目的：周邊靜脈導管（Peripheral Intravenous Catheter, PIVC）為臨床常見的血管通路裝置，但以傳統標示技術（Landmark Technique, LM）置入PIVC在特定患者族群（如困難靜脈血管，Difficult Intravenous Access, DIVA）的置入成功率較低，多次嘗試PIVC置入不僅會增加患者疼痛，也會加重護理照護人力負擔。超音波導引技術（Ultrasound-Guided, USG）已在國外急診與加護單位的研究中證實可提升置入成功率並減少嘗試次數，但此技術於台灣及內科病房患者中的應用效益仍缺乏實證基礎。本研究旨在比較超音波導引技術與傳統標示技術在內科病房DIVA患者PIVC置入的臨床效益，評估指標包括：首次置入成功率、總嘗試次數、總花費時間及滿意度。
方法：本研究在台灣南部某醫學中心內科病房進行，採用歷史與同時對照研究設計。超音波導引技術將於2025年4月至7月執行，而傳統標示技術則以相同病房於2024年08月至10月及2025年4月至7月的操作結果作為對照資料。研究對象為年滿18歲且需置入PIVC的感染科住院DIVA患者。排除條件則為需緊急置入中心靜脈導管、躁動無法配合、四肢皮膚狀況不佳、超音波評估下無合適血管條件及高風險傳染患者。於研究期間，考量臨床業務負荷狀態，約三之一的DIVA患者由研究者採用超音波導引技術完成PIVC置入，其餘DIVA患者則由護理人員以傳統標示技術進行操作。研究者於PIVC置入過程記錄首次置入成功率與總嘗試次數；基本人口學資料，包括年齡、性別及主要診斷等，均透過病歷紀錄收集。針對USG與LM於 DIVA 患者PIVC置入之臨床效益比較：首次置入成功率等類別變項以卡方檢定或Fisher’s exact檢定進行組間比較；總嘗試次數等連續變項以Mann–Whitney U檢定或Kruskal–Wallis檢定進行組間比較；而總花費時間及患者/照護者滿意度等配對資料，則以Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test進行比較。
結果：2024年DIVA發生率為31.88%，2025年為21.76%。兩年度DIVA患者在人口學特徵（性別、年齡及診斷類別）分佈上未見顯著差異；惟在A-DICAVE分數分佈有顯著差異（χ²(2) = 6.70，p = .04），2024年DIVA患者以3分者比例最高，2025年則以4–5者比例較高。在置入技術分佈方面，2025年共有31名DIVA患者接受USG置入 PIVC，其中約九成之A-DICAVE分數落於4–5分；相較之下，2024年87名（χ²(2) = 14.23，p = .001）與2025年45名（χ²(2) = 11.80，p = .003）採LM置入之DIVA患者則以3分者略多。在臨床效益方面，2025年DIVA患者採USG置入之首次成功率為70.97%，顯著高於2024年及2025年採LM置入者之47.13%（p = .01）與46.67%（p = .04）。採USG置入之總嘗試次數中位數為1次，少於2024年採LM置入之2次（p < .001）與2025年採LM置入之2次（p < .05）。且2025年DIVA患者採USG置入之總花費時間平均約5.4分鐘，明顯少於過去LM置入約31.8分鐘（p = .03）。此外，護理人員對USG置入之滿意度平均為 4.94±0.25分，患者/照護者對USG之滿意度顯著高於其以往LM經驗（4.95±0.21分vs. 3.00±0.93分，p < .001）。
結論：USG不僅可提升首次置入成功率、減少重複穿刺與縮短置入時間，患者/照護者之整體滿意度亦顯著較佳，護理人員亦給予高度評價，顯示USG在改善患者就醫經驗與降低臨床工作負荷方面皆具正向效果。另外，A-DICAVE評分可有效反映靜脈置入之困難度，並可作為臨床選擇PIVC置入技術之重要決策依據。故本研究結果建議臨床實務中，應建構明確之DIVA評估與分級決策流程，將A-DICAVE納為常規評估工具，並將USG視為高風險DIVA患者（A-DICAVE 4‒5分者）之優先選用技術，藉此減少不必要之反覆穿刺與中心靜脈導管置入，進一步提升整體靜脈治療品質與病人安全。

Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are among the most frequently used vascular access devices in clinical practice. However, the traditional landmark technique (LM) is associated with low success rates in patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA). Repeated insertion attempts increase patient discomfort and anxiety and add to nurses’ workload. Ultrasound-guided (USG) PIVC insertion has been shown in emergency and intensive care settings overseas to improve success rates and reduce the number of attempts. Nevertheless, evidence regarding its clinical benefits in hospitalized medical patients and in Taiwan remains limited. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of USG and LM for PIVC insertion in DIVA patients admitted to a medical ward. A historical and concurrent comparisons design was used in the medical wards of a medical center in southern Taiwan. Participants were adult patients aged 18 years or older with DIVA who required PIVC insertion in an infectious disease ward. The USG technique was implemented between April and July 2025. Comparison data for LM were collected from the same wards between August and October 2024 and April and July 2025. Outcome included first-attempt success rate, total number of insertion attempts, procedure time, and satisfaction levels among nurses and patients/caregivers. USG demonstrated a significantly higher first-attempt success rate compared with LM in both 2024 and 2025. USG required fewer attempts, shorter procedure time, and achieved higher satisfaction levels. Overall, USG significantly improves PIVC insertion outcomes in DIVA patients. The A-DICAVE score effectively reflects venous access difficulty and may support clinical decision-making when selecting PIVC insertion techniques.

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