簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 林韋瀚
Lin, Wei-Han
論文名稱： 雷射披覆之側向紅外線高溫計監控對披覆形貌及機械性質研究
An investigation of the cladding contour and mechanical properties with the temperature monitoring and control by a lateral infrared pyrometer in laser cladding
指導教授： 林震銘
Lin, Jehn-Ming
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年： 2021
畢業學年度： 109
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 131
中文關鍵詞： 雷射披覆 、紅外線高溫計 、PID溫度控制
外文關鍵詞： Laser Cladding, Infrared Pyrometer, PID Temperature Control
相關次數： 點閱：125  下載：0 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 本研究使用20W的低功率光纖雷射進行同軸雷射披覆，採用紅外線高溫計量測披覆溫度與披覆層品質之關係，並且建立PID控制器進行熔池溫度回授控制。披覆時以側向高溫計監測雷射加熱區，實驗發現側向監測訊號易受工件遮蔽。因此以訊號遮蔽判斷程式改善側向溫控的披覆品質，並比較同軸及側向溫控對披覆層形貌及微觀結構的影響。
    在數值分析部分，使用ANSYS軟體分析製程中移動熱源的暫態熱傳導問題，分別模擬圓圈路徑及環型迴圈路徑掃描之熔池溫度的變化趨勢。在實驗方面，從圓圈及環型迴圈路徑多層披覆實驗中，使用訊號遮蔽判斷程式可消除披覆製程上因轉角路徑造成區間溫度訊號受遮蔽的情形。結果顯示，側向溫控時，在溫度訊號受遮蔽處產生披覆層隆起，造成披覆層形貌高低起伏的現象;當加入判斷程式後，披覆層隆起現象消失，形貌較為平整。使用判斷程式後，披覆層平均硬度為268.5HV，標準差為20.7HV，且改善後的側向溫控披覆層硬度及標準差皆低於同軸溫控披覆製程。透過判斷式改善之披覆四層平均量測高度為0.854mm，其公式計算的理論高度為0.4mm。因此在雷射披覆製程中，可透過側向高溫計量測披覆溫度，推算披覆層高度的變化趨勢。

    In this study, a 20W fiber laser was used for the coaxial laser cladding. The temperature and height of the cladding layer were measured with an infrared temperature sensor and a laser displacement meter. A PID controller was established by Arduino software to control the cladding temperature. When monitoring the plasma radiation with the laser by a lateral pyrometer, it is found that the temperature signal fluctuates due to its influence and the temperature signal in the lateral molten pool temperature monitoring was interrupted by the cladding layer. The temperature signal has been judged by a control program to improve the cladding layer contour in advance, the influence on the cladding layer contour with the coaxial and lateral temperature measurements and control were discussed separately.
    ANSYS software was used to analyze the molten pool temperature and the influence of the temperature changes at turning points for several cladding paths in the process. From the circular path with multi-layer in the laser cladding experiment, the temperature judgment program was used to prevent from the situation with improper cladding laser power due to the temperature signal interrupted in the cladding process. It can be found that the cladding with high temperature peaks occur where the temperature signal is interrupted in lateral temperature control. Finally the hardness of the lateral temperature-controlled cladding layer with temperature judgment is 268.5HV and the standard deviation is 20.7HV, which are lower than the coaxial temperature-controlled cladding process. The average measured height of the four cladding layers improved by the control program is 0.854mm, and the theoretical height is 0.4mm. In the laser cladding process, the temperature of molten pool and the height of cladding layer are increased with laser power in theory and experiments. The cladding temperature can be successfully measured and controlled by a lateral infrared pyrometer.

    摘要 I Extended Abstract II 誌謝 IX 目錄 X 表目錄 XV 圖目錄 XVIII 符號說明 XXIV 第一章 緒論 1 1-1 研究背景 1 1-2 文獻回顧 2 1-2.1 紅外線高溫計於熔池溫度量測之應用 2 1-2.2 熔池溫度於披覆形貌之影響 3 1-2.3 雷射披覆製程導入溫度回授控制系統的應用 6 1-2.4 具溫控之葉片修補製程 10 1-3 研究方法 12 1-4 本文架構 13 第二章 應用理論 15 2-1 雷射光特性[14] 15 2-1.1 高斯模態於空間中的聚焦[14] 17 2-1.2 雷射一維熱傳導模型[16] 18 2-1.3 移動熱源溫度分布[14] 20 2-2 熔池溫度與披覆層高度關係 22 2-2.1 雷射披覆機制[15] 22 2-2.2 加工參數對熔池溫度的影響 23 2-2.3 熔池溫度與披覆層高度的關係[20] 25 2-3 輻射高溫計[22] 28 2-3.1 熱輻射[22] 29 2-3.2 紅外線感測器[22] 31 2-4 溫度控制理論[25] 33 2-4.1 ON/OFF溫度控制模式 33 2-4.2 PID溫度控制模式 34 2-4.3 PID控制器係數調整[25] 37 第三章 數值分析 39 3-1 雷射披覆路徑溫度場模擬 39 3-1.1 ANSYS數值分析軟體介紹 39 3-1.2 模型設定與模擬條件 41 3-1.2.1 304L不銹鋼材料性質設定 42 3-1.2.2 模型網格設定與假設條件 43 3-1.3 雷射熱源與假設條件 45 3-1.3.1 高斯移動熱源[28] 45 3-1.3.2 模擬基本假設 46 3-2 暫態熱傳模擬結果 47 3-2.1 單道次圓圈路徑高斯移動熱源熔池溫度變化 47 3-2.2 多道次圓圈路徑高斯移動熱源熔池溫度變化 50 3-3 環型迴圈路徑高斯移動熱源熔池溫度變化 54 3-4 數值分析總結 58 第四章 實驗 59 4-1 雷射披覆實驗設備規劃 59 4-1.1 雷射披覆實驗之加工參數 64 4-1.2 紅外線高溫計特性[28] 65 4-1.3 模擬點熱源之電壓溫度校正實驗 66 4-1.4 雷射位移計距離電壓校正曲線 69 4-2 溫度控制系統 70 4-2.1 溫度回授控制系統流程 70 4-2.2 PID控制器參數調整 72 4-2.3 PID控制器穩定性 73 4-2.4 溫度訊號遮蔽判斷程式參數調整 75 4-3 雷射移動熱源之溫度訊號變化 76 4-3.1 披覆路徑中溫度變化趨勢 76 4-3.1.1 雷射掃描路徑 77 4-3.1.2 溫度訊號變化實驗結果 78 4-3.2 同軸及側向高溫計之溫度訊號量測 80 4-3.2.1 實驗架設 80 4-3.2.2 同軸及側向溫度訊號量測結果 82 4-4 平面多層披覆實驗 84 4-4.1 實驗配置與路徑規劃 85 4-4.2 平面披覆實驗結果 87 4-4.3 粉末黏附率 99 4-5 圓圈路徑之多層披覆實驗 100 4-5.1 實驗配置與路徑規劃 100 4-5.2 圓圈披覆實驗結果 101 4-6 環型迴圈路徑之多層披覆實驗 107 4-6.1 環型迴圈披覆實驗結果 107 4-7 顯微結構與硬度品質檢測 110 4-7.1 顯微結構與分析 111 4-7.2 維氏硬度量測 113 4-8 結果與討論 117 第五章 結論 121 5-1 綜合討論 121 5-2 相關建議與未來發展 124 參考文獻 125 附錄A 128 附錄B 129

    [1] B. Borges, “ Laser cladding using filler powder and wire: productivity and quality”, Diss. Dissertation, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, 2008.
    [2] T. Ueda, “Studies on Temperature of Abrasive Grains in Grinding—Application of Infrared Radiation Pyrometer”, Journal of Engineering for Industry, v107, pp 127-133, 1985.
    [3] M. Doubenskaia, Ph Bertrand, I. Smurov, “Pyrometry in laser surface treatment” Surface and Coatings Technology 201.5 (2006): 1955-1961.
    [4] I. Smurov, M. Doubenskaia, “Temperature monitoring by optical methods in laser processing”, Laser-Assisted Fabrication of Materials. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013. 375-422..
    [5] F. Kong, R. Kovacevic, “Modeling of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in the Laser Multilayered Cladding Process”, Materials Processing Technology, v41, p1310-1320, 2010.
    [6] M. Hao, Y. Sun, “A FEM model for simulating temperature field in coaxial laser cladding of TI6AL4V alloy using an inverse modeling approach”, Heat and Mass Transfer, v64,p352-360, 2013
    [7] X. He, G. Yu, J. Mazumder, “Temperature and composition profile during double-track laser cladding ofH13 tool steel”, J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys,V43(1), 2010.
    [8] D. Salehi, M. Brandt, “Melt pool temperature control using LabVIEW in Nd:YAG laser blown powder cladding process”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, v29, pp. 273-278, 2006.
    [9] G. Bi, B. Schurmann, “Development and qualification of a novel laser-cladding head with integrated sensors”, Machine Tools & Manufacture, v47 p555–561, 2007
    [10] G. Bi, A. Gasser, K. Wissenbach, A. Drenker, R. Poprawe, “Identification and qualification of temperature signal for monitoring and control in laser cladding”, Optics and lasers in engineering, 44(12), 1348-1359.
    [11] S. Donadello, M. Motta, A. G. Demir and B. Previtali, “Monitoring of laser metal deposition height by means of coaxial laser triangulation”, Optics and Lasers in Engineering ,v112, pp. 136-144, 2019
    [12] S. Nowotny, S. Scharek, E. Beyer and K. Richter, “Integrated laser cell for combined laser cladding and milling”, Assem-bly Automation, 30(1), pp. 36-38, 2010.
    [13] G. Spöcker, T. Schreiner, T. Huwer and K. Arntz, “Programming of adaptive repair process chains using repair features”, Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, v3, pp. 53-62, 2016.
    [14] W. Steen, J. Mazumder, “Laser material processing”, 4th Edition, Springer,London, pp. 11-135,2010.
    [15] E. Toyserkani, S. Corbin, A. Khajepour, “Laser Cladding”, CRC Press (2004)
    [16] T.L. Bergman, F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt, “Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer”, v7, WILEY Companies, 2011.
    [17] E. Toyserkani, A. Khajepour and S. Corbin, “3-D finite element modeling of laser cladding by powder injection:effect of laser pulse shaping on the process”, Optics and Laser in Engineering,v41, pp. 849-867,2004.
    [18] K. A. Elijah, “Principles of Laser Materials Processing”, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.,2010.
    [19] S. Carty, I. Owen, W. M. Steen, “Catchment Efficiency For Novel Nozzle Designs Used In Laser Cladding And Alloying”, NSSE, v307,1997.
    [20] F. Kong, R. Kovacevic, “Modeling of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in the Laser Multilayered Cladding Process”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,v41, p1310-1320, 2010.
    [21] 林震銘, 上課講義, 2012年。
    [22] 何適生, “熱工參數測量及儀表”, 水力電力出版社, 1990
    [23] D. P. Dewitt, G. D. Nutter, “Theory and practice of radiation thermometry”, Wiley Companies, 1989
    [24] HAMATSU, “Characteristic and use of infrared detectors”, 2011
    [25] S. N. Norman, “Control Systems Engineering 6th Edition”, Wiley Companies,2011
    [26] H. Yu, D. Sun, J. Huang, D. YANG, “Technique and properties of sealing treatment on the electro less Ni-P alloy coatings”, Journal of Functional Materials, v32(3), pp. 262-263, 2001
    [27] “Moving Heat guide”, ANSYS Inc.,2016
    [28] F. Kong, R. Kovacevic, “An experimentally based thermo-kinetic hardening model for high power direct diode laser cladding”, Materials Processing Technology, v211, pp. 1247-1259, 2011.
    [29] 王騰洋,“雷射披覆於二維不鏽鋼葉片之修補研究”,國立成功大學機械工程研究所碩士論文,2018
    [30] M. Azadeh, “Fiber Optics Engineering”, Springer Science & Business Media, p.171, 2009.
    [31] 維基百科，溫度係數。(https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8)
    [32] Resistivity and Temperature Coefficient at 20 C
    (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/rstiv.html).
    [33] 維基百科，透鏡。
    (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E9%95%9C)
    [34] 謝宜彤,“同軸式紅外線高溫計於三維金屬雷射披覆製程之溫度控制及披覆形貌研究”,國立成功大學機械工程研究所碩士論文,2020
    [35] V. Fallah, M. Alimardani, S. F. Corbin, A. Khajepour, “Temporal development of melt-pool morphology and clad geometry in laser powder deposition”, Computational Materials Science, Volume 50, Issue 7, P.2124-2134, 2011.

    下載圖示
    2026-08-24公開
    QR CODE