| 研究生: |
康皓雲 Hong, Ho-Wan |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
被城市取代的田地:香港農業政策與九龍農戶 Farmlands Replaced by the City: Hong Kong Agricultural Policy and Kowloon Farmers |
| 指導教授: |
鄭永常
Cheng, Wing-Sheung |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
文學院 - 歷史學系 Department of History |
| 論文出版年: | 2024 |
| 畢業學年度: | 112 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 141 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 香港九龍 、農業政策 、城市化 、城鄉衝突 、人地關係 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Hong Kong Kowloon, agricultural policies, urbanization, rural-urban conflicts, man-land relationships |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:67 下載:14 |
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香港於成為英國的殖民地後,便迅速踏上城市化的進程,香港島、九龍、新界,在香港殖民政府的規劃下,逐一從原有的鄉村樣貌,化身為城市。城市化的進程中,當農業、農村阻擋其行進之時,似乎無可避免地產生矛盾。本文的將焦點置於較少被注意的第二次世界大戰後的九龍,在這個獨特的時空背景,從九龍農業、城市發展兩個主題出發,並以九龍農業的變化,以及香港的農業政策的轉向為主要切入點,探究農業與城市的關係。
當嘗試從九龍農業進行觀察時,城市的影響並非單純、一面倒地奪去著九龍的農地,在城市化初期,又為其提供了發展的動力。然而,戰後的九龍農業,在各種因素的作用下開始衰退,尤其被香港殖民政府以「公共利益」為名的徵收土地的行動,強硬地改變為城市的模樣,而失去了過往由農戶、土地、作物建立的關係。在土地被徵收之時,在生計、過去、習慣與情感的影響下,農戶也作出相應的行動,在反抗的行動中,展示了他們獨特的「人地關係」,而本文則會以何文田作為起點,觀察牽涉至矛盾中的農戶們,他們與土地之間有著怎樣的關係,而他們又如何面對失去土地的結局。本文透過農戶、土地、政府的互動,嘗試重建過去的九龍,並將之連結至「現在」、「新界」,以充實對香港城市、農業的觀察與理解。
Hong Kong underwent urbanization shortly after becoming a British colony. Under the plannings of colonial government, Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories were transformed into urbanized areas. Urbanization inevitably created various forms of rural-urban conflict when agriculture and rural areas obstructed its progression. This paper focuses on Post-World War II Kowloon’s agriculture, which has received relatively less attention. It explores the relationship between agriculture and urban development, particularly examining the changes of agriculture in Kowloon and the shift in colonial government’s agricultural policies.
When analyzing the development of Kowloon’s agriculture, it becomes apparent that the impact of urbanization was not solely a force that eradicated farmlands. In the early stages of urbanization, it contributed to agricultural development. However, agriculture in Kowloon experienced a drastic decline in the post-war period due to the influences of multiple factors. Among these, land expropriation led by the colonial government was particularly notable. Under the guise of “public interest”, the colonial government turned rural areas in Kowloon into urban landscapes and disrupted the established “man-land relationship”. Farmers responded to it with the influences of their traditions, experiences, emotions and livelihoods. This paper then focuses on the case of Ho Man Tin to observe how the farmers responded to the inevitable loss of land. By examining the interactions between farmers, land and the government, this paper aims to reconstruct the past of Kowloon, thereby enriching our understanding of Hong Kong’s agriculture and urban.
一、中外史料
1. 政府出版品
Annual Departmental Report by the Commissioner for Resettlement for the Financial Year 1954-1970, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1956-1971.
Annual Departmental Report by the Director of Agriculture And Fisheries for the Financial Year 1964-1972, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1966-1973.
Annual Departmental Report by the Director of Agriculture And Forestry for the Financial Year 1960-1964, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1962-1965.
Annual Departmental Report by the Director of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry for the Financial Year 1950-1959, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1952-1960.
Annual Report by the Senior Agricultural Officer for the Year Ended The 31st March, 1950, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1950.
Hong Kong Annual Report,1938-1969, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1939-1970.
Report of the Agricultural Department for the Period 1st April, 1948 to 31st March,1949, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1950.
Report of the Agricultural Department for the Year 1946-1947, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1948.
Blackie, W. J., Report On Agriculture In Hong Kong With Policy Recommendations, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1955.
《1964年.管制權益住所居民,徙置及政府廉租屋宇政策之檢討》,香港:政府印務局印,1964。
2. 政府檔案
Cash Crops: Rice Research Project, 1952-1953, CO 1023/69, HKP 54/15/02, The National Archives, Kew.
Despatches: Bonham, 1852, CO 129/39, The National Archives, Kew.
Despatches, January-June 1860, CO 129/77, The National Archives, Kew.
Despatches., May-July 1922, CO 129/475, The National Archives, Kew.
Food supply position: Hong Kong, 1952, CO 537/7669, 17750/17/8 Annex, The National Archives, Kew.
Hong Kong Food Supplies Committee: Minutes Of Meetings, 1949-1950, CO 539/5519, 17750/17/9, The National Archives, Kew.
Individuals, I-Z., 1898, CO 129/289, The National Archives, Kew.
Rice: Hong Kong, 1946, CO 537/1402, 17555/17/1, The National Archives, Kew.
Sessional Papers, 1932-1937, CO 131/99, The National Archives, Kew.
Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning, 4 January 1948- 10 January 1949, CO 129/614/3, 54298/1-1948, The National Archives, Kew.
Visit of Sir Patrick Abercrombie to advise on town planning, 18 January 1949- 19 May 1950, CO 129/614/4, 54298/1-1949, The National Archives, Kew.
3. 報章
Hong Kong Daily Press, 1883-1920.
The China Mail, 1889-1946.
The Hong Kong Telegraph, 1906-1930.
《大公報》,1940年至1963年。
《工商晚報》,1933年1957年。
《天光報》,1933年至1939年。
《香港工商日報》,1927年至1957年。
《香港華字日報》,1901年至1940年。
《循環日報》,1885年。
《華僑日報》,1947年至1960年。
《遐邇貫珍》,1853年。
4. 專書
Arnold, J., Picturesque Hong Kong: An Illustrated Guidebook for Travellers, Bolton: Tillotson & Sons, 1911.
Herklots, G. A. C., ed., Food & Flowers issued by The Agricultural Department and Garden Department of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1948.
Johnston, A. R., The Hong Kong almanack and directory for 1846: With An Appendix, Hong Kong: The China Mail, 1846.
Smith, G., A Narrative of an Exploratory Visit to the each of the Consular Cities of China and to the Islands of Hong Kong and Chusan in behalf of the Church Missionary Society in the Years 1844, 1845, 1846, London: Seeley, 1847.
(清)舒懋官修,王崇熙等篡,《廣東省.新安縣志(一)》,臺北:成文出版社有限公司,1985。
漢布茹著,中國大陸災胞救濟總會譯,《香港中國難民問題》,臺北:中國大陸災胞救濟總會,1958。
5. 影視資料
Chan, K. S., Rowena, Vegetables in Hong Kong (unpublished, 1956). https://digitalrepository.lib.hku.hk/catalog/ms35zp61w#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=- 3645%2C-246%2C11356%2C4604,最後瀏覽日期:2024年5月18日。
Old Hong Kong Pictures : Looking north over Signal Hill [Chatham Road and King's Park can be seen] , Hong Kong: Information Services Department, 1930.
二、研究專書
Aijmer, G., Economic Man in Sha Tin Vegetable Gardeners in a Hong Kong Valley, London and Malmö: Curzon Press Ltd., 1980.
Blackie, W. J., Kadoorie Agricultural Association, Hong Kong: Kadoorie Agricultural Aid Association, 1972.
Braudel, F., The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, New York: Harper & Row Inc., 1972.
Cheong, S. W, ed., Colonial Administration and Land Reform in East Asia, London: Routledge, 2017.
David Faure, The Structure of Chinese Rural Society: Lineage and Village in the Eastern New Territories, Hong Kong Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Dwyer, D. J., ed., Asian Urbanization: A Hong Kong Casebook, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1971.
Hayes, J., The Rural Communities of Hong Kong: Studies and Themes, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1983.
King, F. H., Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan, Folkestone: Global Oriental, 2011.
Scott, J. C., The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
Spurr, R., Excellency: the Governors of Hong Kong, Hong Kong: FormAsia Ltd., 1995.
Watson, J., Emigration and the Chinese Lineage: The Mans in Hong Kong and London, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
Yung, B., Hong Kong’s Housing Policy: A Case Study in Social Justice, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008.
何佩然,《城傳立新:香港城市規劃發展史(1841-2015)》,香港:香港中華書局,2016。
周奕,《香港左派鬥爭史》,香港:利文出版社,2002。
周思中,《夕陽的光:誰說香港沒有菜園》,香港:藝鵠有限公司,2022。
科大衛著,卜永堅譯,《皇帝和祖宗:華南的國家與宗族》,香港:商務印書館,2017。
姜道章編,《人文地理學詞典》,臺北:中國文化大學華岡出版部,2011。
徐頌雯,《香港街市:日常建築裏的城市脈絡(1842-1981)》,香港:香港中文大學出版社,2022。
高馬可著,林立偉譯,《香港簡史──從殖民地至特別行政區》,香港:香港中華書局,2013。
荃灣區議會,《荃灣二百年:歷史文化今昔》,香港:荃灣區議會,1991。
張瑞威,《拆村:消逝的九龍村落》,香港:三聯書店有限公司,2013。
救世軍耆才拓展計劃觀塘中心編,《"官"塘深度行:戰後官塘生活點滴》,香港:救世軍耆才拓展計劃觀塘中心,2008。
盛澄淵,《肥料學》,臺北:正中書局,1956年。
陳丕士著,郭濟祖譯,《中國召喚我──我參加中國革命的歷程》,北京:商務印書局,1983。
華僑日報編,《1955 香港年鑑(第八回).中卷》,香港:華僑日報有限公司,1955。
華僑日報編,《香港法例彙編》,香港:華僑日報有限公司,1936。
黃紹倫著,張秀莉譯,《移民企業家──香港的上海工業家》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2003。
葉子林,《港農.講農》,香港:天地圖書,2018。
趙雨樂、鍾寶賢、李澤恩編註,王琪、張利軍譯,《軍政下的香港:新生的大東亞核心》,香港:三聯書店有限公司,2020。
蔡思行著,《新界戰後發展史》,香港:中華書局有限公司,2016。
鄭永常著,《香港的回憶》,臺北:萬卷樓,2021。
鄭敏華、周穎欣、林綺雯、成曉宜編撰,《追憶龍城蛻變(第二版)》,香港:九龍城區議會,2011。
鄭寶鴻,《香江半島:香港的早期九龍風光》,香港:香港大學美術博物館,2007。
鄭寶鴻,《港島街道百年》,香港:三聯書店有限公司,2000。
魯金,《九龍街道故事》,香港:三聯書店有限公司,2022。
龍子維、黃山、陳寧生、費越著,《再現梅窩:從香港離島農業社區史看鄉郊復育新未來》,香港:手民出版社,2024。
蘆葦花開生態教育基金編,《南涌講古:被遺忘的香港故事》,香港:蘆葦花開生態教育基金,2024。
饒玖才,《十九及二十世紀的香港漁農業:傳承與轉變(下冊-農業)》,香港:郊野公園之友會、天地圖書有限公司,2017。
觀塘區街坊福利會編,《觀塘近貌.Kwun Tong Today.1969》,香港:觀塘區街坊福利會,1969。
三、期刊論文
Burns, J. P., “Immigration from China and the Future of Hong Kong”, Asian Survey, Vol. 27, No. 6, 1987, pp. 661-682.
Cheng, T. Y., “Hong Kong: A Classical Growth Model. A Survey of Hong Kong Industrialization 1948-68”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Bd. 104, 1970, pp. 138-158.
Hambro, E., “Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong”, The Phylon Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1957, pp. 69-81.
Leeming, F., “The Earlier Industrialization of Hong Kong”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975, pp. 337-342.
Mark, C. K., “The 'Problem of People': British Colonials, Cold War Powers, and the Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong, 1949-62”, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 41, No.6, 2007, pp. 1145-1181.
Yueh, H., “The Problem of the Hong Kong Refugees”, Asian Survey, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1962, pp. 28-37.
呂卓遙,〈日治與戰後初期的鄉村社會與生活──香港新界沙田的個案〉,《田野與文獻》,第97期,2020,頁1-11。
何浩慈,〈農耕實踐與人地關係跨域連結:臺灣原住民族社群與香港青年〉,《思與言:人文與社會科學期刊》,第61卷第3期,2023,頁209-259,。
鄭肇祺,〈舊田新農──有機農業落戶香港的過程〉,《歷史人類學學刊》,第17卷第1期,2019,頁113-155,。
四、學位論文
陳煜禮,〈香港農業合作運動──以蔬菜產銷合作社為例(1945-1997)〉,香港中文大學歷史系博士論文,2007。
五、報章
《明報 》,2023至2024年。
《集誌社》,2024年
《端傳媒》,2016年。
《獨立媒體》,2021年。
六、影視資料
賴恩慈導演,《N+N》,獨立電影,2014年,1小時35分。
七、網絡資料
香港公共圖書館,「香港舊報紙資料庫」,https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk/web/guest/old-hk-collection,最後瀏覽日期:2024年6月20日。
香港律政司,「電子版香港法例資料庫」,https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/,最後瀏覽日期:2024年7月30日。