獎學金作為一種國家制度，會在不同的時空背景下去實現不同的（有時是有爭議的）功能，例如培養對國家的效忠程度（軍方獎學金）、建立對特定群體的照顧或特權（原住民子女獎學金）、鼓勵專業學科等。
本論文選擇以ASEAN中曾被英國殖民的新加坡和馬來西亞作為個案，探究一國關於公費留學生的制度性影響，特別是在哪些條件下公費留學生較有機會在母國公部門獲得重用或發揮所長；哪些因素影響一個國家留學生相關制度的設計，以及左右留學生海外學成歸國後能不能服務於公務部門並對母國的經濟發展做出貢獻？
本論文將採取個案研究，對新加坡、馬來西亞的留學制度探索，描述在某段時期中什麼樣身分的人會因為獎學金的取得而前往特定國家，以及過程中所涉及到的機構、規定及其它實際情況，以便瞭解一個國家留學獎學金制度的脈絡和實際運作，其中包含受領人返國後能不能在公部門發揮所學之專業，或者什麼身分或資格的人無法獲得這樣的獎學金。同時採用比較分析，同中求異的「同類型比較分析」，聚焦在這兩個國家如下的共同點：(1)均為ASEAN國家；(2)境內國民人口結構中都有相當比例的華裔，並且華裔人口對國家經濟有一定程度的影響；(3)都曾是英國的殖民地；(4)教育上同樣有複數語言的制度設計問題。
最後研究發現，新加坡本身就是一個「獎學金型的國家」。它出身寒門，卻懂得刻苦努力，更知道向何處尋求財源，讓自己脫貧。因為國家本身有這樣的特質，所以政府對其本身有潛力的國民也同樣視如珍寶，因為人才就是新加坡最重要也是唯一的資源。成為國家後的生存壓力引導新加坡變成一個亮眼的國家。因為，沒有共同的過去（多民族社會只有各自的過去，但沒有共同的記憶），唯一能寄託的只有未來。除上述論及的生存壓力外，殖民期間英國所建構的新加坡「身分」也是星國獨立後需要專業公務人員的因素，而這點也恰恰好與馬來西亞不同。
馬來西亞全國的公務人員總數非常多，甚至在亞洲國家的排行上是總數最多的國家，但量多質不優反而成為發展上的桎梏。馬來西亞是一個存在明顯種族差別對待的國家，在公務人員的任免聘用和接受高教的機會與補助上，「種族」因素而不是「人才」因素成為政府考慮的重點。馬來西亞的留學生制度更像是一個經濟資源重分配的機制，大馬政府藉由這個機制來保護或是維持馬來人在國家中的優勢，馬來西亞在可預期的將來，不會實質性修正公費留學生制度，即便國家的行政效能無法提升。因為，這是大馬政府為了國內政治穩定而必須付出的代價。
新加坡是一個發展型國家，對於行政官僚專業能力求之若渴，特別是在一個有生存壓力的時空背景下。它與馬來西亞最大的差別在於，大馬沒有生存危機。馬來西亞政府當然也會希望自己可以有好的發展，但那只是次要目標，而不是首要目標。因為，如果國家發展的更好，但掌權的不是馬來人，大馬政府並不樂見其成。
新加坡對於本身多民族人口組成的認知比馬來西亞正確，導致兩國在諸多相似的背景條件下，新加坡可以設計出有助於人才產出且為國家所用的制度。本論文的研究可以說展示了一種「制度成就菁英，進而決定國家發展」的情形，至少在新加坡的例子，這個論點是可以成立的。

Scholarship as a Political Institution fulfills different (sometimes are controversial) functions in different time and space contexts, such as fostering loyalty to the state (military scholarship), establishing care or privilege for specific groups (Student Scholarship of Council of Indigenous Peoples), encouragement of professional disciplines, etc.

This dissertation selects Singapore and Malaysia, which were colonized by the British in ASEAN as cases, to explore the institutional impact of a country on public-funded students, especially under which conditions public-funded students are more likely to be reused or develop their strengths in the public sector of their home country; What factors affect the design of a country’s system for oversea students, and whether oversea students can serve the public sector and contribute to the economic development of their home country after returning from their overseas studies?

Finally, the study found Singapore as a “Scholarship Country.” This is illustrated by how the Singaporean government put high value in the potential contributions that rising talents can bring by offering scholarships to nurture them into future intellectuals. The pressure of survival after becoming an independent country has led Singapore to recognize talents as being the resource of highest priority for a brighter Singapore. As there has been no common past in between the multi-ethnic societies, in which no common memory is shared, the only thing they could have relied upon is working together towards a common future. In addition to the above-mentioned survival pressure, the "Singaporean identity” constructed by the British during the colonial period was also a factor that emphasized the importance of having professional civil servants after the independence of the country, which is also different from that of Malaysia.

一、 中文
（一）專書
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（五）文件資料
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（六）學位論文
Jackson Reiter Nemeth, 2019. New Wave of Chinese Returnees: Perspectives of
Chinese Students Returning to China from Study in the U.S. on Return
Incentives and New Economic Opportunity, Master thesis. The Ohio State
University.