis 1983, 48, 81-94.
(619)Lee, J. H.; Shim, J. S.; Chung, M. S.; Lim, S. T.; Kim, K. H., Inhibition of pathogen adhesion to host cells by polysaccharides from Panax ginseng. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2009, 73, 209-212.
(620)Sung, W. S.; Lee, D. G., The combination effect of Korean red ginseng saponins with kanamycin and cefotaxime against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 31, 1614-1617.
(621)Bae, E. A.; Han, M. J.; Baek, N. I.; Kim, D. H., In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of panaxytriol isolated from Ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2001, 24, 297-299.
(622)Sung, H.; Jung, Y. S.; Cho, Y. K., Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin. Vaccine. Immunol. 2009, 16, 1127-1131.
(623)Lam, S. K.; Ng, T. B., A xylanase from roots of sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng) with inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. Life Sci. 2002, 70, 3049-3058.
(624)Lam, S. K.; Ng, T. B., Pananotin, a potent antifungal protein from roots of the traditional chinese medicinal herb Panax notoginseng. Planta Med. 2002, 68, 1024-1028.
(625)Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B., Quinqueginsin, a novel protein with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antifungal, ribonuclease and cell-free translation-inhibitory activities from American Ginseng roots. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 269, 203-208.
(626)Tung, N. H.; Song, G. Y.; Nhiem, N. X.; Ding, Y.; Tai, B. H.; Jin, L. G.; Lim, C. M.; Hyun, J. W.; Park, C. J.; Kang, H. K.; Kim, Y. H., Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their intracellular radical scavenging capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 868-874.
(627)Ye, R.; Li, N.; Han, J.; Kong, X.; Cao, R.; Rao, Z.; Zhao, G., Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rd against oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci. Res. 2009, 64, 306-310.
(628)Yang, J.; Lei, Y.; Cui, W.; Fang, S.; Chen, K., Mechanisms of delay endothelial cell replicative senescence by extracts from Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng and Ligusticum chuanxiong. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009, 34, 1544-1548.
(629)Shukla, R.; Kumar, M., Role of Panax ginseng as an antioxidant after cadmium-induced hepatic injuries. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 769-773.
(630)Park, B. J.; Lim, Y. S.; Lee, H. J.; Eum, W. S.; Park, J.; Han, K. H.; Choi, S. Y.; Lee, K. S., Anti-oxidative effects of Phellinus linteus and red ginseng extracts on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. BMB Rep. 2009, 42, 500-505.
(631)Li, X. T.; Chen, R.; Jin, L. M.; Chen, H. Y., Regulation on energy metabolism and protection on mitochondria of Panax ginseng polysaccharide. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2009, 37, 1139-1152.
(632)Lee, S. R.; Kim, M. R.; Yon, J. M.; Baek, I. J.; Park, C. G.; Lee, B. J.; Yun, Y. W.; Nam, S. Y., Black ginseng inhibits ethanol-induced teratogenesis in cultured mouse embryos through its effects on antioxidant activity. Toxicol. In Vitro 2009, 23, 47-52.
(633)Lee, M.; Sorn, S.; Baek, S.; Jang, S.; Kim, S., Antioxidant and apoptotic effects of korean white ginseng extracted with the same ratio of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponins in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2009, 1171, 217-227.
(634)Kim, Y. O.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, G. S.; Park, H. G.; Lim, S. J.; Seong, N. S.; Ham, Y. W.; Lee, S. D.; Jang, K. H.; Jung, K. H.; Chung, J. H.; Kang, S. A., Panax ginseng protects against global ischemia injury in rat hippocampus. J. Med. Food 2009, 12, 71-76.
(635)Karadeniz, A.; Cemek, M.; Simsek, N., The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2009, 72, 231-235.
(636)Dickman, J. R.; Koenig, R. T.; Ji, L. L., American ginseng supplementation induces an oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2009, 28, 219-228.
(637)Zheng, M.; Qu, L.; Lou, Y., Effects of icariin combined with Panax notoginseng saponins on ischemia reperfusion-induced cognitive impairments related with oxidative stress and CA1 of hippocampal neurons in rat. Phytother. Res. 2008, 22, 597-604.
(638)Samukawa, K.; Suzuki, Y.; Ohkubo, N.; Aoto, M.; Sakanaka, M.; Mitsuda, N., Protective effect of ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1 on oxidation-induced impairment of erythrocyte membrane properties. Biorheology 2008, 45, 689-700.
(639)Wang, C. Z.; Mehendale, S. R.; Yuan, C. S., Commonly used antioxidant botanicals: active constituents and their potential role in cardiovascular illness. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2007, 35, 543-558.
(640)Lee, J.; Jung, E.; Huh, S.; Kim, J.; Park, M.; So, J.; Ham, Y.; Jung, K.; Hyun, C. G.; Kim, Y. S.; Park, D., Panax ginseng induces human Type I collagen synthesis through activation of Smad signaling. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 109, 29-34.
(641)Kim, K. T.; Yoo, K. M.; Lee, J. W.; Eom, S. H.; Hwang, I. K.; Lee, C. Y., Protective effect of steamed American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on V79-4 cells induced by oxidative stress. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 443-450.
(642)Geetha, T.; Saini, A.; Kaur, I. P., Ginseng extract exhibits antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in various strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2006, 44, 838-841.
(643)Kim, S. H.; Park, K. S.; Chang, M. J.; Sung, J. H., Effects of Panax ginseng extract on exercise-induced oxidative stress. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 2005, 45, 178-182.
(644)Cabral de Oliveira, A. C.; Perez, A. C.; Prieto, J. G.; Duarte, I. D.; Alvarez, A. I., Protection of Panax ginseng in injured muscles after eccentric exercise. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 97, 211-214.
(645)Yokozawa, T.; Satoh, A.; Cho, E. J., Ginsenoside-Rd attenuates oxidative damage related to aging in senescence-accelerated mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2004, 56, 107-113.
(646)Kitts, D. D.; Wijewickreme, A. N.; Hu, C., Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Mol. Cell Biochem. 2000, 203, 1-10.
(647)Zhang, D.; Yasuda, T.; Yu, Y.; Zheng, P.; Kawabata, T.; Ma, Y.; Okada, S., Ginseng extract scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects unsaturated fatty acids from decomposition caused by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1996, 20, 145-150.
(648)Deng, H. L.; Zhang, J. T., Anti-lipid peroxilative effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. Chin. Med. J. 1991, 104, 395-398.
(649)Bark, K. M.; Heo, E. P.; Han, K. D.; Kim, M. B.; Lee, S. T.; Gil, E. M.; Kim, T. H., Evaluation of the phototoxic potential of plants used in oriental medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 127, 11-18.
(650)Song, X.; Zang, L.; Hu, S., Amplified immune response by ginsenoside-based nanoparticles (ginsomes). Vaccine 2009, 27, 2306-2311.
(651)Song, X.; Hu, S., Adjuvant activities of saponins from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Vaccine 2009, 27, 4883-4890.
(652)Song, X.; Chen, J.; Sakwiwatkul, K.; Li, R.; Hu, S., Enhancement of immune responses to influenza vaccine (H3N2) by ginsenoside Re. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2009.
(653)Song, X.; Bao, S.; Wu, L.; Hu, S., Ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) and mineral oil act synergistically to enhance the immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease in mice. Vaccine 2009, 27, 51-55.
(654)Senchina, D. S.; Shah, N. B.; Doty, D. M.; Sanderson, C. R.; Hallam, J. E., Herbal supplements and athlete immune function--what's proven, disproven, and unproven? Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 2009, 15, 66-106.
(655)Kim, M. H.; Byon, Y. Y.; Ko, E. J.; Song, J. Y.; Yun, Y. S.; Shin, T.; Joo, H. G., Immunomodulatory activity of ginsan, a polysaccharide of Panax ginseng, on dendritic cells. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2009, 13, 169-173.
(656)Zheng, A.; Moritani, T., Effect of the combination of ginseng, oriental bezoar and glycyrrhiza on autonomic nervous activity and immune system under mental arithmetic stress. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 2008, 54, 244-249.
(657)Zhou, C. Q.; Zhang, Y., Immunomodulatory effect of Indian Ginseng root extract on immunodeficiency mice. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2008, 33, 2014-2018.
(658)Sun, Y.; Tong, H.; Li, M.; Li, Y.; Guan, S.; Liu, J., Immunological adjuvant effect of Japanese Ginseng saponins (JGS) on specific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin and its haemolytic activities. Vaccine 2008, 26, 5911-5917.
(659)Li, J.; Xie, M.; Gan, Y., Effect of Xiaochaihu decoction and different herbal formulation of component on inhibiting H22 liver cancer in mice and enhancing immune function. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2008, 33, 1039-1044.
(660)Kang, K. A.; Kang, J. H.; Yang, M. P., Ginseng total saponin enhances the phagocytic capacity of canine peripheral blood phagocytes in vitro. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2008, 36, 329-341.
(661)Du Xiao, F.; Jiang, C. Z.; Wu, C. F.; Won, E. K.; Choung, S. Y., Synergistic immunostimulatory effect of pidotimod and red ginseng acidic polysaccharide on humoral immunity of immunosuppressed mice. Pharmazie. 2008, 63, 904-908.
(662)Du, X. F.; Jiang, C. Z.; Wu, C. F.; Won, E. K.; Choung, S. Y., Synergistic immunostimulating activity of pidotimod and red ginseng acidic polysaccharide against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008, 31, 1153-1159.
(663)Choi, K. T., Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2008, 29, 1109-1118.
(664)Biondo, P. D.; Robbins, S. J.; Walsh, J. D.; McCargar, L. J.; Harber, V. J.; Field, C. J., A randomized controlled crossover trial of the effect of ginseng consumption on the immune response to moderate exercise in healthy sedentary men. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2008, 33, 966-975.
(665)Biondo, P. D.; Goruk, S.; Ruth, M. R.; O'Connell, E.; Field, C. J., Effect of CVT-E002 (COLD-fX) versus a ginsenoside extract on systemic and gut-associated immune function. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2008, 8, 1134-1142.
(666)Zhou, Q.; Liang, L. J.; Zhang, L.; Zhen, Y. Y.; Su, C. K., Effect of Shenfu injection in postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2007, 32, 335-338.
(667)Yang, Z.; Chen, A.; Sun, H.; Ye, Y.; Fang, W., Ginsenoside Rd elicits Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2007, 25, 161-169.
(668)Wang, J. Y.; Ma, G. W.; Dai, S. Q.; Rong, T. H.; Wang, X.; Lin, P.; Ye, W. F.; Zhang, L. J.; Li, X. D.; Zhang, X.; Yao, G. Y., Effect of cellular immune supportive treatment on immunity of esophageal carcinoma patients after modern two-field lymph node dissection. Ai Zheng 2007, 26, 778-781.
(669)Sun, J.; Hu, S.; Song, X., Adjuvant effects of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponins from ginseng roots on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2007, 25, 1114-1120.
(670)Quan, F. S.; Compans, R. W.; Cho, Y. K.; Kang, S. M., Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection. Vaccine 2007, 25, 272-282.
(671)Kim, H. J.; Kim, M. H.; Byon, Y. Y.; Park, J. W.; Jee, Y.; Joo, H. G., Radioprotective effects of an acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng on bone marrow cells. J. Vet. Sci. 2007, 8, 39-44.
(672)Sun, H. X.; Chen, Y.; Ye, Y., Ginsenoside Re and notoginsenoside R1: Immunologic adjuvants with low haemolytic effect. Chem. Biodivers. 2006, 3, 718-726.
(673)Sun, H.; Yang, Z.; Ye, Y., Structure and biological activity of protopanaxatriol-type saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006, 6, 14-25.
(674)Shin, H. Y.; Jeong, H. J.; Hong, S. H.; Um, J. Y.; Shin, T. Y.; Kwon, S. J.; Jee, S. Y.; Seo, B. I.; Shin, S. S.; Yang, D. C.; Kim, H. M., The effect of Panax ginseng on forced immobility time & immune function in mice. Indian. J. Med. Res. 2006, 124, 199-206.
(675)Lee, J. H.; Han, Y., Ginsenoside Rg1 helps mice resist to disseminated candidiasis by Th1 type differentiation of CD4+ T cell. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006, 6, 1424-1430.
(676)Sun, H. X.; Qin, F.; Ye, Y. P., Relationship between haemolytic and adjuvant activity and structure of protopanaxadiol-type saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Vaccine 2005, 23, 5533-5542.
(677)Sun, H.; Ye, Y.; Pan, Y., Immunological-adjuvant saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Chem. Biodivers. 2005, 2, 510-515.
(678)Song, Z.; Moser, C.; Wu, H.; Larsen, M. W.; Johansen, H. K.; Faber, V.; Kharazmi, A.; Hoiby, N., Ginseng modulates the immune response via its effect on cytokine production. Ugeskr Laeger 2005, 167, 3054-3056.
(679)Rivera, E.; Ekholm Pettersson, F.; Inganas, M.; Paulie, S.; Gronvik, K. O., The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. Vaccine 2005, 23, 5411-5419.
(680)Liou, C. J.; Huang, W. C.; Tseng, J., Long-term oral administration of Ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2005, 33, 651-661.
(681)Han, S. K.; Song, J. Y.; Yun, Y. S.; Yi, S. Y., Ginsan improved Th1 immune response inhibited by gamma radiation. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2005, 28, 343-350.
(682)Zeng, X. L.; Tu, Z. G., Effect of telomerase on ginsenoside Rh2-induced differentiation of hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721. Ai Zheng 2004, 23, 1655-1659.
(683)Wang, M.; Guilbert, L. J.; Li, J.; Wu, Y.; Pang, P.; Basu, T. K.; Shan, J. J., A proprietary extract from North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) enhances IL-2 and IFN-gamma productions in murine spleen cells induced by Con-A. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2004, 4, 311-315.
(684)Sun, H. X.; Ye, Y. P.; Pan, H. J.; Pan, Y. J., Adjuvant effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2004, 22, 3882-3889.
(685)Larsen, M. W.; Moser, C.; Hoiby, N.; Song, Z.; Kharazmi, A., Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin-12 production. APMIS : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 2004, 112, 369-373.
(686)Sun, H. X.; Pan, H. J.; Pan, Y. J., Haemolytic activities and immunologic adjuvant effect of Panax notoginseng saponins. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2003, 24, 1150-1154.
(687)Qian, X. D.; Gao, R. L.; Ma, K.; Jin, J. M., Proliferation and differentiation of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells induced by Panax notoginosides. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2003, 11, 120-123.
(688)Gai, Y.; Gao, R. L.; Niu, Y. P., Effect of Panax notoginsenosides on the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in mice with immune-mediated aplastic anemia. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2003, 23, 680-683.
(689)Wang, M.; Guilbert, L. J.; Ling, L.; Li, J.; Wu, Y.; Xu, S.; Pang, P.; Shan, J. J., Immunomodulating activity of CVT-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2001, 53, 1515-1523.
(690)Jin, J.; Tao, H.; Gao, R., Effect of ginsenosides on proliferation and differentiation of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000, 20, 673-676.
(691)Song, Z.; Kharazmi, A.; Wu, H.; Faber, V.; Moser, C.; Krogh, H. K.; Rygaard, J.; Hoiby, N., Effects of ginseng treatment on neutrophil chemiluminescence and immunoglobulin G subclasses in a rat model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1998, 5, 882-887.
(692)Song, Z. J.; Johansen, H. K.; Faber, V.; Hoiby, N., Ginseng treatment enhances bacterial clearance and decreases lung pathology in athymic rats with chronic P. aeruginosa pneumonia. APMIS 1997, 105, 438-444.
(693)Liu, M.; Zhang, J. T., Studies on the mechanisms of immunoregulatory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in aged rats. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1996, 31, 95-100.
(694)Gao, H.; Wang, F.; Lien, E. J.; Trousdale, M. D., Immunostimulating polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng. Pharm. Res. 1996, 13, 1196-1200.
(695)Liu, M.; Zhang, J. T., Immunoregulatory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in aged rats. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1995, 30, 818-823.
(696)Liu, J.; Wang, S.; Liu, H.; Yang, L.; Nan, G., Stimulatory effect of saponin from Panax ginseng on immune function of lymphocytes in the elderly. Mech. Ageing. Dev. 1995, 83, 43-53.
(697)Kim, J. Y.; Germolec, D. R.; Luster, M. I., Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 1990, 12, 257-276.
(698)Kenarova, B.; Neychev, H.; Hadjiivanova, C.; Petkov, V. D., Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1990, 54, 447-454.
(699)林福文, 國立成功大學博士論文, 1.雲南丹參三葉鼠尾及厚殼桂枝成分與生物活性研究 2.Salviamines及Isosalviamines之半合成研究. 2002.
(700)Kawahara, N.; Inoue, M.; Kawai, K. I.; Sekita, S.; Satake, M.; Goda, Y., Diterpenoid from Salvia greggii. Phytochemistry 2003, 63, 859-862.
(701)Kawahara, N.; Tamura, T.; Inoue, M.; Hosoe, T.; Kawai, K. I.; Sekita, S.; Satake, M.; Goda, Y., Diterpenoid glucosides from Salvia greggii. Phytochemistry 2004, 65, 2577-2581.
(702)Cioffi, G.; Bader, A.; Malafronte, A.; Dal Piaz, F.; De Tommasi, N., Secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Salvia palaestina Bentham. Phytochemistry 2008, 69, 1005-1012.
(703)Matloubi Moghddam, F.; Moridi Farimani, M.; Taheri, S.; Tafazoli, M.; Amin, G., Chemical constituents from Salvia macrosiphon. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2008, 44, 518-519.
(704)Dittmann, K.; Gerhäuser, C.; Klimo, K.; Hamburger, M., HPLC-based activity profiling of Salvia miltiorrhiza for MAO A and iNOS inhibitory activities. Planta Med. 2004, 70, 909-913.
(705)Don, M. J.; Shen, C. C.; Lin, Y.-L.; Syu, W., Jr.; Ding, Y. H.; Sun, C. M., Nitrogen-containing compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza. J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 1066-1070.
(706)Kim, D. H.; Jeon, S. J.; Jung, J. W.; Lee, S.; Yoon, B. H.; Shin, B. Y.; Son, K. H.; Cheong, J. H.; Kim, Y. S.; Kang, S. S.; Ko, K. H.; Ryu, J. H., Tanshinone congeners improve memory impairments induced by scopolamine on passive avoidance tasks in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 574, 140-147.
(707)Don, M. J.; Shen, C.-C.; Syu, W., Jr.; Ding, Y. H.; Sun, C. M., Cytotoxic and aromatic constituents from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 497-503.
(708)Ren, Y.; Houghton, P. J.; Hider, R. C.; Howes, M. J. R., Novel diterpenoid acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Salvia miltiorhiza. Planta Med. 2004, 70, 201-204.
(709)Dat, N. T.; Jin, X.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, D.; Hong, Y. S.; Lee, K.; Kim, Y. H.; Lee, J. J., Abietane diterpenes from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibit the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 1093-1097.
(710)Wang, X.; Bastow, K. F.; Sun, C. M.; Lin, Y. L.; Yu, H. J.; Don, M. J.; Wu, T. S.; Nakamura, S.; Lee, K. H., Antitumor agents. 239. isolation, structure elucidation, total synthesis, and anti-breast cancer activity of neo-tanshinlactone from Salvia miltiorrhiza. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 5816-5819.
(711)Sun, C. M.; Chin, T. M.; Lin, Y. L.; Chen, C. J.; Chen, W. C.; Wu, T. S.; Don, M. J., Isolation, structure elucidation, and syntheses of isoneocryptotanshinone II and tanshinlactone a from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Heterocycles 2006, 68, 247-255.
(712)Han, Y. M.; Oh, H.; Na, M.; Kim, B. S.; Oh, W. K.; Kim, B. Y.; Jeong, D. G.; Ryu, S. E.; Sok, D. E.; Ahn, J. S., PTP1B inhibitory effect of abietane diterpenes isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 28, 1795-1797.
(713)Wang, C. Y.; Ma, F. L.; Liu, J. T.; Tian, J. W.; Fu, F. H., Protective effect of salvianic acid a on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 30, 44-47.
(714)Zhang, Y.; Akao, T.; Nakamura, N.; Duan, C. L.; Hattori, M.; Yang, X. W.; Liu, J. X., Extremely low bioavailability of magnesium lithospermate B, an active component from Salvia miltiorrhiza, in rat. Planta Med. 2004, 70, 138-142.
(715)Yoon, J. Y.; Ahn, S. H.; Oh, H.; Kim, Y. S.; Ryu, S. Y.; Ho, W. K.; Lee, S. H., A novel Na+ channel agonist, dimethyl lithospermate B, slows Na+ current inactivation and increases action potential duration in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 143, 765-773.
(716)Kang, D. G.; Oh, H.; Sohn, E. J.; Hur, T. Y.; Lee, K. C.; Kim, K. J.; Kim, T. Y.; Lee, H. S., Lithospermic acid B isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats. Life Sci. 2004, 75, 1801-1816.
(717)Lin, Y. L.; Lee, T. F.; Huang, Y. J.; Huang, Y. T., Antiproliferative effect of salvianolic acid A on rat hepatic stellate cells. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2006, 58, 933-939.
(718)Lin, F. W.; Damu, A. G.; Wu, T. S., Abietane diterpene alkaloids from Salvia Yunnanensis. J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 69, 93-96.
(719)Xu, G.; Peng, L. Y.; Lu, L.; Weng, Z. Y.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X. L.; Zhao, Q. S.; Sun, H. D., Two new abietane diterpenoids from Salvia yunnanensis. Planta Med. 2006, 72, 84-86.
(720)Al Yousuf, M. H.; Bashir, A. K.; Blunden, G.; Crabb, T. A.; Patel, A. V., 6-Methylcryptoacetalide, 6-methyl-epicryptoacetalide and 6-methylcryptotanshinone from Salvia aegyptiaca. Phytochemistry 2002, 61, 361-365.
(721)Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhang, H.; Sha, Y.; Pei, Y.; Hua, H., New germacrane sesquiterpenes from Salvia chinensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 56, 843-846.
(722)Fontana, G.; Savona, G.; Rodríguez, B., Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of clerodane diterpenoids of Salvia splendens. Magn. Reson. CHem. 2006, 44, 962-965.
(723)Fontana, G.; Savona, G.; Rodríguez, B., Clerodane diterpenoids from Salvia splendens. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1734-1738.
(724)Rodriguez, B., A methoxyabietane diterpenoid from the root of Salvia phlomoides and structural correction of another diterpene from Cryptomeria japonica. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences 2003, 58, 324-327.
(725)Topcu, G.; Altiner, E. N.; Gozcu, S.; Halfon, B.; Aydogmus, Z.; Pezzuto, J. M.; Zhou, B. N.; Kingston, D. G. I., Studies on di- and triterpenoids from Salvia staminea with cytotoxic activity. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 464-467.
(726)Fraga, B. M.; Diaz, C. E.; Guadano, A.; Gonzalez-Coloma, A., Diterpenes from Salvia broussonetii transformed roots and their insecticidal activity. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2005, 53, 5200-5206.
(727)Tan, N.; Kaloga, M.; Radtke, O. A.; Kiderlen, A. F.; Öksüz, S.; Ulubelen, A.; Kolodziej, H., Abietane diterpenoids and triterpenoic acids from Salvia cilicica and their antileishmanial activities. Phytochemistry 2002, 61, 881-884.
(728)Hou, Z. F.; Xie, Z. X.; Tu, Y. Q.; Li, Y., Triterpenes and triterpene glycosides from Salvia tricupis. Indian J. Chem. B 2002, 41, 234-236.
(729)Guerrero, I. C.; Andres, L. S.; Leon, L. G.; Machin, R. P.; Padron, J. M.; Luis, J. G.; Delgadillo, J., Abietane diterpenoids from Salvia pachyphylla and S. clevelandii with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1803-1805.
(730)Esquivel, B.; Tello, R.; Sánchez, A. A., Unsaturated diterpenoids with a novel carbocyclic skeleton from Salvia xalapensis. J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 787-790.
(731)Shirota, O.; Nagamatsu, K.; Sekita, S., Neo-clerodane diterpenes from the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1782-1786.
(732)Lee, D. Y. W.; Ma, Z.; Liu-Chen, L. Y.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Carlezon Jr, W. A.; Cohen, B., New neoclerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum and their binding affinities for human κ opioid receptors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2005, 13, 5635-5639.
(733)Bigham, A. K.; Munro, T. A.; Rizzacasa, M. A.; Robins-Browne, R. M., Divinatorins A−C, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from the controlled sage Salvia divinorum. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 1242-1244.
(734)Munro, T. A.; Rizzacasa, M. A., Salvinorins D−F, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia divinorum, and an improved method for the isolation of salvinorin A. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 703-705.
(735)Tidgewell, K.; Harding, W. W.; Schmidt, M.; Holden, K. G.; Murry, D. J.; E. Prisinzano, T., A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 5099-5102.
(736)Béguin, C.; Richards, M. R.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Liu Chen, L. Y.; Ma, Z.; Lee, D. Y. W.; Carlezon Jr, W. A.; Cohen, B. M., Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of salvinorin A analogues modified at C(2). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 2761-2765.
(737)Carlezon, W. A., Jr.; Beguin, C.; DiNieri, J. A.; Baumann, M. H.; Richards, M. R.; Todtenkopf, M. S.; Rothman, R. B.; Ma, Z.; Lee, D. Y.; Cohen, B. M., Depressive-like effects of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A on behavior and neurochemistry in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2006, 316, 440-447.
(738)Ansonoff, M. A.; Zhang, J.; Czyzyk, T.; Rothman, R. B.; Stewart, J.; Xu, H.; Zjwiony, J.; Siebert, D. J.; Yang, F.; Roth, B. L.; Pintar, J. E., Antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of Salvinorin A are abolished in a novel strain of kappa-opioid receptor-1 knockout mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2006, 318, 641-648.
(739)Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Xu, W.; Lee, D. Y.; Ma, Z.; Rawls, S. M.; Cowan, A.; Liu, C.; Lee, Y., 2-Methoxymethyl-salvinorin B is a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist with longer lasting action in vivo than salvinorin A. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008, 324, 1073-1083.
(740)Harding, W. W.; Schmidt, M.; Tidgewell, K.; Kannan, P.; Holden, K. G.; Gilmour, B.; Navarro, H.; Rothman, R. B.; Prisinzano, T. E., Synthetic studies of neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum:  semisynthesis of salvinicins A and B and other chemical transformations of salvinorin A. J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 69, 107-112.
(741)Kutrzeba, L. M.; Ferreira, D.; Zjawiony, J. K., Salvinorins J from Salvia divinorum: mutarotation in the neoclerodane system. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 1361-1363.
(742)Harding, W. W.; Tidgewell, K.; Schmidt, M.; Shah, K.; Dersch, C. M.; Snyder, J.; Parrish, D.; Deschamps, J. R.; Rothman, R. B.; Prisinzano, T. E., Salvinicins A and B, new neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3017-3020.
(743)Xu, G.; Peng, L. Y.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X. L.; Tu, L.; Zhao, Q. S.; Sun, H. D., Two new icetexane diterpenoids from Salvia przewalskii. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 53, 1575-1576.
(744)Wan, A. K. S.; Leung, S. W. S.; Zhu, D. Y.; Man, R. Y. K., Vascular effects of different lipophilic components of “Danshen”, a traditional Chinese medicine, in the isolated porcine coronary artery. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1825-1828.
(745)Xu, G.; Hou, A. J.; Zheng, Y. T.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X. L.; Peng, L. Y.; Zhao, Q. S., Przewalskin B, a novel diterpenoid with an unprecedented skeleton from Salvia przewalskii Maxim. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 291-293.
(746)Xu, G.; Hou, A. J.; Wang, R. R.; Liang, G. Y.; Zheng, Y. T.; Liu, Z. Y.; Li, X. L.; Zhao, Y.; Huang, S. X.; Peng, L. Y.; Zhao, Q. S., Przewalskin A: a new C-23 terpenoid with a 6/6/7 carbon ring skeleton from Salvia przewalskii Maxim. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 4453-4456.
(747)Xu, G.; Peng, L. Y.; Tu, L.; Li, X. L.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, P. T.; Zhao, Q. S., Three new diterpenoids from Salvia przewalskii Maxim. Helv. Chim. Acta 2009, 92, 409-413.
(748)Kabouche, A.; Boutaghane, N.; Kabouche, Z.; Seguin, E.; Tillequin, F.; Benlabed, K., Components and antibacterial activity of the roots of Salvia jaminiana. Fitoterapia 2005, 76, 450-452.
(749)Li, Y.; Wu, Y. Q.; Du, X.; Shi, Y. P., Germacrane sesquiterpene esters from Salvia roborowskii. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 782-784.
(750)Liu, Y.; Shi, Y. P.; Li, C.; Shi, J. G., Two new sesquiterpenes from Salvia roborowskii Maxim. Helv. Chim. Acta 2009, 92, 335-338.
(751)Li, Y.; Wu, Y. Q.; Shi, Y. P., Lupane triterpenoids from Salvia roborowskii Maxim. Pharmazie 2003, 58, 937-938.
(752)Rauter, A. P.; Branco, I.; Lopes, R. G.; Justino, J.; Silva, F. V. M.; Noronha, J. P.; Cabrita, E. J.; Brouard, I.; Bermejo, J., A new lupene triterpenetriol and anticholinesterase activity of Salvia sclareoides. Fitoterapia 2007, 78, 474-481.
(753)Zahid, M.; Ishrud, O.; Pan, Y.; Asim, M.; Riaz, M.; Uddin Ahmad, V., Flavonoid glycosides from Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. Carbohydrate Research 2002, 337, 403-407.
(754)Zahid, M.; Saeed, M.; Asim, M.; Ishrud, O.; Wu, S.; Ahmad, V. U.; Pan, Y., New glycosides from Salvia moorcroftiana (Lamiaceae). Helv. Chim. Acta 2003, 86, 2021-2027.
(755)Xu, G.; Peng, L. Y.; Niu, X. M.; Zhao, Q. S.; Li, R. T.; Sun, H. D., Novel diterpenoids from Salvia dugesii. Helv. Chim. Acta 2004, 87, 949-955.
(756)Ulubelen, A.; Birman, H.; Öksüz, S.; Topçu, G.; Kolak, U.; Barla, A.; Voelter, W., Cardioactive diterpenes from the roots of Salvia eriophora. Planta Med. 2002, 68, 818-821.
(757)Kabouche, A.; Kabouche, Z.; Touzani, R.; Bruneau, C., Diterpenes and sterols from the roots of Salvia verbenaca subsp clandestina. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2008, 44, 824-825.
(758)Ahmed, B.; Al-Howiriny, T. A.; Mossa, J. S.; El Tahir, K. E. H., Isolation, antihypertensive activity and structure activity relationship of flavonoids from three medicinal plants. Indian J. Chem. B 2005, 44, 400-404.
(759)Kavvadias, D.; Monschein, V.; Sand, P.; Riederer, P.; Schreier, P., Constituents of sage (Salvia officinalis) with in vitro affinity to human brain benzodiazepine receptor. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 113-117.
(760)Ninomiya, K.; Matsuda, H.; Shimoda, H.; Nishida, N.; Kasajima, N.; Yoshino, T.; Morikawa, T.; Yoshikawa, M., Carnosic acid, a new class of lipid absorption inhibitor from sage. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 1943-1946.
(761)Ahmed, A. A.; Mohamed, A. E.-H. H.; Karchesy, J.; Asakawa, Y., Salvidorol, a nor-abietane diterpene with a rare carbon skeleton and two abietane diterpene derivatives from Salvia dorrii. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 424-428.
(762)Ahmad, Z.; Fatima, I.; Mehmood, S.; Ifzal, R.; Malik, A.; Afza, N., New epoxydammarane triterpenes from Salvia santolinifolia. Helv. Chim. Acta 2008, 91, 73-78.
(763)Mehmood, S.; Riaz, N.; Ahmad, Z.; Afza, N.; Malik, A., Lipoxygenase inhibitory lignans from Salvia santolinifolia. Polish J. Chem. 2008, 82, 571-575.
(764)De Felice, A.; Bader, A.; Leone, A.; Sosa, S.; Loggia, R. D.; Tubaro, A.; De Tommasi, N., New polyhydroxylated triterpenes and anti-Inflammatory activity of Salvia hierosolymitana. Planta Med. 2006, 72, 643-649.
(765)Marrero, J. G.; Andres, L. S.; Luis, J. G., Quinone derivatives by chemical transformations of 16-hydroxycarnosol from Salvia apecies. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 53, 1524-1529.
(766)Marrero, J. G.; Andrés, L. S.; Luis, J. G., Semisynthesis of rosmanol and its derivatives. Easy access to abietatriene diterpenes isolated from the genus Salvia with biological activities. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 986-989.
(767)Marrero, J. n. G.; Moujir, L.; Andrés, L. a. S.; Montaño, N. P.; Araujo, L.; Luis, J. G., Semisynthesis and biological evaluation of abietane-type diterpenes. Revision of the structure of rosmaquinone. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 1385-1389.
(768)Bisio, A.; De Tommasi, N.; Romussi, G., Diterpenoids from Salvia wagneriana. Planta Med. 2004, 70, 452-457.
(769)Bisio, A.; De Tommasi, N.; Romussi, G., Triterpenoids from Salvia wagneriana. Pharmazie 2004, 59, 309-311.
(770)Hohmann, J.; Janicsak, G.; Forgo, P.; Redei, D.; Mathe, I.; Bartok, T., New diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Salvia candelabrum. Planta Med 2003, 69, 254-257.
(771)Janicsák, G.; Hohmann, J.; Zupkó, I.; Forgo, P.; Rédei, D.; Falkay, G.; Máthé, I., Diterpenes from the aerial parts of Salvia candelabrum and their protective effects against lipid peroxidation. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 1156-1159.
(772)Chen, X.; Ding, J.; Ye, Y. M.; Zhang, J. S., Bioactive abietane and seco-abietane diterpenoids from Salvia prionitis. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1016-1020.
(773)Chang, J.; Xu, J.; Li, M.; Zhao, M.; Ding, J.; Zhang, J. S., Novel cytotoxic seco-abietane rearranged diterpenoids from Salvia prionitis. Planta Med. 2005, 71, 861-866.
(774)Xu, J.; Chang, J.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, J. S., Abietane diterpenoid dimers from the roots of Salvia prionitis. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 795-799.
(775)Mukherjee, K. S.; Mukhopadhyay, B.; Brahmachari, G., A new triterpene from Salvia coccinea. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 2004, 81, 82-83.
(776)Sairafianpour, M.; Bahreininejad, B.; Witt, M.; Ziegler, H. L.; Jaroszewski, J. W.; Stærk, D., Terpenoids of Salvia hydrangea: two new, rearranged 20-norabietanes and the effect of oleanolic acid on erythrocyte membranes. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 846-850.
(777)Mori, M.; Kondo, T.; Yoshida, K., Cyanosalvianin, a supramolecular blue metalloanthocyanin, from petals of Salvia uliginosa. Phytochemistry 2008, 69, 3151-3158.
(778)Topçu, G.; Türkmen, Z.; Ulubelen, A.; Schilling, J. K.; Kingston, D. G. I., Highly hydroxylated triterpenes from Salvia kronenburgii. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 118-121.
(779)El-Lakany, A. M., Two new diterpene quinones from the roots of Salvia lanigera Poir. Pharmazie 2003, 58, 75-76.
(780)Ballesta-Acosta, M. C.; Pascual-Villalobos, M. J.; Rodríguez, B., A new 24-nor-oleanane triterpenoid from Salvia carduacea. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1513-1515.
(781)Xu, G.; Peng, L. Y.; Li, X. L.; Zhao, Y.; Tu, L.; Zhao, Q. S.; Sun, H. D.; Lu, Y. M., Li; Zheng, Q. T., New sesquiterpenoids from Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa. Helv. Chim. Acta 2005, 88, 2370-2374.
(782)Xu, G.; Peng, L. Y.; Hou, A. J.; Yang, J.; Han, Q. B.; Xu, H. X.; Zhao, Q. S., Isolation, structural elucidation, and chemical transformation of interconvertible 8,12-hemiketal germacranolide sesquiterpenoids from Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 9490-9494.
(783)Lin, F. W.; Damu, A. G.; Wu, T. S., Abietane diterpene alkaloids from Salvia yunnanensis. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 93-96.
(784)Ali, M. S.; Ahmed, W.; Ibrahim, S. A., Guaianolide and seco-guaianolide from Salvia nubicola (Lamiaceae). Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences 2005, 60, 1012-1015.
(785)Ali, M. S.; Ibrahim, S. A.; Ahmed, S.; Lobkovsky, E., A new germacranolide and a new ceramide from Salvia nubicola (Lamiaceae). Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences 2007, 62, 1333-1338.
(786)Ali, M. S.; Ahmed, W.; Armstrong, A. F.; Ibrahim, S. A.; Ahmed, S.; Parvez, M., Guaianolides from Salvia nubicola (Lamiaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 54, 1235-1238.
(787)Hussein, A. A.; Meyer, J. J. M.; Jimeno, M. L.; Rodríguez, B., Bioactive diterpenes from orthosiphon iabiatus and Salvia africana-lutea. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 293-295.
(788)Ortega, A.; Bautista, E.; Maldonado, E., Polystachyne F, a 5,10-seco-neoclerodane from Salvia polystachya. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 54, 1338-1339.
(789)Aoyagi, Y.; Yamazaki, A.; Nakatsugawa, C.; Fukaya, H.; Takeya, K.; Kawauchi, S.; Izumi, H., Salvileucalin B, a novel diterpenoid with an unprecedented rearranged neoclerodane skeleton from Salvia leucantha Cav. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 4429-4432.
(790)Dal Piaz, F.; Vassallo, A.; Lepore, L.; Tosco, A.; Bader, A.; De Tommasi, N., Sesterterpenes as tubulin tyrosine ligase inhibitors. First insight of structure−activity relationships and discovery of new lead. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 3814-3828.
(791)Wu, S. J.; Chan, H. H.; Hwang, T. L.; Qian, K.; Morris-Natschke, S.; Lee, K. H.; Wu, T. S., Salviatalin A and salvitrijudin A, two diterpenes with novel skeletons from roots of Salvia digitaloides and anti-inflammatory evaluation. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 4287-4290.
(792)Hirakura, K.; Morita, M.; Nakajima, K.; Ikeya, Y.; Mitsuhashi, H., The constituents of Panax ginseng .2. 3 acetylated polyacetylenes from the roots of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 899-903.
(793)Ohtani, I.; Kusumi, T.; Kashman, Y.; Kakisawa, H., High-field FT NMR application of Mosher's method. The absolute configurations of marine terpenoids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4092-4096.
(794)Zheng, G.; Lu, W.; Aisa, H. A.; Cai, J., Absolute configuration of falcarinol, a potent antitumor agent commonly occurring in plants. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 2181-2182.
(795)Satoh, M.; Ishii, M.; Watanabe, M.; Isobe, K.; Uchiyama, T.; Fujimoto, Y., Absolute structure of panaxytriol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 126-128.
(796)Satoh, M.; Ishii, M.; Watanabe, M.; Isobe, K.; Uchiyama, T.; Fujimoto, Y., Absolute structure of panaxytriol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 126-128.
(797)Kwon, B. M.; Ro, S. H.; Kim, M. K.; Nam, J. Y.; Jung, H. J.; Lee, I. R.; Kim, Y. K.; Bok, S. H., Polyacetylene analogs, isolated from hairy roots of Panax ginseng, inhibit Acyl-CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase. Planta Med. 1997, 63, 552-553.
(798)Tanaka, T.; Nakashima, T.; Ueda, T.; Tomii, K.; Kouno, I., Facile discrimination of aldose enantiomers by reversed-phase HPLC. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 899-901.
(799)Du, Q. Z.; Jerz, G.; Waibel, R.; Winterhalter, P., Isolation of dammarane saponins from Panax notoginseng by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2003, 1008, 173-180.
(800)Zhou, J.; Wu, M. Z.; Taniyasu, S.; Besso, H.; Tanaka, O.; Saruwatari, Y.; Fuwa, T., Dammarane-saponins of sanchi-ginseng, roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk) Chen,F.H. (Araliaceae) - structures of new saponins, notoginsenosides-R1 and notoginsenosides-R2, and identification of ginsenosides-Rg2 and ginsenosides-Rh1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981, 29, 2844-2850.
(801)Kim, S. I.; Park, J. H.; Ryu, J. H.; Park, J. D.; Lee, Y. H.; Park, J. H.; Kim, T. H.; Kim, J. M.; Baek, N. I., Ginsenoside Rg5, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean Red Ginseng. Arch. Pharmacal Res. 1996, 19, 551-553.
(802)Hu, J. F.; Bai, S. P.; Jia, Z. J., Eudesmane sesquiterpenes from Artemisia eriopoda. Phytochemistry 1996, 43, 815-817.
(803)Kasai, R.; Besso, H.; Tanaka, O.; Saruwatari, Y.; Fuwa, T., Saponins of Red Ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1983, 31, 2120-2125.
(804)Teng, R. W.; Ang, C.; McManus, D.; Armstrong, D.; Mau, S.; Bacic, A., Regioselective acylation of ginsenosides by Novozyme 435 to generate molecular diversity. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2004, 87, 1860-1872.
(805)Ko, S. R.; Choi, K. J.; Suzuki, K.; Suzuki, Y., Enzymatic preparation of ginsenosides Rg2, Rh1, and F1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 51, 404-408.
(806)Teng, R.; Li, H.; Chen, J.; Wang, D.; He, Y.; Yang, C., Complete assignment of 1H- and 13C-NMR data for nine protopanaxatriol glycosides. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2002, 40, 483-488.
(807)Duc, N. M.; Kasai, R.; Ohtani, K.; Ito, A.; Nham, N. T.; Yamasaki, K.; Tanaka, O., Saponins from Vietnamese Ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv Collected in Central Vietnam. II. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 42, 115-122.
(808)Tanaka, O.; Morita, T.; Kasai, R.; Kinouchi, J.; Sanada, S.; Ida, Y.; Shoji, J., Study on saponins of rhizomes of P. pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus collected at Tzatogang and Pari-La, Bhutan-Himalaya. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 2323-2330.
(809)Huan, V. D.; Yamamura, S.; Ohtani, K.; Kasai, R.; Yamasaki, K.; Nham, N. T.; Chau, H. M., Oleanane saponins from Polyscias fruticosa. Phytochemistry 1998, 47, 451-457.
(810)Elujoba, A. A.; Fell, A. F.; Linley, P. A.; Maitland, D. J., Triterpenoid saponins from fruit of Lagenaria breviflora. Phytochemistry 1990, 29, 3281-3285.
(811)Nie, R. L.; Morita, T.; Kasai, R.; Jun, Z.; Wu, C. Y.; Tanaka, O., Saponins from Chinese medicinal-plants .1. isolation and structures of hemslosides. Planta Med. 1984, 50, 322-327.
(812)Yang, C.; Jiang, Z.; Zhou, J.; Kasai, R.; Tanaka, O., Two new oleanolic acid-type saponins from Panax stipuleanatus. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 1985, 7, 103-108.
(813)Yu, S. S.; Yu, D. Q.; Liang, X. T., Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Aralia-Spinifolia. J. Nat. Prod. 1994, 57, 978-982.
(814)Basnet, P.; Kadota, S.; Terashima, S.; Shimizu, M.; Namba, T., 2 New 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives from hypoglycemic activity-bearing fractions of Morus Insignis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993, 41, 1238-1243.
(815)Wu, T. S.; Lin, D. M.; Shi, L. S.; Damu, A. G.; Kuo, P. C.; Kuo, Y. H., Cytotoxic anthraquinones from the stems of Rubia wallichiana. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 51, 948-950.
(816)Tang, H.; Yi, Y.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Li, Y., Oleanolic acid saponins from the root bark of Aralia taibaiensis. Yaoxue Xuebao 1997, 32, 685-690.
(817)Sakai, S.; Katsumata, M.; Satoh, Y.; Nagasao, M.; Miyakoshi, M.; Ida, Y.; Shoji, J., Oleanolic acid saponins from root bark of Aralia elata. Phytochemistry 1994, 35, 1319-1324.
(818)Hu, M.; Ogawa, K.; Sashida, Y.; Xiao, P. G., Triterpenoid glucuronide saponins from root bark of Aralia armata. Phytochemistry 1995, 39, 179-184.
(819)Kuo, Y. H.; Chen, W. C., Chemical constituents of the pericarp of Platycladus orientalis. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1999, 46, 819-824.
(820)Ito, J.; Chang, F. R.; Wang, H. K.; Park, Y. K.; Ikegaki, M.; Kilgore, N.; Lee, K. H., Anti-AIDS agents. 48. anti-HIV activity of moronic acid derivatives and the new melliferone-related triterpenoid isolated from Brazilian propolis. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 1278-1281.
(821)Chen, C. Y.; Chang, F. R.; Wu, Y. C., Cherimoline, a novel alkaloid from the stems of Annona cherimola. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 6247-6248.
(822)Goda, Y.; Shibuya, M.; Sankawa, U., Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis from Mucuna Birdwoodiana. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35, 2675-2677.
(823)Okuyama, E.; Hasegawa, T.; Matsushita, T.; Fujimoto, H.; Ishibashi, M.; Yamazaki, M., Analgesic components of Saposhnikovia root (Saposhnikovia divaricata). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001, 49, 154-160.
(824)Kang, S. S.; Kim, J. S.; Xu, Y. N.; Kim, Y. H., Isolation of a new cerebroside from the root bark of Aralia elata. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 1059-1060.
(825)Al-Awadi, N. A.; Al-Bashir, R. F.; ElDusouqui, O. M. E., Gas-phase pyrolytic reactions. part 3. Hammett constants of gas-phase eliminations of alkyl arylcarboxylate and ethanoate esters and their correlation with substrate molecular framework. Tetrahedron 1990, 46, 2903-2910.
(826)Harrison, L. J.; Sia, G. L.; Sim, K. Y.; Tan, H. T.; Connolly, J. D.; Lavaud, C.; Massiot, G., A ferulic acid ester of sucrose and other constituents of Bhesa paniculata. Phytochemistry 1995, 38, 1497-1500.
(827)Kolehmainen, E.; Tinen, J. K., 17O NMR study of isomeric monochloro- and monohydroxy-benzaldehydes and chlorinated salicylaldehydes. Magn. Reson. Chem. 1991, 29, 520-521.
(828)Masuda, T.; Hidaka, K.; Shinohara, A.; Maekawa, T.; Takeda, Y.; Yamaguchi, H., Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of curcuminoid: analysis of radical reaction products from curcumin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 47, 71-77.
(829)Lee, C. K.; Lu, C. K.; Kuo, Y. H.; Chen, J. Z.; Sun, G. Z., New prenylated flavones from the roots of Ficus beecheyana. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2004, 51, 437-441.
(830)Helfrich, E.; Rimpler, H., Iridoid glycosides and phenolic glycosides from Holmskioldia sanguinea. Phytochemistry 1999, 50, 619-627.
(831)Casabuono, A. C.; Pomillo, A. B., Lignans and a stilbene from Festuca argentina. Phytochemistry 1994, 35, 479-483.
(832)Deodhar, M.; Black, D. S.; Kumar, N., Acid catalyzed stereoselective rearrangement and dimerization of flavenes: synthesis of dependensin. Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 5227-5235.
(833)Tan, J.; Bednarek, P.; Liu, J.; Schneider, B.; Svatos, A.; Hahlbrock, K., Universally occurring phenylpropanoid and species-specific indolic metabolites in infected and uninfected Arabidopsis thaliana roots and leaves. Phytochemistry 2004, 65, 691-699.
(834)Nicolaou, K. C.; Papahatjis, D. P.; Claremon, D. A.; Magolda, R. L.; Dolle, R. E., Total synthesis of ionophore antibiotic X-14547A. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 1440-1456.
(835)Rodríguez, B., 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments of some natural abietane diterpenoids. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2003, 41, 741-746.
(836)Torres-Valencia, J. M.; Meléndez-Rodríguez, M.; Álvarez-García, R.; Cerda-García-Rojas, C. M.; Joseph-Nathan, P., DFT and NMR parameterized conformation of valeranone. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2004, 42, 898-902.
(837)Ali, M. S.; Ibrahim, S. A.; Ahmed, S.; Lobkovsky, E., Guaiane sesquiterpene lactones from Salvia nubicola (Lamiaceae). Chem. Biodivers. 2007, 4, 98-104.
(838)Kohda, H.; Takeda, O.; Tanaka, S.; Yamasaki, K.; Yamashita, A.; Kurokawa, T.; Ishibashi, S., Isolation of inhibitors of adenylate cyclase from dan-shen, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 1287-1290.
(839)Dapkevicius, A.; van Beek, T. A.; Lelyveld, G. P.; van Veldhuizen, A.; de Groot, A.; Linssen, J. P. H.; Venskutonis, R., Isolation and structure elucidation of radical scavengers from Thymus vulgaris Leaves. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 892-896.
(840)Arrieta-Baez, D.; Stark, R. E., Modeling suberization with peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of hydroxycinnamic acids: cross-coupling and dimerization reactions. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 743-753.
(841)Kikuzaki, H.; Kayano, S.; Fukutsuka, N.; Aoki, A.; Kasamatsu, K.; Yamasaki, Y.; Mitani, T.; Nakatani, N., Abscisic acid related compounds and lignans in prunes (Prunus domestica L.) and their oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 344-349.
(842)Watzke, A.; O'Malley, S. J.; Bergman, R. G.; Ellman, J. A., Reassignment of the configuration of salvianolic acid B and establishment of its identity with lithospermic acid B. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1231-1233.
(843)Wu, T. S.; Hsu, M. Y.; Kuo, P. C.; Sreenivasulu, B.; Damu, A. G.; Su, C. R.; Li, C. Y.; Chang, H. C., Constituents from the leaves of Phellodendron amurense var. wilsonii and their bioactivity. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 1207-1211.
(844)Fonseca, F. N.; Ferreira, A. J.; Sartorelli, P.; Lopes, N. P.; Floh, E. I.; Handro, W.; Kato, M. J., Phenylpropanoid derivatives and biflavones at different stages of differentiation and development of Araucaria angustifolia. Phytochemistry 2000, 55, 575-580.
(845)Wu, T. S.; Ou, L. F.; Teng, C. M., Aristolochic acids, aristolactam alkaloids and amides from Aristolochia kankauensis. Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 1063-1068.
(846)Watanabe, M.; Ohshita, Y.; Tsushida, T., Antioxidant compounds from Buckwheat hulls (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45, 1039-1044.
(847)Zhong, X. N.; Otsuka, H.; Ide, T.; Hirata, E.; Takeda, Y., Hydroquinone diglycoside acyl esters from the leaves of Myrsine seguinii. Phytochemistry 1999, 52, 923-927.
(848)Matsuo, A.; Ono, K.; Hamasaki, K.; Nozaki, H., Phaeophytins from a cell suspension culture of the liverwort Plagiochila ovalifolia. Phytochemistry 1996, 42, 427-430.
(849)Lin, Y. L.; Wang, W. Y.; Kuo, Y. H.; Chen, C. F., Nonsteroidal constituents from Solanum incanum L. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2000, 47, 247-251.
(850)Chen, C. Y.; Chang, F. R.; Teng, C. M.; Wu, Y. C., Cheritamine, a new N-fatty acyl tryptamine and other constituents from the stems of Annona cherimola. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1999, 46, 77-86.
(851)Chang, C. W.; Wu, T. S.; Hsieh, Y. S.; Kuo, S. C.; Chao, P. D., Terpenoids of Syzygium formosanum. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 327-328.
(852)Wen, X.; Xia, J.; Cheng, K.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, P.; Liu, J.; Zhang, L.; Ni, P.; Sun, H., Pentacyclic triterpenes. Part 5: Synthesis and SAR study of corosolic acid derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 5777-5782.
(853)Sashida, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Mori, N.; Yamanouchi, T., Triterpenoids from the fruit galls of Actinidia polygama. Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 2801-2804.
(854)Häberlein, H.; Boonen, G.; Beck, M. A., Piper methysticum: enantiomeric separation of kavapyrones by high performance liquid chromatography. Planta Med. 1997, 63, 63-65.
(855)Hisham, A.; Kumar, G. J.; Fujimoto, Y.; Hara, N., Salacianone and salacianol, 2 triterpenes from Salacia beddomei. Phytochemistry 1995, 40, 1227-1231.
(856)Christensen, L. P. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research; Steve, L. T., Ed.; Academic Press: 2008; Vol. Volume 55, p 1-99.
(857)Kushiro, T.; Ohno, Y.; Shibuya, M.; Ebizuka, Y., In vitro conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene into dammarenediol by Panax ginseng microsomes. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 20, 292-294.
(858)Wang, J. D.; Dong, M. L.; Zhang, W.; Shen, X.; Guo, Y. W., Chemical constituents of mangrove plant Aegiceras corniculatum. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2006, 4, 275-277.
(859)Ma, C. M.; Hattori, M.; Daneshtalab, M.; Wang, L. L., Chlorogenic acid derivatives with alkyl chains of different lengths and orientations: Potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 6188-6194.
(860)McCarroll, A. J.; Bradshaw, T. D.; Westwell, A. D.; Matthews, C. S.; Stevens, M. F. G., Quinols as novel therapeutic agents. 7.1 Synthesis of antitumor 4-[1-(arylsulfonyl-1H-indol-2-yl)]-4-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones by Sonogashira reactions. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 1707-1710.
(861)Lin, A. S.; Kyoko, N. G.; Chang, F. R.; Yu, D.; Morris-Natschke, S. L.; Wu, C. C.; Chen, S. L.; Wu, Y. C.; Lee, K. H., First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 3921-3927.
(862)Berry, J. M.; Bradshaw, T. D.; Fichtner, I.; Ren, R.; Schwalbe, C. H.; Wells, G.; Chew, E. H.; Stevens, M. F. G.; Westwell, A. D., Quinols as novel therapeutic agents. 2.1 4-(1-arylsulfonylindol-2-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones and related agents as potent and selective antitumor agents. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 48, 639-644.
(863)Carreño, M. C.; López, M. G.; Urbano, A., Oxidative de-aromatization of para-alkyl phenols into para-peroxyquinols and para-quinols mediated by oxone as a source of singlet oxygen**. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 2737-2741.
(864)Becker, H. D.; Bjoerk, A.; Adler, E., Quinone dehydrogenation. Oxidation of benzylic alcohols with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 1596-1600.
(865)Evans, D. A.; Nagorny, P.; Xu, R. S., Ceric ammonium nitrate promoted oxidation of oxazoles. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 5669-5671.
(866)Felpin, F. X., Oxidation of 4-arylphenol trimethylsilyl ethers to p-arylquinols using hypervalent iodine(III) reagents. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 409-412.
(867)Kita, Y.; Tohma, H.; Kikuchi, K.; Inagaki, M.; Yakura, T., Hypervalent iodine oxidation of N-acyltyramines: synthesis of quinol ethers, spirohexadienones, and hexahydroindol-6-ones. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 435-438.
(868)Matsui, T.; Yoshimoto, C.; Osajima, K.; Oki, T.; Osajima, Y., In vitro survey of alpha-glucosidase inhibitory food components. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 1996, 60, 2019-2022.
(869)Ellman, G. L.; Courtney, K. D.; Andres, V., Jr.; Feather-Stone, R. M., A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1961, 7, 88-95.
(870)Chiu, C. Y.; Li, C. Y.; Chiu, C. C.; Niwa, M.; Kitanaka, S.; Damu, A. G.; Lee, E. J.; Wu, T. S., Constituents of leaves of Phellodendron japonicum Maxim. and their antioxidant activity. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 53, 1118-1121.
(871)Chiou, W. F.; Chen, J.; Chen, C. F., Relaxation of corpus cavernosum and raised intracavernous pressure by berberine in rabbit. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 125, 1677-1684.
(872)Bookstein, J. J.; Vandeberg, J.; Machado, T., The cavernosal acetylcholine papaverine response-a practical invivo method for quantification of endothelium-dependent relaxation-rationale and experimental validation. Invest. Radiol. 1990, 25, 1168-1174.