生物體內有許多防禦機制以因應外來毒物或氧化傷害，其中抗氧化酵素系統與解毒酵素扮演著關鍵性的角色。相對地，體內抗氧化系統失調便會導致活性氧物質(reactive oxygen species, ROS)累積，產生氧化壓力(oxidative stress)，進而引發氧化傷害。傳統的中草藥含有多種生理活性物質，文獻記載香椿(Toona sinensis Roem)全樹各部分均有保健或治療之功能。近年研究發現，香椿中主要的抗氧化成分為槲黃素(quercetin)及没食子酸(gallic acid)，具有良好抗氧化能力。本研究主要探討不同香椿萃取物對注射過氧化氫(hydrogen peroxide, H2O2)大白鼠肝臟、腎臟及睪丸抗氧化防禦系統之影響。每隔兩天腹腔注射 1 mmol / KgBW H2O2 誘發大白鼠產生氧化壓力，分別餵食0.1g/kgBW/day槲黃素、0.1g/kgBW/day沒食子酸及不同濃度香椿萃取物 (TSL-2、TSL-2P 和 TSL-6)，其中香椿各組又分為TSL-2組(0.053 g/kgBW/day)、TSL-2P(1)組(0.94 g/kgBW/day)、TSL-2P(2)組(1.88 g/kgBW/day)、TSL-6(1)組(0.013 g/kgBW/day)及TSL-6(2)組(0.026 g/kgBW/day)，八週後分析大白鼠肝臟、腎臟及睪丸超氧化岐化酶 (Superoxide dismutase, SOD)、過氧化氫分解酶 (Catalase, CAT) 及麩胱甘肽過氧化酶 (Glutathione peroxidase, GPx) 、麩胱甘肽還原酶 (Glutathione reductase, GR) 以及解毒酵素穀胱甘肽-S-轉移酶 (Glutathione S-transferase, GST) 等酵素活性與麩胱苷肽 (Glutathione, GSH)、麩胱苷肽二硫化物 (Glutathione disulfide, GSSG) 及丙二醛 (malonaldehyde, MDA)濃度，以評估香椿萃取物對於氧化壓力下動物抗氧化系統與解毒酵素的影響。
研究結果發現，1 mmol / KgBW /2 day H2O2 會顯著降低肝臟 CAT、SOD、GPx、GR 及腎臟 GR 活性 (p<0.05)，但不會造成肝臟、腎臟及睪丸脂質過氧化，亦對肝臟、腎臟及睪丸解毒酵素GST活性沒有影響。H2O2會顯著降低肝臟GSH及GSSG濃度(p<0.05)，並導致肝臟GSH/GSSG顯著下降 (p<0.05)；對腎臟及睪丸 GSH及GSSG濃度及GSH/GSSG則沒有顯著差異。槲黃素與沒食子酸對肝臟、腎臟及睪丸影響發現，與H2O2組相比，槲黃素能夠顯著提升肝臟SOD及GPx(p<0.05)，腎臟GST活性(p<0.05)，睪丸CAT、SOD、GPx、GR活性及GST活性(p<0.05)。沒食子酸能顯著降低睪丸MDA濃度並顯著提升肝臟SOD、GPx及GR活性(p<0.05)。香椿萃取物對於肝臟影響方面，與H2O2組相比，香椿處理組對肝臟MDA濃度無顯著影響。抗氧化酵素 (CAT、SOD、GPx、GR)方面，與H2O2組相比，香椿處理組TSL-2、TSL-2P(2)、TSL-6(1)及TSL-6(2)均能夠顯著提升肝臟CAT活性(p<0.05)，香椿處理組中TSL-2、TSL-6(1)及TSL-6(2)能夠顯著提升肝臟SOD活性(p<0.05)。香椿處理組中TSL-2、TSL-2P(1)、TSL-2P(2)、TSL-6(1)及TSL-6(2)均能夠顯著提升肝臟GPx活性(p<0.05)。香椿處理組中TSL-2、TSL-2P(1)、TSL-6(1)及TSL-6(2) 均能夠顯著回復肝臟GR活性(p<0.05)。解毒酵素GST方面，與H2O2組相比，香椿處理組TSL-6(1)及TSL-6(2)能顯著提高肝臟GST活性(p<0.05)。GSH與GSSG方面，香椿處理組兩倍劑量TSL-6能夠顯著提高GSH濃度。香椿萃取物對於腎臟影響方面，香椿處理組TSL-2P(2)能夠顯著降低腎臟MDA濃度。抗氧化酵素(CAT、SOD、GPx、GR)方面，與H2O2組相比，香椿處理組對抗氧化酵素無顯著差異，香椿處理組TSL-2P(1)能顯著提高腎臟GST活性(p<0.05)，香椿處理組對腎臟GSH、GSSG濃度及GSH/GSSG均無顯著影響。香椿萃取物對睪丸影響方面，香椿處理組TSL-2、TSL-2P(1)、TSL-2P(2)與TSL-6(1) 與TSL-6(2)均能顯著降低睪丸MDA濃度(p<0.05)。香椿處理組對睪丸抗氧化酵素、解毒酵素及GSH、GSSG濃度及GSH/GSSG均無顯著影響。綜合以上結果發現，(1) 腹腔注射 H2O2 能誘發大鼠肝臟之氧化壓力，但對腎臟及睪丸無顯著影響，(2) 不同的香椿萃取物(TSL-2 , TSL-2P 及 TSL-6)皆能增加肝臟抗氧化酵素之活性並調節肝臟氧化還原狀態，其中以TSL-6效果最佳， (3) 槲黃素能專一的提升睪丸抗氧化能力。

Antioxidant and detoxication systems are the major defense systems against oxidative stress and toxin. The antioxidant system imbalance results in the accumulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative stress and oxidative damage. One of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs Toona sinensis Roem was reported to possess many antioxidative components, including quercetin and gallic acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Toona sinensis Roem extracts on hepatic, renal and testicular antioxidative defense systems in oxidative rats induced by hydrogen peroxide.
The antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and antioxidative protein, including glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and detoxicative enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) was investigated in the livers, kidneys and testes of rats under oxidative stress induced by i.p injection of 1 mmol H2O2 / KgBW / every other day and fed with quercetin, gallic acid and Toona sinensis Roem extracts (TSL-2, TSL-2P, TSL-6) for 8 weeks. Toona sinensis Roem extracts groups were TSL-2(0.053 g/kgBW/day)、TSL-2P(1)(0.94 g/kgBW/day)、TSL-2P(2)(1.88 g/kgBW/day)、TSL-6(1)(0.013 g/kgBW/day) and TSL-6(2)(0.026 g/kgBW/day).
We found that H2O2 had no effects on hepatic, renal and testicular lipid peroxidation. H2O2 significantly decreased hepatic activities of CAT, SOD, GPx, GR and renal GR (p<0.05) compared to the control group (p<0.05).Concentrations of hepatic GSH and GSSG were significantly decreased in H2O2 group compared to the control group (p<0.05). H2O2 had no effects on the concentrations of renal and testicular GSH and GSSG and GSH/GSSG ratio. Quercetin significantly increased hepatic SOD,GPx, renal GST, testicular CAT, SOD, GPx, GR and GST (p<0.05).Gallic acid significantly decreased concentrations of MDA and increased hepatic SOD,GPx and GR (p<0.05).
The effects of Toona sinensis Roem extracts on the liver showed that TSL-2, TSL-2P(2), TSL-6(1) and TSL-6(2) significantly increased hepatic CAT (p<0.05), TSL-2 , TSL-6(1) and TSL-6(2) significantly increased hepatic SOD (p<0.05). TSL-2, TSL-2P(1), TSL-2P(2), TSL-6(1) and TSL-6(2) significantly increased hepatic GPx (p<0.05). TSL-2 , TSL-2P(1) , TSL-6(1) and TSL-6(2) significantly increased hepatic GR (p<0.05). TSL-6(1) and TSL-6(2) significantly increased hepatic GST (p<0.05). TSL-6(1) and TSL-6(2) increased the concentrations of hepatic GSH significantly (p<0.05).TSL-2 increased the concentrations of hepatic GSSG significantly (p<0.05).
The effects of Toona sinensis Roem extracts on the kidney showed that TSL-2P(2) significantly decreased concentrations of MDA. TSL-2P(1) significantly increased renal GST (p<0.05). All Toona sinensis Roem extracts had no effects on the concentrations of renal GSH and GSSG and GSH/GSSG ratio.
The effects of Toona sinensis Roem extracts on the testis showed that TSL-2 , TSL-2P(1),TSL-2P(2), TSL-6(1) and TSL-6(2) significantly decreased concentrations of MDA. All Toona sinensis Roem extracts had no effects on the testicular antioxidant enzyme activities, detoxifying enzyme activity, concentrations of GSH and GSSG and GSH/GSSG ratio.
In conclusion, (I) Intraperitoneally injection (i.p.) of H2O2 consistently induced oxidative stress in liver but not in kidney and testis (II) All Toona sinensis extracts tested including TSL-2, TSL-2P and TSL-6 increased hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities and regulate the state of redox in the livers of rats. Among them, TSL-6 was the most efficacy. (III) Quercetin specifically increased the testicular antioxidant enzymes activities.

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