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研究生： 羅君豪
Luo, Chun-Hao
論文名稱： 澎湖玄武岩之巨觀與微觀磁特性研究
Study on macro- and micro-magnetism in basaltic rocks in Penghu Islands of Taiwan
指導教授： 陳燕華
Chen, Yen-Hua
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 理學院 - 地球科學系
Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年： 2020
畢業學年度： 108
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 191
中文關鍵詞： 磁性礦物 、玄武岩 、鈦磁鐵礦 、磁力顯微鏡
外文關鍵詞： magnetic mineral, basaltic rocks, single-domain, multi-domain, natural remanent magnetism
相關次數： 點閱：150  下載：1 
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    • 自然界中的磁性礦物可以紀錄其形成時的古地磁強度以及方向，不過岩石中多元的礦物相以及化學組成，可能使得古地磁的記錄更加複雜化。許多著名的天然磁學研究充分地解釋了地球磁場的形成、磁性礦物種類以及不同岩石之間的磁特性，卻發現一些影響岩石磁特性的因素會控制於微小的礦物甚至於內部的磁結構。因此本研究希望搭配高解析電子顯微鏡、磁力顯微鏡等微觀技術，來輔助分析一些巨觀尺度下觀察到的磁異常現象。本研究以臺灣澎湖群島玄武岩為例，初步的自然殘磁以及磁感率的測定發現矽質玄武岩的殘磁方向和強度相對穩定；鹼性玄武岩在熱退磁的過程中沒有穩定的殘磁方向，且退磁溫度點較低，不過卻有相當高的磁感率。結果顯示：矽質玄武岩的氧化程度較鹼性玄武岩高，且有觀察到鈦磁鐵礦氧化偏析產生鈦鐵礦，其成分相對較複雜。不過由於矽質玄武岩含有較多次微米級的鈦磁鐵礦，因此所含的單磁區比例高，且這些單磁區礦物之殘磁方向具有較高的一致性。反之鹼性玄武岩雖然只含有鈦磁鐵礦而相對單純，不過其多磁區訊號比例較高，且單磁區的殘磁方向分布不一致，因此導致在巨觀上呈現不穩定的殘磁特性。殘磁穩定的矽質玄武岩中還有觀察到多磁區有順向排列甚至被拉張的情形，且方向是和其噴發年代時的大地應力有著正相關。透過多磁區結構可以比較出熱擾動以及外加應力之間的影響規模，以及輔助證明了澎湖群島在停止噴發後的確是處在穩定的被動大陸邊緣。因此認為在古地磁領域，磁力顯微鏡是可以提供不一樣的觀察結果；其對磁區的構建能力可以在古地磁或地質領域貢獻新的輔助應用。

    Rock magnetic properties such as stability of remanent magnetization, magnetic coercivity, and magnetic susceptibility are controlled by the properties of magnetic minerals. Therefore, understanding mineral magnetism is crucially important to interpret rock magnetic properties. Basaltic rocks have been generally regarded as reliable recorders to record past geomagnetic natures and behaviors. Despite this recognition, we can still observe that some of the basaltic rocks do not display good recorder for the paleomagnetism. Here we study two types of basaltic rocks collected from the Penghu islands in Taiwan, which show that alkali basalt compared with tholeiitic basalt has relatively high magnetic susceptibility but rather an unstable remanent magnetization. From results, we know that there are two kind of magnetic minerals in tholeiitic basalt from calibration line of XRD and have higher degree of oxidation. However, the higher ratio of single-domain causes the stable NRM, and the results of MFM also can respond to the results of thermal decay. Conversely, there is only one kind of magnetic minerals in alkali basalt, but the higher ratio of multi-domain causes the unstable NRM. Besides, the results of MFM are agreed with the results of macro-magnetic analysis if the remanent magnetic direcion is very stable.

    目錄 中文摘要 I Abstract II 誌謝 V 目錄 VI 表目錄 IX 圖目錄 X 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 磁學研究回顧 1 1.2 地質背景回顧 9 1.3 研究動機 15 第二章 基本理論 17 2.1 磁性 17 2.2 磁性礦物 19 2.3 殘磁 24 2.4 磁學參數 26 2.5 磁區結構 27 第三章 岩石樣品採集與研究方法 29 3.1 岩石樣品與採集 29 3.1.1 Case I 虎井嶼、桶盤嶼、煙墩山 29 3.1.2 Case II 外垵漁港、大菓葉、錠鉤嶼 33 3.1.3 Case III 桶盤上層、桶盤下層 35 3.2 實驗流程 38 3.3 X光粉晶繞射儀分析 (XRD) 39 3.4 化學分析電子光譜儀-XPS (ESCA) 46 3.5 掃描式電子顯微鏡分析 (SEM) 46 3.6 熱退磁分析 (Thermal Demagnetization) 47 3.7 磁滯曲線參數 (SQUID VSM) 47 3.8 磁力顯微鏡分析 (MFM) 48 第四章 研究結果與討論 50 4.1 Case I、Case II 50 4.1.1 全岩粉末XRD礦物相分析 50 4.1.2 磁選粉末XRD礦物相分析 53 4.1.3 檢量線 56 4.1.4 XPS鐵氧化態分析 58 4.1.5 SEM岩相觀察與分析 61 4.1.6 熱退磁分析 76 4.1.7 磁滯曲線分析 78 4.1.8 磁力顯微鏡分析 80 4.1.9 Case I、Case II討論與結論 88 4.2 Case III 樣本逐步熱退磁之巨觀微觀磁力分析比較 92 4.2.1 多磁區殘磁強度 92 4.2.2 多磁區之磁區結構 105 4.2.3 單磁區之方向 117 4.2.4 Case III討論與結論 123 第五章 綜合討論與結論 125 5.1 磁性礦物組織成份探討 125 5.2 磁穩定性以及結構變化探討 129 參考文獻 135 附錄 157 表目錄 表 1 1澎湖群島鉀-氬定年結果 (修改自*：莊文星，1988; Juang and Chen, 1992; PH-：李寄嵎，1994)。 12 表 2 1自然殘磁分類示意表。 25 表 3 1 Case I熱退磁各溫度點 (25 oC - 700 oC) 之磁偏角、磁傾角以及磁感率之表格。 31 表 3 2 Case II熱退磁各溫度點 (25 oC - 700 oC) 之磁偏角、磁傾角以及磁感率之表格。 33 表 3 3 Case III熱退磁各溫度點 (25 oC - 700 oC) 之磁偏角、磁傾角以及磁感率之表格。 37 表 3 4檢量線所使用之鈦磁鐵礦以及鈦赤鐵礦不同成分對應繞射角和晶格常數數據點。 41 表 4-1 1 Case I三個樣本所取用進行平均計算的數據點面積分，以及所採用之數據點的鐵價態平均值比例。 59 表 4-1 2 Case II三個樣本所取用進行平均計算的數據點面積分，以及所採用之數據點的鐵價態平均值比例。 60 表 4-1 3 Case I微觀數據分析綜合比較之表格。 91 表 4-2 1 PH 79.6之巨觀殘磁各項量測參數結果。 104 表 4-2 2 PH 111.3之巨觀殘磁各項量測參數結果。 104 圖目錄 圖 1 1冰島西南方雷加恩洋脊所測得之磁力異常條帶 (Vine, 1966)。 1 圖 1 2經過優選過後的夏威夷熔岩流樣本 (Cromwell et al., 2015)。 2 圖 1 3採集自La Palisse村之不同地點之玄武岩樣本 (Boiron et al., 2013)。 3 圖1 4夏威夷玄武岩中鈦磁鐵礦之背散式電子影像圖以及MFM影像圖 (Shaar and Feinberg, 2013)。 4 圖 1 5鈦磁鐵礦在加熱前後以及靜置後之MFM影像圖 (De Groot et al., 2014)。 5 圖 1 6鐵鎵合金 (Fe81Ga19) 受到應力影響示意圖 (Song et al., 2009)。 6 圖 1 7電工鋼晶粒在無應力作用時，不同外加磁場下對於磁域結構的影響(Oiu et al., 2017)。 7 圖 1 8電工鋼晶粒在30.9 Mpa應力作用時，不同外加磁場下對於磁區結構的影響 (Oiu et al., 2017)。 7 圖 1 9電工鋼晶粒在61.9 Mpa應力作用時，不同外加磁場下對於磁區結構的影響 (Oiu et al., 2017)。 8 圖 1 10早中新世至今之南中國海應力演變示意圖 (Angelier et al., 1990)。 10 圖 1 11澎湖玄武岩K2O+Na2O含量對SiO2之變化圖 (陳培源和張郇生，1995)。 12 圖 1 12板塊斷裂後矽質玄武岩在裂谷內部中央處，軟流圈頂著岩石圈向上拱起示意圖 (修改自Ragland, 1989; Chung et al., 1994)。 13 圖 2 1鈦鐵氧化物之三相圖 (Butler, 1992)。 19 圖2 2鈦赤鐵礦根據不同鈦含量所對應到的飽和磁化強度以及居里溫度 (Nagata, 1961; Stacey and Banerjee, 1974; Butler, 1992)。 22 圖 2 3鈦磁鐵礦和鈦赤鐵礦固溶體線圖 (Nagata, 1961; Burton, 1991; Butler, 1992)。 22 圖 2 4鈦赤鐵礦在SEM下的背散式電子影像圖 (McEnroe et al., 2005)。 23 圖 2 5磁滯曲線以及各項參數示意圖。 26 圖 2 6磁性載體的粒徑與矯頑力之關係圖 (Dunlop, 1981)。 28 圖 3 1澎湖群島相對位置示意地圖，以及所有樣本之採樣地點。 30 圖 3 2 Case I樣本之熱退磁之殘磁方向數據點投影圖。 32 圖 3 3 Case II樣本之熱退磁之殘磁方向數據點投影圖。 34 圖 3 4 Case III樣本之採樣地點示意圖，為桶盤嶼之西南角柱狀玄武岩。 36 圖 3 5 Case III樣本採集點分層示意圖。 36 圖 3 6 Case III樣本之熱退磁之殘磁方向數據點投影圖。 37 圖 3 7實驗方法以及流程示意圖。 38 圖 3 8以Fe2.75Ti0.25O4 鈦磁鐵礦為例選取標準卡示意圖。 39 圖 3 9以Fe2.75Ti0.25O4 鈦磁鐵礦為例選取峰值示意圖。 40 圖 3 10鈦磁鐵礦 (Titanomagnetite, Fe3-xTixO4) 檢量線，以繞射角為Y軸做圖。 42 圖 3 11鈦磁鐵礦 (Titanomagnetite, Fe3-xTixO4) 檢量線，以晶格常數a為Y軸做圖。 42 圖 3 12鈦赤鐵礦 (Titanohematite, Fe2-xTixO3) 檢量線，以繞射角為Y軸做圖。 43 圖 3 13鈦赤鐵礦 (Titanohematite, Fe2-xTixO3) 檢量線，以晶格常數a為Y軸做圖。 43 圖 3 14鈦赤鐵礦 (Titanohematite, Fe2-xTixO3) 檢量線，以晶格常數c為Y軸做圖。 44 圖 3 15原子力顯微鏡運作示意圖。 49 圖 3 16磁力顯微鏡磁力作用原理示意圖。 49 圖 4-1 1 Case I全岩粉末之XRD分析圖。 51 圖 4-1 2 Case II全岩粉末之XRD分析圖。 52 圖 4-1 3 Case I磁選粉末之XRD分析圖。 54 圖 4-1 4 Case II磁選粉末之XRD分析圖。 55 圖 4-1 5 Case I、II檢量線圖。 57 圖 4-1 6 Case I、II樣本的磁性礦物投圖至鈦鐵氧化物之三相圖 (修改自Butler, 1992)。 57 圖 4-1 7 Case I XPS分析圖譜。 59 圖 4-1 8 Case II XPS分析圖譜。 60 圖 4-1 9 相同倍率下 (250X) 之背散式電子顯微影像。 61 圖 4-1 10 PH 6薄片之BSE影像圖。 63 圖 4-1 11 PH 5薄片之BSE影像圖。 64 圖 4-1 12 PH 5薄片之BSE影像圖。 66 圖 4-1 13 PH 6薄片之BSE影像圖。 67 圖 4-1 14 PH 65薄片之BSE影像圖。 69 圖 4-1 15 PH 65偏析鈦磁鐵礦之BSE影像圖和其搭配之MFM影像圖。 70 圖 4-1 16 PH 67薄片之BSE影像圖。 72 圖 4-1 17 PH 67薄片之BSE影像圖。 72 圖 4-1 18 PH 13薄片之BSE影像圖。 73 圖 4-1 19 PH 16薄片之BSE影像圖。 75 圖 4-1 20熱退磁溫度點 (25-700 oC) 對應殘磁強度示意圖。 77 圖 4-1 21 Case I、II樣本磁滯曲線分析圖。 79 圖 4-1 22樣本PH 6之MFM影像圖。 81 圖 4-1 23樣本PH 5之MFM影像圖。 82 圖 4-1 24樣本PH 13之MFM影像圖。 83 圖 4-1 25樣本PH 65之MFM影像圖。 85 圖 4-1 26樣本PH 67之MFM影像圖。 86 圖 4-1 27樣本PH 16之MFM影像圖。 87 圖 4-2 1 PH 79.6之25 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 93 圖 4-2 2 PH 79.6之200 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 94 圖 4-2 3 PH 79.6之420 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 95 圖 4-2 4 PH 79.6之540 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 96 圖 4-2 5 PH 79.6之660 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 97 圖 4-2 6 PH 111.3之25 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 99 圖 4-2 7 PH 111.3之200 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 100 圖 4-2 8 PH 111.3之420 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 101 圖 4-2 9 PH 111.3之540 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 102 圖 4-2 10 PH 111.3之660 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其表面形貌與磁力大小剖面分析圖。 103 圖 4-2 11 PH 79.6之殘磁方向、採樣岩芯和古應力拉張方向示意圖。 105 圖 4-2 12 PH 79.6之25 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 106 圖 4-2 13 PH 79.6之200 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 107 圖 4-2 14 PH 79.6之420 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 108 圖 4-2 15 PH 79.6之540 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 109 圖 4-2 16 PH 79.6之660 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 110 圖 4-2 17 PH 111.3之殘磁方向、採樣岩芯和古應力拉張方向示意圖。 111 圖 4-2 18 PH 111.3之25 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 112 圖 4-2 19 PH 111.3之200 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 113 圖 4-2 20 PH 111.3之420 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 114 圖4-2 21 PH 111.3之540 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 115 圖 4-2 22 PH 111.3之660 oC試片中多磁區MFM影像圖以及其磁區排列示意圖。 116 圖 4-2 23 PH 79.6之25 oC試片中單磁區MFM影像圖以及其指示方向示意圖。 117 圖 4-2 24 PH 79.6之200 oC試片中單磁區MFM影像圖以及其指示方向示意圖。 118 圖 4-2 25 PH 79.6之420 oC試片中單磁區MFM影像圖以及其指示方向示意圖。 119 圖 4-2 26 PH 111.3之25 oC試片中單磁區MFM影像圖以及其指示方向示意圖。 120 圖 4-2 27 PH 111.3之200 oC試片中單磁區MFM影像圖以及其指示方向示意圖。 121 圖 4-2 28 PH 111.3之420 oC試片中單磁區MFM影像圖以及其指示方向示意圖。 122 圖 5 1氧化偏析後形成鈦鐵礦以及磁鐵礦之XRD圖譜 (Tan et al., 2016)。 125 圖 5 2本研究兩類玄武岩中觀察到單磁區以及多磁區含量比例。 131 圖 5 3 Case III樣本受應力作用以及巨觀微觀殘磁量測結果之綜合圖示。 133 圖 5 4南海區域構造應力場模擬結果 (陳群策等，2014)。 134 圖 5 5臺灣南部GPS觀測站之水平移動速度，以澎湖白沙島觀測站 (S01R) 做為不動點進行觀測 (Ho, 1986; Yu et al., 1997; Byrne and Liu, 2002)。 134

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