自1990年代以來，衛星測高被證明可用來精確量測水位高度、冰原高度及平坦陸地表面高度變化的革命性監測技術。然而，受限於測高儀微波脈衝的物理特性及相對不可靠的地球物理改正，要獲得沿海地區和內陸水域的精確水位觀測值，至今仍然充滿挑戰性。隨著科技進步，新型測高衛星Cryosat-2與Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa (SARAL/AltiKa)藉由更高的空間解析度克服傳統微波脈衝的局限性，可更精確地量測內陸水體和沿海地區的水位高度變化。本研究利用波形特徵剔除非水面反射之訊號，評估Cryosat-2 LRM (Low Resolution Mode)和SARin (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)模式及SARAL/AltiKa Ka-band 測高數據於青藏高原中部兩個相連湖泊米提江占木錯(又名赤布張錯, Migriggyangzham Co)和多爾索洞錯(Dorsoidong Co)及台灣沿海地區水位變化情形，並與CNES Hydroweb數據庫與台灣潮位站資料進行分析。成果顯示Cryosat-2 SARin模式與SARAL/AltiKa Ka-band重定觀測值在米提江占木錯和多爾索洞錯和Hydroweb數據資料庫所觀測到的水位變化趨勢相符，於2011-2017年及2013-2015年期間，水位每年上升約0.30 m，並以Ka-band數據之RMS表現較佳。而於台灣沿海地區，SARAL/AltiKa Ka-band成果明顯優於Cryosat-2 LRM模式，與潮位站資料RMS值皆小於6 cm，相關係數高達0.90以上，也證明Ka-band波段確實克服傳統Ku-band波段之限制，提升沿岸水位觀測精度。
而了解不同沿海區域季節性海水面週期的時空變化是另一個重要研究主題，特別是年週期海水面變化，因在大部分海洋範圍年週期皆比半年週期來的更為明顯，其中總體經驗模態分解法(ensemble empirical mode decomposition, EEMD)已被廣泛用於研究潮汐分量、長期海平面上升和年代際海平面變化。由於部分海域之年度海水面變化研究仍然不足，如東北太平洋海域，故本研究利用總體經驗模態分解法分析測高每月海水面異常數據及偵測年度週期特徵，並使用1950至2016年長期潮位觀測資料與相關氣候因子分析東北太平洋年度海水面振幅的趨勢、特徵以及相關機制。研究成果顯示區域內沿海海水面年平均振幅在14-220 mm並顯現出年際至年代際的變化(interannual-to-decadal variability)，而在北太平洋其餘沿海地區，西海岸年平均振幅約在77-124 mm，東海岸年平均振幅則在84-87 mm之間。在1952-2014年期間，南海和東北太平洋西部沿海地區估計之年振幅呈現下降趨勢−0.77 mm·yr−1至−0.11 mm·yr−1，研究發現南海西海岸年振幅下降與風壓變化相當吻合，也與1980年以來的東北太平洋年度海平面振幅的時間變化呈現高度相關，相關係數達0.61至0.72，而太平洋年代際(Pacific Decadal Oscillation ,PDO)並不主導東北太平洋沿岸的年海水面振幅。
回到世界持續關注之議題-海水面上升，海水面上升是一個全球性的現象，但上升速率和影響程度則因地區而異。聯合國政府間氣候變遷專家小組(IPCC)於2019年報告中指出由於氣候暖化造成全球海水面上升速率加速，低窪沿海地區和國家，如阿拉伯半島，受到的威脅加劇。然而，由於阿拉伯半島地區潮位站分佈稀疏且觀測時間段長短不一致，幾乎無法全面性研究該區域海水面變化，測高資料則適時補足此缺陷，有助於分析此區域海水面長期變化。本研究採用平均海平面永久服務中心(Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, PSMSL)之潮位站資料、1993年至2019年衛星海洋數據存檔、驗正與解釋(Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data, AVISO)及歐洲聯盟氣候監測機構「哥白尼氣候變化服務」(Copernicus Climate Change Service, C3S)提供之測高數據進行分析，以了解阿拉伯半島周圍海域如紅海、阿拉伯海和波斯灣的區域海水面變化趨勢，並利用測高與潮位站資料估算地殼變動速率。成果顯示此區域海水面皆呈現上升趨勢，測高資料與對應之潮位資料相關係數高達0.86至0.95，驗證測高資料之準確性，進一步估算潮位站地殼變動情形，各潮位站以0.1至2.4 mm·yr−1下沉，此現象與該區域水資源不足超抽地下水導致地層下陷之情形相吻合。由於潮位資料觀測時間段太短，本研究藉由測高資料分析阿拉伯半島周圍長期海水面之變化，成果顯示周圍海水面在1993至2019年期間約以3.4-3.5 mm·yr−1上升，並以紅海區域上升速率最快達4 mm·yr−1，比Dangendorf 等人(2019)計算之1993-2019年全球平均海水面上升速率(3.1 mm·yr−1)高出10-30%，顯示阿拉伯半島沿岸面臨地層下陷與海水面上升速率高於全球平均值之雙重威脅，情況相當嚴峻。在海水面年週期訊號方面，由於紅海區域受到強烈風場影響其年振幅高達157 mm，明顯大於阿拉伯海和波斯灣的年振幅(~40 mm)，影響此區域年週期訊號之因子與程度值得未來更深入探討。

Satellite altimetry has been proven as an effective technology to accurately measure water level, ice elevation, and flat land surface changes since the 1990s. However, retrieving accurate water level measurements of conventional altimetry missions in coastal areas and inland water is challenging due to the limitation of wider footprint resulting in contaminated waveforms by terrain topography and relatively unreliable geophysical corrections. New altimetric missions such as Cryosat-2 and Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa (SARAL/AltiKa) have been designed to overcome limitations of pulse-limited altimetry with higher along-track spatial resolution to measure more accurately inland water levels for small water bodies and coastal sea level changes. This study evaluates the performance of Cryosat-2 low-resolution (LRM) and SARin modes and SARAL/AltiKa Ka-band data on two connected lakes in central Tibetan Plateau and Taiwan's coastal region. Results are compared with in-situ tide gauge data in Taiwan and altimetric lake level time series from the CNES Hydroweb database. Our results show that water level change trends observed by Cryosat-2 20-Hz SARin retracked observations, the SARAL/AltiKa 40-Hz Ice-1 retracked data, and the Hydroweb measurements are consistent with the estimated water level trend of ~0.30 m/y, during 2011-2017, and 2013-2015, for the Tibetan Migriggyangzham Co and Dorsoidong Co, respectively. Moreover, the performance for SARAL/AltiKa is better than that of Cryosat-2 SARin data. For the coastal region, SARAL/AltiKa is still better than that of Cryosat-2 LRM data in Taiwan. The RMS is less than 6 cm and have a high positive correlation (0.90) to tide gauge measurements. This finding demonstrates the superiority of the Ka-band over Ku-band radar altimetry.
A critical topic for coastal systems is understanding the spatial and temporal changes of seasonal sea level cycles, especially for the annual sea level cycle, which is substantially larger than the semi-annual cycle in most parts of the ocean. The method, the Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), has been widely utilized in the investigation of tidal components, long-term sea level rise and decadal sea level variation. Due to the lack of research on annual sea level variations in some areas, such as the Northeast Pacific Ocean, we used EEMD to analyze the observed monthly sea level anomalies and detect annual cycle characteristics and long-term tide gauge records covering 1950-2016 to investigate the trend and characteristics of annual sea level amplitudes and related mechanisms in the North Pacific Ocean. The results show that the average annual amplitude of coastal sea level exhibits interannual-to-decadal variability within the range of 14-220 mm. The mean annual amplitude is relatively low between 77 and 124 mm for the western coast and 84 and 87 mm for the eastern coast in the rest of the coastal regions of the North Pacific Ocean. The estimated trend values for annual sea level amplitudes in the western coastal areas of the South China Sea and Northeast Pacific Ocean have statistically decreased over 1952-2014 with a range of −0.77 mm·yr−1 to −0.11 mm·yr−1. The decreasing annual amplitude in the west coast of the South China Sea is in good agreement with the annual mean wind stress. It also could explain the temporal variations of annual sea level amplitude in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, especially the high correlations (0.61-0.72) since 1980. However, the PDO does not dominate the annual sea level amplitude in the Northeast Pacific coasts.
Sea level rise is a global phenomenon, but the distribution and impact of sea level rise vary regionally. Among the critical findings from the IPCC Reports, the rate of global sea level rise has increased due to global warming. The low-lying coastal areas and countries, such as the Arabian Peninsula, have a high vulnerability to sea level rise. Due to the sparse distribution and short time series of tide gauges in the Arabian Peninsula, it is almost impossible to comprehensively investigate the regional sea level changes. However, combined with the high quality satellite altimeter data, it is possible to analyze the long-term changes of the sea surface in this area. In this study, the available tide gauge data along the coasts of Arabian Peninsula from Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) and altimetry data for 1993–2019 from the Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO) and the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) are analyzed to understand the changing trend of the sea level in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf and estimated the vertical land motion at tide gauge stations. The results show a rising sea level trend in this area. The altimetry data is consistent with the corresponding tide gauge data with a high correlation coefficient (0.86-0.95), which proves the reliability of the altimetry data. Due to excessive extraction of groundwater, the estimation of the vertical land motion at tide gauge stations subsides with a rate of -0.1 to -2.4 mm·yr−1. Over 1993–2019, we found that the estimated rising rate by altimetry data around Arabian Peninsula is about 3.4-3.5 mm·yr−1, and the highest rising rate is found in the Red Sea with an estimated rate of 4 mm·yr−1. These results indicated that the area would rise by 10-30% more than the global average rise, ~3.1 mm·yr−1, that Dangendorf et al. (2019) calculate. It means the Arabian Peninsula faces the dual threat of land subsidence and sea level rise above the global average. In terms of the annual sea level cycle, duo to the strong wind fields over the Red Sea, the largest annual amplitude is seen at the Red Sea, about 157 mm, which is significantly larger than the annual amplitude of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf (~40 mm). Further investigation of the factors contributing to the spatial and temporal changes of seasonal sea level cycles around Arabian Peninsula will be required in the future.

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