隨著台灣即將邁入超高齡社會，中高齡者的心理與生活需求日益多元，如何提升其生活品質，已成為當前政策與學術研究的重要課題。孤獨感是日漸受矚目的中高齡者心理健康議題，與身心健康、生活品質及老年階段的適應息息相關。孤獨感的形成涉及多層次因素，從外顯的健康行為到內在的人格特質皆有所關聯。其中，心盛作為整合正向心理特質的重要指標，其所強調的正向情緒、自我價值、社會連結與適應力等元素，與良好的社會支持、生活滿意度及積極的社會參與密切相關，對孤獨感的經驗產生潛在的保護作用。然而，這種心理資源的保護效果是否在不同社會風險處境中依然有效，仍有待釐清，特別是對於具虐待易感性、單身或獨居等社會支持不足者而言。此外，隨著照顧選擇與支持資源日益多元，不同婚姻與居住型態下的心理需求也愈加複雜，相關整合性研究仍相對不足。
為回應此一缺口，本研究以雙重連續模型與生態系統理論為分析架構，透過剖析個體心理資源與社會處境在不同層級間的交互作用，進一步揭示「心盛」與「虐待易感性」如何在各種社會環境脈絡中對孤獨感與老後照顧需求產生調節性影響。本研究探討不同心盛與虐待易感性程度者在社會人口學特徵、行為與社會健康、孤獨感與老後照顧選擇上的差異與交互作用，並提出四項研究目的：（一）探討不同心盛程度之中高齡者在社會人口學、行為與社會健康特徵及老後照顧需求上的差異，並分析其與孤獨感相關之風險與保護因子；（二）探討不同虐待易感性程度之中高齡者在社會人口學、行為與社會健康特徵及老後照顧需求上的差異，並分析其與孤獨感相關之風險與保護因子；（三）分析虐待易感性在中高齡者其心盛與孤獨感之間的調節作用是否與婚姻與及居住狀態有關，以及其中介因子；（四）探討不同地區中高齡者的老後照顧選擇分布情形，並分析社會人口學及行為與社會健康變項是否為中高齡者不同老後照顧需求選擇（親朋好友照顧、看護照顧、長照機構與專業服務照顧、不想別人照顧）的獨立預測因子。
研究使用「凍齡研究：單身老化長期追蹤調查（The Longitudinal Surveillance of being Single with Age, The LoSS Age Study)」第一年部分資料，針對1946至1980年出生之中高齡者，於2024至2025年間在全台352個鄉鎮市區進行分層多階段抽樣，問卷收案結合線上與實體兩種形式，共回收有效樣本1,617份，其中線上問卷1,297份，實體問卷320份，以確保樣本具代表性與多樣性。
研究結果如下：本研究共納入1,617位中高齡者，其中嬰兒潮世代占46.90%、X世代占53.10%，女性占54.70%、男性佔45.30%。受訪者中，大多具有大學以上學歷（69.30%），非單身比例為66.40%；有82.30%為與他人同住。整體社會與心理資源概況如下：生活移動性平均為59.76±30.11、社會網絡為27.39±10.00、社會支持為59.91±15.28、孤獨感為17.50±3.93。大多數人偏好由親友照顧（68.50%），尤以配偶（77.40%）與子女（59.90%）為主，另有27.10%傾向選擇看護照顧，57.70%選擇長照機構與專業服務照顧；值得注意的是，12.30%的受訪者表示不希望被他人照顧。
（一）高心盛者具備較佳的心理與社會資源，包括較強的社會支持（M = 66.38 vs. 52.95，p < .001）、偏向白日型的作息（p <.001）、相對較低的孤獨感（M = 16.72 vs. 18.33，p = .210），較偏好親朋好友照顧（73.1% vs 63.4%，p<.001）。低心盛者的孤獨感則與性別（p = .015）、居住型態（p = .017）、自評健康（p = .002）、可支配收入（p = .038）顯著相關，反映其孤獨風險受外部結構因素影響較大。相對地，高心盛者的孤獨感則主要受到生活移動力（p = .029）、社會網絡（p<.001）與社會支持（p = .028）影響，顯示即便具備心理韌性，若缺乏功能性資源與人際連結，仍可能面臨孤獨感挑戰。（二）具虐待易感性的中高齡者更可能為單身者（42.7% vs. 30.8%，p<.001）、獨居（24.7% vs. 15.4%，p<.001）、為夜貓型作息者（p<.001），並有較低的生活移動性（M = 51.09 vs. 62.51，p<.001）、社會支持（M = 54.22 vs. 61.64，p=.004）與較高的孤獨感（M = 18.81 vs. 17.01，p<.001），以及較偏好朋友照顧（18.8% vs 9.2%，p<.001）。然而，在該群體中，孤獨感無任何量化變項具顯著預測力，顯示其風險來源可能更隱晦複雜，如創傷經驗或人際信任障礙等。（三）心盛與虐待易感性為孤獨感的重要心理指標，其主效應在控制社會與健康變項後依然穩定（心盛：F = 11.612，p = .001；虐待易感性：F = 35.179，p <.001），且兩者交互作用亦達顯著（p = .020）（四）單身者的孤獨感主要受主觀健康所影響（β = −.099，p = .038），社會支持與網絡效果不顯著。反之，非單身與非獨居者的孤獨感則顯著受社會支持（非單身者：β = −.105，p=.006 , 非獨居者：β=-.095，p=.006）與社會網絡（非單身者：β = −.141，p<.001, 非獨居者： β=-.148，p<.001）調節，顯示其較能動員人際資本以因應孤獨。（五）獨居者中，心盛對孤獨感的保護效應最為顯著（β = −.300，p <.001），並觀察到與虐待易感性之交互作用（β = .215，p =.008），即即便具備高心盛，若同時面臨人際風險，其孤獨感仍可能升高。此外，高教育者孤獨感更強（β = .278，p =.035），生活移動能力為顯著保護因子（β = −.129，p =.041），突顯其日常行動與心理資源對於獨居者的重要性。（六）照顧偏好因個人與社會因素而異。在不同地區中高齡者的照顧偏好中，雖無達統計顯著，但「不想被照顧」的選擇比例略有差異，六都高於非六都（13.2% vs. 10.0%，p=.101），東部三縣市地區則相對較低（7.1%，p=.082），其餘照顧選項的大部分趨勢則相當一致。整體而言，穩定社交連結與較高孤獨感者較偏好親友照顧，高教育者則較不傾向選擇機構與看護照顧。獨居者傾向選擇親友照顧（OR =.606，p =.003），非獨居者則更多表達「不希望被照顧」（OR =1.766，p =.007），顯示照顧期待與居住型態密切相關。
整體而言，心盛確實具備緩解孤獨感的潛力，但當單身、獨居與心理脆弱等風險因素交織時，其保護效果可能無法單獨發揮作用。因此，未來推動高齡者心理健康的介入策略時，應避免將心盛視為唯一解方，而須同步強化社會支持系統、促進人際互動，並提升對不同生活處境與心理需求的敏感度。唯有兼顧心理調適與社會環境兩大面向，方能回應高齡社會中多元且細緻的照顧需求，建立更具包容性與韌性的支持網絡，協助中高齡者安穩且有尊嚴地邁向晚年生活。

As Taiwan enters a super-aged society, the psychological and social needs of middle-aged and older adults have become increasingly complex. Loneliness, a key concern in aging, is shaped by both internal resources and external conditions. This study explored how flourishing and vulnerability to abuse jointly influence loneliness and later-life care preferences across different social contexts. Using data from 1,617 adults (born 1946–1980) in the 2024–2025 LoSS Age Study, we applied the Dual-Continua Model and Ecological Systems Theory in multivariate and subgroup analyses. Key findings include: Individuals with high flourishing showed stronger social support and regular routines. In contrast, women and Gen X adults were more likely to experience low flourishing. Flourishing was consistently associated with lower loneliness; however, its protective effect significantly declined in high-risk conditions such as abuse vulnerability, singlehood, or living alone. This suggests that the psychological benefits of flourishing may be constrained by unfavorable social environments. Self-rated health, flourishing, and social support emerged as key protective factors, though their influence varied across groups. Among single individuals, self-rated health was the only stable predictor of loneliness. Partnered and cohabiting individuals experienced stronger effects from social capital. Among those living alone, higher education was associated with greater loneliness, while better mobility reduced it, emphasizing the importance of both psychological resilience and physical functioning in this group. Care preferences were shaped by gender, education, and social resources. These results highlight the need for aging policies that strengthen both internal capacities and external support systems.

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