Green diesel is a second generation of biofuel obtained from renewable feedstocks with similar properties and molecule structure to petroleum diesel. Green diesel is produced through a hydrotreating of triglycerides, which consists of 3 main reactions: decarbonylation, decarboxylation and hydrodeoxygenation. The simulation for green diesel production has included heat integration and CO2 capture unit to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emission. The current production process has a high conversion, and CO2 removal based on simulation. This study has focused on the economic and environmental impact analysis of carbon neutral green diesel production process from crude palm oil (CPO). It focuses on analysing the propensity of gross profit using the actual purchase and selling data of a green diesel production comparing with petroleum diesel production. Moreover, this economic evaluation includes carbon prices that the trade carbon prices increase annually. It was found from the result from the approximation that the gross profit between CPO and the retail diesel price is too low to operate commercial production due to the high-priced hydrogen as the main raw material. However, the amount of CO2 reduction through the CO2 capture of green diesel production will reduce the higher CO2 taxation in the future. In terms of environmental impact, green diesel contributes to carbon neutrality, with lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduced air pollution compared to fossil fuels.

[1] W. Wu, R. Supankanok, W. Chandra-Ambhorn, and M. I. Taipabu, “Novel CO2-negative design of palm oil-based polygeneration systems,” Renew Energy, vol. 203, pp. 622–633, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.12.103.
[2] S. K. Hoekman, A. Broch, C. Robbins, E. Ceniceros, and M. Natarajan, “Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 1. pp. 143–169, Jan. 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.143.
[3] D. Garraín, I. Herrera, Y. Lechón, and C. Lago, “Well-to-Tank environmental analysis of a renewable diesel fuel from vegetable oil through co-processing in a hydrotreatment unit,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 63, pp. 239–249, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.035.
[4] Jessica Aizarani, “Global biofuels market size 2020-2030.” Accessed: Jun. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/217179/global-biofuels-market-size/
[5] J. Moreno Fernández-Villamil and A. Hurtado De Mendoza Paniagua, “Preliminary design of the green diesel production process by hydrotreatment of vegetable oils.”
[6] A. Tirado, J. Ancheyta, and F. Trejo, “Kinetic and Reactor Modeling of Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Vegetable Oils,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 7245–7261, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00947.
[7] M. Ameen, M. T. Azizan, A. Ramli, S. Yusup, and M. S. Alnarabiji, “Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of rubber seed oil over sonochemically synthesized Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for green diesel production,” Ultrason Sonochem, vol. 51, pp. 90–102, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.011.
[8] A. Guzman, J. E. Torres, L. P. Prada, and M. L. Nuñez, “Hydroprocessing of crude palm oil at pilot plant scale,” Catal Today, vol. 156, no. 1–2, pp. 38–43, Oct. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.11.015.
[9] M. Ameen, M. T. Azizan, S. Yusup, and A. Ramli, “Hydroprocessing of rubber seed oil over Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 for the green diesel production,” Chem Eng Trans, vol. 61, pp. 1843–1848, 2017, doi: 10.3303/CET1761305.
[10] S. L. Douvartzides, N. D. Charisiou, K. N. Papageridis, and M. A. Goula, “Green diesel: Biomass feedstocks, production technologies, catalytic research, fuel properties and performance in compression ignition internal combustion engines,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 5. MDPI AG, Feb. 28, 2019. doi: 10.3390/en12050809.
[11] M. Ameen, M. T. Azizan, A. Ramli, S. Yusup, and M. S. Alnarabiji, “Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of rubber seed oil over sonochemically synthesized Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for green diesel production,” Ultrason Sonochem, vol. 51, pp. 90–102, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.011.
[12] X. Li et al., “Heterogeneous sulfur-free hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for selectively upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second generation biofuels,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 82. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 3762–3797, Feb. 01, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.091.
[13] D. Kubička and V. Tukač, “Hydrotreating of Triglyceride-Based Feedstocks in Refineries,” in Advances in Chemical Engineering, vol. 42, Academic Press Inc., 2013, pp. 141–194. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386505-2.00003-1.
[14] P. Kittisupakorn, S. Sae-ueng, and A. Suwatthikul, “Optimization of Energy Consumption in a Hydrotreating Process for Green Diesel Production from Palm Oil,” in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, vol. 38, Elsevier B.V., 2016, pp. 751–756. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63428-3.50130-2.
[15] T. J. Hilbers, L. M. J. Sprakel, L. B. J. van den Enk, B. Zaalberg, H. van den Berg, and L. G. J. van der Ham, “Green Diesel from Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Process Design Study,” Chem Eng Technol, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 651–657, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1002/ceat.201400648.
[16] S. L. Douvartzides, N. D. Charisiou, K. N. Papageridis, and M. A. Goula, “Green diesel: Biomass feedstocks, production technologies, catalytic research, fuel properties and performance in compression ignition internal combustion engines,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 5. MDPI AG, Feb. 28, 2019. doi: 10.3390/en12050809.
[17] K. Landberg, “Experimental and kinetic modelling study of hydrodeoxygenation of tall oil to re-newable fuel.”
[18] A. Srifa, K. Faungnawakij, V. Itthibenchapong, N. Viriya-empikul, T. Charinpanitkul, and S. Assabumrungrat, “Production of bio-hydrogenated diesel by catalytic hydrotreating of palm oil over NiMoS2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst,” Bioresour Technol, vol. 158, pp. 81–90, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.100.
[19] P. Madejski, K. Chmiel, N. Subramanian, and T. Kuś, “Methods and Techniques for CO2 Capture: Review of Potential Solutions and Applications in Modern Energy Technologies,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 3. MDPI, Feb. 01, 2022. doi: 10.3390/en15030887.
[20] T. M. Pessanha, C. L. Quintanilha, C. N. Da Silva, and J. C. Afonso, “Characterization of several generations of nimo hydroprocessing catalysts employed in the same hydrotreater,” Quim Nova, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 397–404, 2019, doi: 10.21577/0100-4042.20170323.
[21] C. Sowcharoensuk, “PALM OIL INDUSTRY.”
[22] Department of internal trade, “ปาล์มน้ำมัน ราคาผลปาล์มและน้ำมันปาล์มรายวัน.”
[23] LLC. Intratec Solutions, “Monitor Monoethanolamine Prices Worldwide.”
[24] Ltd. Zibo Yinghe Chemical Co., “Ni-Mo Catalyst /Al2O3 Catalyst For Fydrofining Desulfurization.”
[25] S. Skarlis, E. Kondili, and J. K. Kaldellis, “Small-scale biodiesel production economics: A case study focus on Crete Island,” J Clean Prod, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 20–26, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.011.
[26] W. Wu, H. Xu, B. Shi, and P. C. Kuo, “Techno-economic analysis of plastic wastes-based polygeneration processes,” Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, vol. 184, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2023.109297.
[27] Y. D. Publications, Y. Demirel, and Y. Demirel, “Cite this article: Demirel Y (2013) Sustainable Operations for Distillation Columns,” 2013. [Online]. Available: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cbmedemirel
[28] M. Alhajji and Y. Demirel, “Energy intensity and environmental impact metrics of the back-end separation of ethylene plant by thermodynamic analysis,” International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 45–59, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1007/s40095-015-0194-9.
[29] Y. D. Rivera-Méndez, D. T. Rodríguez, and H. M. Romero, “Carbon footprint of the production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fresh fruit bunches in Colombia,” J Clean Prod, vol. 149, pp. 743–750, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.149.
[30] Y. A. Cengel and A. J. Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamental and Application, 5th ed., vol. 283. 2016.
[31] U.S. Energy Information Administration, “PETROLEUM & OTHER LIQUIDS.”
[32] S. P. de Souza, S. Pacca, M. T. de Ávila, and J. L. B. Borges, “Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balance of palm oil biofuel,” Renew Energy, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2552–2561, Nov. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2010.03.028.