Background - Diabetes self-care is a complex regimen that requires self-management to accomplish with it. An appropriate reminder tool is demanded to satisfy the self-care activities. The appropriate self-care reminder tool should be customized based on those patients’ culture, conditions, and needs.

Purposes - The study aimed to examine the effects of diabetes self-care calendar (DSCC), a self-care reminder tool, on diabetes self-care activities adherence, diabetes knowledge levels, social support, and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia.

Method - A randomized controlled trial design was used in this study. A total of 124 subjects who met the inclusion criteria participated in this study. Three community health centers were randomly assigned to either intervention or control groups. Moreover, proportionate stratified sampling was used to select potential subjects. The DSCC provided as an intervention, which is held over four months. The control group was treated with usual care without using any reminder tool. The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ), the Multidimensional Scale Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and HbA1c were used as measurements. For the short-term and long-term effects were analyzed using descriptive analysis, independent t-test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, and repeated measurement ANOVA.
Results - Overall, the average age of the subjects was 55 (SD = 7.3) ranging from 32 to 78 years old. The average duration of diabetes from diagnosis was 4.9 years (SD = 5.2) ranging from 0.6 to 40 years. Of the subjects, 68% were females and 32% had no formal education level and 30% had a primary school. The results show that diabetes self-care calendar could enhance self-care activities including general diet, specific diet, exercise, self-monitoring blood glucose, foot care, and taking medication, all p-value < .05. The diabetes knowledge levels in the intervention group were significantly greater than that in control group p-value < .001. In term of social support, the results show that only on friends subscale was affected by using diabetes self-care calendar p-value < .01. There is no changed (p-value > .05) neither subscales of family nor healthcare providers. The HbA1c level in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p-value < .01).
Conclusions - The Diabetes Self-Care Calendar could significantly improve self-care activities adherence, diabetes knowledge, social support, especially in friendship support, and improve blood sugar control.
Implications and Recommendations – An accessible self-care reminder is needed to those who with diabetes. As the implications, the diabetes educators can apply the self-care calendar into their educational program to improve patient’s self-care adherence. The DSCC can be as a diabetes self-care reminder tool. Future studies should examine the effects of the self-care calendar on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and measure include other metabolic and psychosocial outcomes.

Ahola, A. J., & Groop, P. H. (2013). Barriers to self-management of diabetes. Diabetes Medicine, 30(4), 413-420. doi: 10.1111/dme.12105

Ajala, O., English, P., & Pinkney, J. (2013). Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(3), 505-516. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.042457

Al-Hayek, A. A., Robert, A. A., Alzaid, A. A., Nusair, H. M., Zbaidi, N. S., Al-Eithan, M. H., & Sam, A. E. (2012). Association between diabetes self-care, medication adherence, anxiety, depression, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Saudi Medical Journal, 33(6), 681-683.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. (2014). AADE7 Position Statement: AADE7 Self-Care Behaviors. Retrieved May 12, 2015, from http://www.diabeteseducator.org/export/sites/aade/_resources/pdf/publications/AADE7_Position_Statement_Final.pdf

American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeon. (2015). Diabetic foot care guideline. Retrieved April 20, 2015, from http://www.foothealthfacts.org/footankleinfo/ diabetic-guidelines.htm

American Diabetes Association. (2013). Standards of medical care in diabetes 2013. Diabetes Care, 36 Suppl 1, S11-66. doi: 10.2337/dc13-S011.

American Diabetes Association. (2014). Standards of medical care in diabetes 2014. Diabetes Care, 37 Suppl 1, S14-80. doi: 10.2337/dc14-S014.

American Diabetes Association. (2017). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2017: Abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes, 35(1), 5-26. doi:10.2337/cd16-0067

American Diabetes Association. (2018). Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care, 41, 150.

Aronson, J. K. (2007). Compliance, concordance, adherence. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 63(4), 383-384. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02893.x

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Statistik penduduk lanjut usia 2017. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2018/04/13/7a130a22aa29cc8219c5d153/statistik-penduduk-lanjut-usia-2017.html

Bai, Y. L., Chiou, C. P., & Chang, Y. Y. (2009). Self-care behaviour and related factors in older people with Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(23), 3308-3315. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02992.x

Balla, S. A., Ahmed, H. A., & Awadelkareem, M. A. (2014). Prevalence of diabetes, knowledge, and attitude of rural population towards diabetes and hypoglycaemic events, Sudan 2013. Am J Health Res, 2(6), 356-360.

Basu, S., Garg, S., Sharma, N., Singh, M. M., & Garg, S. (2018). Adherence to self-care practices, glycemic status and influencing factors in diabetes patients in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. World J Diabetes, 9(5), 72-79. doi:10.4239/wjd.v9.i5.72.

Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014.

Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social science & medicine, 51(6), 843-857.

Benhalima, K., & Mathieu, C. (2012). The role of blood glucose monitoring in non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes: What is the evidence? Primary Care Diabetes, 6(3), 179-185. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2012.05.001

Bhat, A. (2018). Stratified random sampling: Definition, method, and examples. Retrieved from https://www.questionpro.com/blog/stratified-random-sampling/

Blonde, L., Meneghini, L., Peng, X. V., Boss, A., Rhee, K., Shaunik, A., . . . McCrimmon, R. J. (2018). Probability of Achieving Glycemic Control with Basal Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Real-World Practice in the USA. Diabetes Ther, 9(3), 1347-1358. doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0413-5.

Borges, W. J., & Ostwald, S. K. (2008). Improving foot self-care behaviors with Pies Sanos. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 30(3), 325-341; discussion 342-329. doi: 10.1177/0193945907303104

Boulton, A. J. M. (2010). The diabetic foot. Medicine, 38(12), 644-648. doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2010.08.011

Boutati, E. I., & Raptis, S. A. (2009). Self-monitoring of blood glucose as part of the integral care of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32(suppl 2), S205-S210.

Breland, J. Y., Yeh, V. M., & Yu, J. (2013). Adherence to evidence-based guidelines among diabetes self-management apps. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 3(3), 277-286. doi: 10.1007/s13142-013-0205-4

Broadbent, E., Donkin, L., & Stroh, J. C. (2011). Illness and treatment perceptions are associated with adherence to medications, diet, and exercise in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 34(2), 338-340.

Brown, L., Rosner, B., Willett, W. W., & Sacks, F. M. (1999). Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(1), 30-42.

Calle-Pascual, A. L., Durán, A., Benedı́, A., Calvo, M. I., Charro, A., Diaz, J. A., . . . Cabezas-Cerrato, J. (2002). A preventative foot care programme for people with diabetes with different stages of neuropathy. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 57(2), 111-117.

Cameron, C., Coyle, D., Ur, E., & Klarenbach, S. (2010). Cost-effectiveness of self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus managed without insulin. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(1), 28-34.

Chang, H. Y., Chiou, C. J., Lin, M. C., Lin, S. H., & Tai, T. Y. (2005). A population study of the self-care behaviors and their associated factors of diabetes in Taiwan: Results from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan. Preventive Medicine, 40(3), 344-348. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.06.012

Cheng, L., Sit, J. W., Choi, K. c., Chair, S. y., Li, X., & He, X. l. (2017). Effectiveness of interactive self‐management interventions in individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 14(1), 65-73.

Chen, S. M., Creedy, D., Lin, H. S., & Wollin, J. (2012). Effects of motivational interviewing intervention on self-management, psychological and glycemic outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud, 49(6), 637-644. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.011

Chlebowy, D. O., Hood, S., & LaJoie, A. S. (2010). Facilitators and barriers to self-management of type 2 diabetes among urban African American adults focus group findings. The Diabetes Educator, 36(6), 897-905.

Choi, S. E., & Rush, E. B. (2012). Effect of a short-duration, culturally tailored, community-based diabetes self-management intervention for Korean immigrants: A pilot study. The Diabetes Educator, 38(3), 377-385.

Choi, S., Song, M., Chang, S. J., & Kim, S. A. (2014). Strategies for enhancing information, motivation, and skills for self-management behavior changes: A qualitative study of diabetes care for older adults in Korea. Patient Prefer Adherence, 8, 219-226. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S58631

Chomutare, T., Fernandez-Luque, L., Årsand, E., & Hartvigsen, G. (2011). Features of mobile diabetes applications: review of the literature and analysis of current applications compared against evidence-based guidelines. Journal of medical Internet research, 13(3), e65.

Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Fernhall, B., Regensteiner, J. G., Blissmer, B. J., Rubin, R. R., . . . Braun, B. (2010). Exercise and type 2 diabetes The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement executive summary. Diabetes Care, 33(12), 2692-2696.

Cosansu, G., & Erdogan, S. (2014). Influence of psychosocial factors on self-care behaviors and glycemic control in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Transcult Nurs, 25(1), 51-59. doi:10.1177/1043659613504112

Coyle, M. E., Francis, K., & Chapman, Y. (2013). Self-management activities in diabetes care: A systematic review. Australian Health Review, 37(4), 513-522. doi:10.1071/AH13060

Cramer, J. A. (2004). A systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(5), 1218-1224.

Dasgupta, K., Chan, C., Da Costa, D., Pilote, L., De Civita, M., Ross, N., . . . Joseph, L. J. C. D. (2007). Walking behaviour and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: seasonal and gender differences-Study design and methods. 6(1), 1.

Delamater, A. M. (2006). Improving patient adherence. Clinical Diabetes, 24(2), 71-77.

Denig, P., Schuling, J., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F., & Voorham, J. (2014). Effects of a patient-oriented decision aid for prioritizing treatment goals in diabetes: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. BMJ, 349, g5651. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5651

DePalma, M. T., Rollison, J., & Camporese, M. (2011). Psychosocial predictors of diabetes management. American Journal of Health Behavior, 35(2), 209-218.

Desalu, O. O., Salawu, F. K., Jimoh, A. K., Adekoya, A. O., Busari, O. A., & Olokoba, A. B. (2011). Diabetic foot care: Self-reports knowledge and practice among patients attending three tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Ghana Medical Journal, 45(2), 6.

Dick, J. J., Nundy, S., Solomon, M. C., Bishop, K. N., Chin, M. H., & Peek, M. E. (2011). Feasibility and usability of a text message-based program for diabetes self-management in an urban African-American population. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 5(5), 1246-1254.

Dikeukwu, R., & Omole, O. B. (2013). Awareness and practices of foot self-care in patients with diabetes at Dr. Yusuf Dadoo district hospital, Johannesburg. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes of South Africa, 18(2), 112-118.

Dunning, T., & Manias, E. (2005). Medication knowledge and self-management by people with type 2 diabetes. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23(1), 7-14.

Eigenmann, C., Skinner, T., & Colagiuri, R. (2011). Development and validation of a diabetes knowledge questionnaire. Practical Diabetes International, 28(4), 166-170d.

Frykberg, R. G., Zgonis, T., Armstrong, D. G., Driver, V. R., Giurini, J. M., Kravitz, S. R., . . . Vanore, J. V. (2006). Diabetic foot disorders: A clinical practice guideline (2006 Revision). The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 45(5), S1-S66. doi: 10.1016/s1067-2516(07)60001-5

Fujiwara, Y., Kishida, K., Terao, M., Takahara, M., Matsuhisa, M., Funahashi, T., . . . Shimizu, Y. (2011). Beneficial effects of foot care nursing for people with diabetes mellitus: An uncontrolled before and after intervention study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(9), 1952-1962.

Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I.-M., . . . Swain, D. P. (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359.

Glasgow, R. E., Christiansen, S. M., Kurz, D., King, D. K., Woolley, T., Faber, A. J., . . . Dickman, J. (2011). Engagement in a diabetes self-management website: Usage patterns and generalizability of program use. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(1).

Gurmu, Y., Gela, D., & Aga, F. (2018). Factors associated with self-care practice among adult diabetes patients in West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res, 18(1), 732. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3448-4.

Haas, L., Maryniuk, M., Beck, J., Cox, C. E., Duker, P., Edwards, L., . . . Kolb, L. (2013). National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Diabetes Care, 36(Supplement 1), S100-S108.

Hartayu, T. S., Mi, M. I., & Suryawati, S. (2012). Improving type 2 diabetic patients' knowledge, attitude and practice towards diabetes self-care by implementing Community-Based Interactive Approach-diabetes mellitus strategy. BMC Res Notes, 5, 315. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-315.

Holtz, B., & Lauckner, C. (2012). Diabetes management via mobile phones: a systematic review. Telemed J E Health, 18(3), 175-184. doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0119

Howley, E. T. (2001). Type of activity: Resistance, aerobic and leisure versus occupational physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(6; SUPP), S364-S369.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calendar access december 15 2014

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16295 access December 15 2014

Hu, J., Gruber, K. J., Liu, H., Zhao, H., & Garcia, A. A. (2013). Diabetes knowledge among older adults with diabetes in Beijing, China. J Clin Nurs, 22(1-2), 51-60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04273.x.

Hu, J., Wallace, D. C., McCoy, T. P., & Amirehsani, K. A. (2014). A family-based diabetes intervention for Hispanic adults and their family members. The Diabetes Educator, 40(1), 48-59.

Hunt CW, Grant JS, Palmer JJ, et al. (2014) Facilitators of diabetes self-management among rural individuals. Home Healthcare Nurse: 13.

International Diabetes Federation. (2013). IDF Diabetes Atlas (6th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/EN_6E_Atlas_Full_0.pdf

International Diabetes Federation Guideline Development Group. (2014). Global guideline for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 104, 1-52. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.001.

International Diabetes Federation. (2017) IDF Diabetes Atlas: 8th edition. Available at: https://www.idf.org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas.html.

Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., . . . Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: A patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 38(1), 140-149.

Ishii, H., Hayashino, Y., Akai, Y., Yabuta, M., & Tsujii, S. (2018). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as preferable oral hypoglycemic agents in terms of treatment satisfaction: Results from a multicenter, 12-week, open label, randomized controlled study in Japan (PREFERENCE 4 study). J Diabetes Investig, 9(1), 137-145. doi:10.1111/jdi.12659.

Jeeva S and Babu M. (2017) Knowledge of Diabetic Clients Regarding Self-care Practices in Management of type II Diabetes Mellitus at selected Rural Community of Bangalore, Karnataka. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research 7: 86.

Kassahun, T., Gesesew, H., Mwanri, L., & Eshetie, T. (2016). Diabetes-related knowledge, self-care behaviours and adherence to medications among diabetic patients in Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Endocr Disord, 16(1), 28. doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0114-x.

Kassahun CW and Mekonen AG. (2017) Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among nondiabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 12: e0170040.

Khan, A., Fahl Mar, K., Schilling, J., & Brown, W. A. (2018). Magnitude and pattern of placebo response in clinical trials of oral antihyperglycemic agents: Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1999-2015. Diabetes Care, 41(5), 994-1000. doi:10.2337/dc17-1316.

Khattab, M., Khader, Y. S., Al-Khawaldeh, A., & Ajlouni, K. (2010). Factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Complications, 24(2), 84-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.12.008

Kisokanth, G., Prathapan, S., J, I., & J, J. (2013). Factors influencing self-management of diabetes mellitus: A review article. Journal of Diabetology, 3(1), 1-7.

Koetsenruijter, J., van Eikelenboom, N., van Lieshout, J., Vassilev, I., Lionis, C., Todorova, E., . . . Wensing, M. (2016). Social support and self-management capabilities in diabetes patients: An international observational study. Patient Educ Couns, 99(4), 638-643. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.10.029

Krishna, S., & Boren, S. A. (2008). Diabetes self-management care via cell phone: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 2(3), 509-517.

Kueh, Y. C., Morris, T., & Ismail, A.-A.-S. (2017). The effect of diabetes knowledge and attitudes on self-management and quality of life among people with type 2 diabetes. Psychology, health & medicine, 22(2), 138-144.

Latter, C., McLean-Veysey, P., Dunbar, P., Frail, D., Sketris, I., & Putnam, W. (2011). Self-monitoring of blood glucose: What are healthcare professionals recommending? Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 35(1), 31-38. doi: 10.1016/s1499-2671(11)51006-8

Levy, M. J., & Valabhji, J. (2008). The diabetic foot. Surgery (Oxford), 26(1), 25-28.

Lindsay, A. R., Hongu, N., Spears, K., Idris, R., Dyrek, A., & Manore, M. M. (2014). Field assessments for obesity prevention in children and adults: Physical activity, fitness, and body composition. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 46(1), 43-53.

Litwak, L., Goh, S.-Y., Hussein, Z., Malek, R., Prusty, V., & Khamseh, M. E. (2013). Prevalence of diabetes complications in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with baseline characteristics in the multinational A1chieve study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 5(1), 57.

Massey, C. N., Appel, S. J., Buchanan, K. L., & Cherrington, A. L. (2010). Improving diabetes care in rural communities: An overview of current initiatives and a call for renewed efforts. Clinical Diabetes, 28(1), 20-27.

McGinley, S. K., Armstrong, M. J., Boulé, N. G., & Sigal, R. J. (2014). Effects of exercise training using resistance bands on glycaemic control and strength in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta diabetologica, 1-10.

Miller, T. A., DiMatteo, M. R. J. D., metabolic syndrome, targets, o., & therapy. (2013). Importance of family/social support and impact on adherence to diabetic therapy. 6, 421.

Minet, L., Møller, S., Vach, W., Wagner, L., & Henriksen, J. E. (2010). Mediating the effect of self-care management intervention in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of 47 randomized controlled trials. Patient Education and Counseling, 80(1), 29-41.

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2013). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2012. Retrieved from http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/ profil-kesehatanindonesia/profil-kesehatan-Indonesia-2012.pdf

Muhammad-Lutfi, A., Zaraihah, M., & Anuar-Ramdhan, I. (2014). Knowledge and practice of diabetic foot care in an inpatient setting at a tertiary medical center. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal, 8(3), 5. doi: 10.5704/moj.1411.005

Murphy, K., Casey, D., Dinneen, S., Lawton, J., & Brown, F. (2011). Participants’ perceptions of the factors that influence Diabetes Self‐Management Following a Structured Education (DAFNE) programme. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(9‐10), 1282-1292.

Nam, S., Chesla, C., Stotts, N. A., Kroon, L., & Janson, S. L. (2011). Barriers to diabetes management: Patient and provider factors. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 93(1), 1-9.

National Institute of Research and Development of Health. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Retrieved from http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/general/Hasil%20Riskesdas%202013.pdf

Nes, A. A., van Dulmen, S., Eide, E., Finset, A., Kristjansdottir, O. B., Steen, I. S., & Eide, H. (2012). The development and feasibility of a web-based intervention with diaries and situational feedback via smartphone to support self-management in patients with diabetes type 2. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 97(3), 385-393. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.04.019

Nijland, N., van Gemert-Pijnen, J. E., Kelders, S. M., Brandenburg, B. J., & Seydel, E. R. (2011). Factors influencing the use of a web-based application for supporting the self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(3).

Oxford English Dictionary. (2015). Adherence. Retrieved May 26, 2015, from http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/2328?redirectedFrom=adherence#eid

Park, D. C., Morrell, R. W., Frieske, D., & Kincaid, D. (1992). Medication adherence behaviors in older adults: Effects of external cognitive supports. Psychology and Aging, 7(2), 252.

Parkin, C. G., Buskirk, A., Hinnen, D. A., & Axel-Schweitzer, M. (2012). Results that matter: Structured vs. unstructured self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 97(1), 6-15. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.03.002

Peeters, J. M., Wiegers, T. A., & Friele, R. D. (2013). How technology in care at home affects patient self-care and self-management: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 10(11), 5541-5564. doi:10.3390/ijerph10115541

Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia (PERKENI). (2011). Konsensus Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Indonesia 2011. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/4053787/Revisi_final_KONSENSUS_DM_Tipe_2_Indonesia_2011

Polit, D. F., & Beck C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). China: Wolters Kluwer.

Post, R. E., Mainous, A. G., 3rd, King, D. E., & Simpson, K. N. (2012). Dietary fiber for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 25(1), 16-23. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.01.110148

Quinn, C. C., Shardell, M. D., Terrin, M. L., Barr, E. A., Ballew, S. H., & Gruber-Baldini, A. L. (2011). Cluster-randomized trial of a mobile phone personalized behavioral intervention for blood glucose control. Diabetes Care, 34(9), 1934-1942.

Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Shetty, A. S., & Nanditha, A. (2012). Trends in the prevalence of diabetes in Asian countries. World Journal of Diabetes, 3(6), 110-117. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v3.i6.110

Richardson, J., Loyola-Sanchez, A., Sinclair, S., Harris, J., Letts, L., MacIntyre, N. J., . . . Martin Ginis, K. (2014). Self-management interventions for chronic disease: A systematic scoping review. Clinical Rehabilitation, 28(11), 1067-1077. doi: 10.1177/0269215514532478

Rodriguez, K. M. (2013). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting patient engagement in diabetes self-management: Perspectives of a certified diabetes educator. Clinical Therapeutics, 35(2), 170-178. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.01.002

Rosland, A.-M., Heisler, M., Choi, H.-J., Silveira, M. J., & Piette, J. D. (2010). Family influences on self-management among functionally independent adults with diabetes or heart failure: do family members hinder as much as they help? Chronic Illness, 6(1), 22-33.

Russell-Minda, E., Jutai, J., Speechley, M., Bradley, K., Chudyk, A., & Petrella, R. (2009). Health technologies for monitoring and managing diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 3(6), 1460-1471.

Ryan, P., & Sawin, K. J. (2009). The Individual and Family Self-Management Theory: Background and perspectives on context, process, and outcomes. Nursing Outlook, 57(4), 217-225 e216. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2008.10.004

Samuel-Hodge, C. D., Headen, S. W., Skelly, A. H., Ingram, A. F., Keyserling, T. C., Jackson, E. J., . . . Elasy, T. A. (2000). Influences on day-to-day self-management of type 2 diabetes among African-American women: Spirituality, the multi-caregiver role, and other social context factors. Diabetes Care, 23(7), 928-933.

Sapkota, S., Brien, J. A., Greenfield, J., & Aslani, P. (2015). A systematic review of interventions addressing adherence to anti-diabetic medications in patients with type 2 diabetes--impact on adherence. PLoS One, 10(2), e0118296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118296

Sarol Jr, J. N., Nicodemus Jr, N. A., Tan, K. M., & Grava, M. B. (2005). Self-monitoring of blood glucose as part of a multi-component therapy among non-insulin requiring type 2 diabetes patients: A meta-analysis (1966-2004)*. Current Medical Research and Opinion®, 21(2), 173-183.

Schechter, C. B., & Walker, E. A. (2002). Improving adherence to diabetes self-management recommendations. Diabetes Spectrum, 15(3), 170-175.

Schillinger, D., Handley, M., Wang, F., & Hammer, H. (2009). Effects of self-management support on structure, process, and outcomes among vulnerable patients with diabetes: A three-arm practical clinical trial. Diabetes Care, 32(4), 559-566. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0787

Schmidt, S., Mayer, H., & Panfil, E. M. (2008). Diabetes foot self-care practices in the German population. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(21), 2920-2926. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02352.x

Sharma, S., & Bhadari, S. D. (2017). Knowledge and Practice regarding Self-Care among the patients with type II Diabetes of Kapan, Kathmandu. Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 1(2), 85-91.

Sherifali, D., Bai, J. W., Kenny, M., Warren, R., & Ali, M. (2015). Diabetes self‐management programmes in older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetic medicine. 1-11. doi: 10.1111/dme.12780

Shrivastava, S., Shrivastava, P. S., & Ramasamy, J. (2013). Role of self-care in the management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 12(1), 14.

Sidani, S., & Braden, C. J. (1998). Evaluating nursing interventions: A theory-driven approach. United State of America, USA: SAGE Publications.

Sigal, R. J., Armstrong, M. J., Colby, P., Kenny, G. P., Plotnikoff, R. C., Reichert, S. M., & Riddell, M. C. (2013). Physical activity and diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 37(Supplement 1), S40-S44.

Sinclair, K. i. A., Makahi, E. K., Shea-Solatorio, C., Yoshimura, S. R., Townsend, C. K. M., & Kaholokula, J. K. a. (2012). Outcomes from a Diabetes Self-management Intervention for Native Hawaiians and Pacific People: Partners in Care. Annals of Behavioral Medicine doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9422-1

Singh, N., Armstrong, D. G., & Lipsky, B. A. (2005). Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Journal of American Medical Association, 293(2), 217-228.

Snowling, N. J., & Hopkins, W. G. (2006). Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 29(11), 2518-2527. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1317

Soewondo, P., Ferrario, A., & Tahapary, D. L. (2013). Challenges in diabetes management in Indonesia: A literature review. Globalization and Health, 9(1), 63. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-9-63

Song, M., Lee, M., & Shim, B. (2010). Barriers to and facilitators of self-management adherence in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5(3), 211-218. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2009.00189.x

Strom, J. L., & Egede, L. E. (2012). The impact of social support on outcomes in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Curr Diab Rep, 12(6), 769-781. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0317-0

Thoits, P. A. (1982). Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 145-159.

Toobert, D. J., Hampson, S. E., & Glasgow, R. (2000). The summary of diabetes self-care activities measure: Results from 7 studies and a revised scale. Diabetes Care, 23(7), 943-950.

Trapp, C., Barnard, N., & Katcher, H. (2010). A plant-based diet for type 2 diabetes: Scientific support and practical strategies. The Diabetes Educator, 36(1), 33-48. doi: 10.1177/0145721709357797

Tricco, A. C., Ivers, N. M., Grimshaw, J. M., Moher, D., Turner, L., Galipeau, J., . . . Shojania, K. (2012). Effectiveness of quality improvement strategies on the management of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 379(9833), 2252-2261. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60480-2

Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Jenkins, D. J., Barnard, N. D., Cohen, J., Gloede, L., & Green, A. A. (2011). Decreases in dietary glycemic index are related to weight loss among individuals following therapeutic diets for type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(8), 1469-1474. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.140921

Umpierre, D., Ribeiro, P. A., Kramer, C. K., Leitão, C. B., Zucatti, A. T., Azevedo, M. J., . . . Schaan, B. D. (2011). Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of American Medical Association, 305(17), 1790-1799.

Walker, R. J., Gebregziabher, M., Martin-Harris, B., & Egede, L. E. (2015). Understanding the influence of psychological and socioeconomic factors on diabetes self-care using structured equation modeling. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(1), 34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.10.002

Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801-809.

Weiner, B. J., Helfrich, C. D., Savitz, L. A., & Swiger, K. D. (2007). Adoption and implementation of strategies for diabetes management in primary care practices. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(1), S35-S49.

Welschen, L. M., Bloemendal, E., Nijpels, G., Dekker, J. M., Heine, R. J., Stalman, W. A., & Bouter, L. M. (2005). Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin: A systematic review. Diabetes Care, 28(6), 1510-1517.

World Health Organization. (2013). Diabetes. Retrieved December 23, 2013, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/

Yang, S., Hsue, C., & Lou, Q. (2015). Does patient empowerment predict self-care behavior and glycosylated hemoglobin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 17(5), 343-348.

Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.