成功大學博碩士論文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	黃菊馨 Huang, Chu-Hsin
論文名稱：	A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCES OF PERSONALITY, FITNESS MOTIVATION AND EXERCISE PARTICIPATION BEHAVIOR ON THE QUALITY OF SEXUAL LIFE A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCES OF PERSONALITY, FITNESS MOTIVATION AND EXERCISE PARTICIPATION BEHAVIOR ON THE QUALITY OF SEXUAL LIFE
指導教授：	吳萬益 Wu, Wann-Yih
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	管理學院 - 高階管理碩士在職專班(EMBA) Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA)
論文出版年：	2006
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	87
中文關鍵詞：	身體益處、性生活品質、心理益處、個性、運動參與行為、健身動機
外文關鍵詞：	Psychological benefits, Physical benefits, Personality, Fitness motivation, Exercise participation behavior, Quality of sexual life
相關次數：	點閱：68 下載：2
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

性能力和健身運動為此文討論的重要主題，因為多數人企圖透過健身運動以獲得身體和心理的益處，進而提升性生活品質。這項研究的目的，即是結合相關的文獻，綜合發展出一個具有「性生活品質」的研究模型，並加以探討其是否互為因果關係的研究。本研究是透過全球健身俱樂部，以實證為研究調查方式，設計出一份88項題目之問卷，郵寄250份問卷至會員制的健身俱樂部，其中包括100位歐洲參與者，75位美國參與者和75位的台灣參與者，藉以研究出個性、健身動機、運動參與行為、身體益處、心理益處及性生活品質等之間的相互關係。其研究的結果如下:

1. 對於情緒穩定、外向、開放學習、親和力、謹慎負責等個性具較高傾向者，其明顯的具有較高的健身動機，且相對的重視每週運動幾天，而非每次運動幾小時。
2. 具有高度健身動機的參與意願者，確實具有高度的運動參與行為。
3. 健身動機會明顯降低憂鬱與沮喪的程度，且相對提高自信心；但對降低焦慮則較不明顯。
4. 運動參與行為經驗證確實具有影響身體及心理益處之功能。
5. 經研究證實，健身活動具有影響身體益處及心理益處，也會影響性生活的品質。

Sexuality and exercise are the important topics to be discussed herein because there are many people seeking to enhance their quality of sexual life through the physical and psychological benefits of exercise. One purpose of this study is to integrate relevant literature to develop a comprehensive research model of quality of sexual life to identify the antecedent and consequential research variables of the model. The other purpose of this study is to empirically test the research model through conducting survey research in the area of fitness centers around the world. A 88-item survey questionnaire was developed to conduct a survey and 250 questionnaires were mailed the to the members of the fitness centers, including 100 participants in Europe, 75 participants in American and 75 participants in Taiwan, in order to identify the relationships among the characteristics of personality, fitness motivation, exercise participation behavior, physical benefit, psychological benefit and quality of sexual life. The results of the study are as follows:
1. The higher levels of personality tends to significantly result in higher levels of fitness motivation and to perform for higher levels of days per week, not hours each time.
2. The participants perceiving higher levels of motivation tend to engage in higher levels of participation behavior.
3. The motivation has significantly impacts on the levels of decreasing blueness, enhancing self-esteem and decreasing depression, though not decreasing anxiety.
4. The participation behavior has significantly impacts on the levels of physical benefits and psychological benefits.
5. The perceived physical benefits and psychological benefits of the respondents have significant impacts on the quality of sexual life.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT	I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	III
TABLE OF CONTENTS	IV
LIST OF TABLES	VI
CHAPTER ONE  INTRODUCTION	1
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION	1
1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES	4
1.3 RESEARCH PROCEDURES	5
1.4 THESIS STRUCTURE	6
CHAPTER TWO  LITERATURE REVIEW	8
2.1 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT RESEARCH VARIABLES	8
2.1.1 Personality	8
2.1.2 Fitness Motivation	10
2.1.3 Exercise Participation Behavior	12
2.1.4 Physical Benefits	13
2.1.5 Psychological Benefits	13
2.1.6 Quality of Sexual Life	14
2.2 INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG RESEARCH CONSTRUCTS	14
2.2.1 The Relationship between Personality and Fitness Motivation	14
2.2.2 The Relationship between Personality and Exercise Participation Behavior	17
2.2.3 The Relationship between Fitness Motivation and Exercise Participation Behavior	19
2.2.4 The Relationship between Fitness Motivation and Psychological Benefits	23
2.2.5 The Relationship between Exercise Participation Behavior and Physical Benefits	23
2.2.6 The Relationship between Exercise Participation Behavior and Psychological Benefits	25
2.2.7 The Relationship between Physical Benefits and Quality of Sexual Life	27
2.2.8 The Relationship between Psychological Benefits and Quality of Sexual Life	30
CHAPTER THREE  RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY	32
3.1 THE RESEARCH MODEL	32
3.2 CONSTRUCT MEASUREMENT	33
3.2.1 Personality	33
3.2.2 Fitness Motivation	34
3.2.3 Exercise Participation Behavior	35
3.2.4 Physical Benefits	36
3.2.5 Psychological Benefits	37
3.2.6 Quality of Sexual Life	39
3.2.7 Basic Data of Respondents	39
3.3 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN	40
3.4 SAMPLING PLAN	40
3.5 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE	41
3.5.1 Descriptive Statistic Analysis	41
3.5.2 Purification and Reliability of the Measurement Variables	41
3.5.3 Differences of Research Variables among Groups	42
CHAPTER FOUR  RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND RESULTS	44
4.1 DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS	44
4.1.1 Data Collection	44
4.1.2 Characteristics of Respondents	44
4.2 FACTOR ANALYSIS AND RELIABILITY TEST	45
4.3 HYPOTHESIS TEST	48
4.3.1 The Relationships between Personality and Fitness Motivation	48
4.3.2 The Relationships between Fitness Motivation and Psychological Benefits	51
4.3.3 Comparisons of Research Constructs under Different Levels of Personality	53
4.3.4 Comparisons of Research Constructs under Different Levels of Fitness Motivation	60
4.3.5 Comparisons of Research Constructs under Different Levels of Exercise Participation	61
4.3.6 Comparisons of Research Constructs under Different Levels of Physical Benefits	63
4.3.7 Comparisons of Research Constructs under Different Levels of Psychological Benefits	64
CHAPTER FIVE  CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS	67
5.1 RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS	67
5.2 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS	69
5.3 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS	72
REFERENCES	73
APPENDIX	81

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4- 1 Characteristics of the Respondents (n=142)	45
Table 4- 2 Factor Analysis and the Reliability Test of the Constructs	46
Table 4- 3 Canonical Analysis for Personality and Fitness Motivation	49
Table 4- 4 Canonical Analysis for Fitness Motivation and psychological benefits	51
Table 4- 5 Cluster Analysis of Emotion Stability in Personality	53
Table 4- 6 Hit Ratio of Emotion Stability Cluster Analysis	53
Table 4- 7 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Emotion Stability	54
Table 4- 8 Cluster Analysis of Extroversion in Personality	54
Table 4- 9 Hit Ratio of Extroversion Cluster Analysis	55
Table 4- 10 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Extroversion	55
Table 4- 11 Cluster Analysis of Openness to experience in Personality	56
Table 4- 12 Hit Ratio of Openness to experience Cluster Analysis	56
Table 4- 13 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Openness to Experience	57
Table 4- 14 Cluster Analysis of Agreeableness in Personality	57
Table 4- 15 Hit Ratio of Agreeableness Cluster Analysis	58
Table 4- 16 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Agreeableness	58
Table 4- 17 Cluster Analysis of Conscientiousness in Personality	59
Table 4- 18 Hit Ratio of Conscientiousness Cluster Analysis	59
Table 4- 19 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Conscientiousness	59
Table 4- 20 Cluster Analysis of Fitness Motivation	60
Table 4- 21 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Fitness Motivation	61
Table 4- 22 Cluster Analysis of Exercise Participation	62
Table 4- 23 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Exercise Participation	62
Table 4- 24 Cluster Analysis of Physical Benefits	63
Table 4- 25 Hit Ratio of Physical Benefits Cluster Analysis	64
Table 4- 26 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Physical Benefits	64
Table 4- 27 Cluster Analysis of Psychological Benefits	65
Table 4- 28 Hit Ratio of Psychological Benefits Cluster Analysis	65
Table 4- 29 Comparisons among Respondents with Different Levels of Psychological Benefits	66

 
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1- 1 The Conceptual Framework of this Study	5
Figure 1- 2 The Research Flow Chart	7
Figure 3- 1 The Research Structure of this Study	32
Figure 4- 1 Canonical Correlation Model for Personality and Fitness Motivation	50
Figure 4- 2 Canonical Correlation Model for Fitness Motivation and Psychological Benefits	52


                                    

REFERENCES
1. Alfredo N., Edson D. Moreira, Jr , Marco V., and Dale B. G. (2004). A population study of the association between sexual function, sexual satisfaction and depressive symptoms in men. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82 (2), 235-243.
2. Bacon, C. G., Mittleman, M. A., and Kawachi, I (2003). Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: Results from the health professional’s follow-up study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 161-168.
3. Biddle, S. and Bailey, C. (1985). Motives toward participation and attitudes toward physical activity of adult participants in fitness programs. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 831-834.
4. Blair, S. N., Kohl, 3rd H. W., Paffenbarger, R. S., Clark, D. G., Cooper, K. H., and Gibbons, L. W. (1989). Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 17, 2395-2401.
5. Booth-Kewley, S., and Vickers, R. R. (1994). Associations between major domains of personality and health behavior. Journal of Personality, 62 (3), 281-298.
6. Bortz, W. M. 2nd, and Wallace, D. H. (1999). Physical fitness, aging, and sexuality. Western Journal of Medicine, 170, 167-175.
7. Brown, S. A. (2005). Measure perceived benefits and perceived barriers for physical activity. American journal of health behavior, 29 (2), 107-116.
8. Brown, E., Morrow, J. and Livingston, S. (1982). Self-concept changes in women as a result of training. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 354-363.
9. Cash, T.F., Novy, P.L. and Grant, J.R. (1994). Why do women exercise? Factor analysis and further validation of the reasons for exercise inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 539–544.
10. Chandrasheckhar, Y. (1991). Exercise as a coronary protective factor. American Heart Journal, 122, 1732-1739.
11. Conner, M., & Abraham, C. (2001). Conscientiousness and the theory of planned behavior: Toward a more complete model of the antecedents of intentions and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1547–1561.
12. Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1987). Neuroticism, somatic complaints and disease: Is the bark worse than the bite? Journal of Personality, 52 (2), 301-316.
13. Costa, P. T. Jr. and McCrae. R. R. (1992). The NED Personality Inventory R: Professional Manual. Odessa, Fl: Psychological Assessment Resources.
14. Courneya, K. S., Bobick, T. M., & Schinke, R. J. (1999). Does the theory of planned behavior mediate the relation between personality and exercise behavior? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 317–324.
15. Courneya, K. S., and Hellsten, L. M. (1998). Personality correlates of exercise behavior, motives, barriers and preferences: An application of the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 625–633.
16. Crawford, S. and Eklund, R.C., (1994). Social physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes toward exercise settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 70–82.
17. Daley, A. J. and Parfitt, G. (1996). Good health--is it worth it? Mood states, physical well-being, job satisfaction and absenteeism in members and non-members of a British corporate health and fitness club. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology. 69 (2), 121-134.
18. Davis, C., Durnin, J.V.G.A., Gurevich, M., LeMaire, A. and Dionne, M. (1993). Body composition correlates of weight dissatisfaction and dietary restraint in young women. Appetite, 20, 197–207.
19. Davis, C. and Fox, J. (1993). Excessive exercise and weight preoccupation in women. Addictive Behaviors, 18, 201-211.
20. Davis, C., Fox, J., Brewer, H., and Ratusny, D. (1995). Motivations to exercise as a function of personality characteristics, age, and gender. Personality and individual differences, 19 (2), 1165-174.
21. Davis, C., Fox, J., Cowles, M.P., Hastings, P. and Schwass, K. (1990). The functional role of exercise in the development of weight and diet concerns in women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 34 (5), 563–574.
22. Davis, C., Shapiro, C.M., Elliott, S. and Dionne, M. (1993). Personality and other correlates of dietary restraint. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 297–305.
23. Deci, E. L., and Ryan, R. M. (2000). The what and why of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
24. Diener, E., Sandvik,E., Pavot, W. and Fujita, F. (1992) Extraversion and subjective well-being in U.S. national probability sample. Journal of research in personality, 26, 205-215.
25. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41,417-440.
26. Digman, J. M., and Takemoto-Chock. N. K. (1981). Factors in the natural language of personality: Re-analysis, comparison, and interpretation of six major studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 16, 149-170.
27. Dishman, R., and Dunn, A. (1988). Exercise adherence in children and youth: Implications for adulthood. In R. Dishman (Ed.), Exercise adherence – Its impact on public health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
28. Doyne, E., Ossip-Klein, D., Bowman, E., Osborn, K., McDougall-Wilson, I. and Neimeyer, R. (1987). Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 748-754.
29. Ebbeck, V., Gibbons, S.L. and Loken-Dahle, L.J. (1995). Reasons for adult participation in physical activity: An interactional approach. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 262–275.
30. Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1991). Manual of Eysenck personality scales. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
31. Eysenck, H. J., Nias, D. K.. B., and Cox, D. N. (1982). Sport and personality. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 1-56.
32. Folkins, C.H. and Sime, W.E. (1981). Physical fitness training and mental health. American Psychologist, 36, 373-389.
33. Ford, M. E. (1992). Motivating humans: Goals, emotions, and personal agency beliefs. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
34. Frauman, D. C. (1982). The relationship between physical exercise, sexual activity, and desire for sexually activity. The Journal of Sex Research, 18, 41-46.
35. Frederick, C. M. and Ryan, R. M. (1993) Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health, Journal of Sport Behavior, 16 (9), 124-147.
36. Frohlich, P. and Meston, C. (2002). Sexual functioning and self-reported depressive symptoms among college women. The Journal of Sex Research, 39 (11), 321-325.
37. Galetta, F., Franzoni, F., Femia, F. R., Roccella, N., Pentimone, F., and Santoro, G. (2005). Lifelong physical training prevents the age-related impairment of heart rate variability and exercise capacity in elderly people. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45 (2), 217-221.
38. Gamble, R. P., Boreham, C. A. G., and Stevens, A. B. (1993). Effects of a 10-week exercise intervention program on exercise and work capacities in Belfast's ambulancemen. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 43, 85-89.
39. Gitlin, M. J. (1995). Effects of depression and antidepressants on sexual functioning. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 59, 232-248.
40. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
41. Gould, D., Feltz, D. and Weiss, M. (1985). Motives for participation in competitive youth swimming, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 16, 126-140.
42. Gronningsaeter, H., Christensen, C. C, Larsen, S. and Ursin, H. (1991). Health, job stress and psychological defence in physically active and inactive subjects. Scandinavian Journal of Medical Science and Sports, 1, 104-111.
43. Grove, N. C., and Spier, B. E. (1999). Motivating the well elderly to exercise. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 16 (3), 179–189.
44. Hair, J. E., Anderson, R. E., and Tatham, R. L. (1997). Multivariate analysis. New York: Macmillan.
45. Hayden, R. M. and Allen, G. J. (1984). Relationship between aerobic exercise, anxiety and depression: Convergent validation by knowledgeable informants. Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 69-74.
46. Hayden, R., Allen, G. and Camaione, D. (1986). Some psychological benefits resulting from involvement in aerobics fitness program from the perspectives of participants and knowledgeable informants. Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 6776.
47. Hellman, E. A. (1997). Use of the staged of changes in exercise adherence model among older adults with a cardiac diagnosis. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 17, 145–155.
48. Hogan. R. (1986). Hogan Personality Inventory manual. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems
49. Hsiao, E. T., and Thayer, R. E. (1998). Exercising for mood regulation: The importance of experience. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 829–836.
50. Hughes, J. R. (1984). Psychological effects of habitual exercise: A critical review. Preventative Medicine, 13, 66-78.
51. Ingledew, D. K., Markland, D. and Sheppard, K. E. (2003). Personality and self-determination of exercise behavior. Personality and Individual differences, 36, 1921-1932.
52. John. O. P. (1990). The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford.
53. Kennedy, S. H., Dickens, S. E., Eisfeld, B. S., and Bagby, R. M. (1999). Sexual dysfunction before antidepressant therapy in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 56, 201-208.
54. Kilpatrick, M., Hebert, E., and Bartholomew, J. (2005). College students’ motivation for physical activity: Differentiation men’s and women’s motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54, 87-94.
55. King, A.C., Taylor, C. B., Haskell, W.L. and DeBusk, R. F. (1989). Influence of regular aerobic exercise on psychological health: A randomized controlled trial of healthy middle-aged adults. Health Psychology, 8, 305-324.
56. Kirkcaldy, B. (1990). Self-image and personality. Personality and individual Differences, 11, 321-326.
57. Klint, K, and Weiss, M. (1987). Perceived competence and motives for participating in youth sports: A test of Harter's competence motivation theory, Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 55-65.
58. Koestner, R., and McClelland, D. C. (1990). Perspectives on competence motivation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 527548). New York: Guilford Press.
59. Kolotkin, R. L., Crosby, R. D., Kosloski, K. D. and Williams, G. R. (2001). Development of brief measure to assess quality of life in obesity. Obesity Research, 9 (2), 102-111.
60. Kreuter, M., Sullivan, M. and Siosteen, A. (1996). Sexual Adjustment and Quality of Relationships in Spinal Paraplegia: A Controlled Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, 541-547.
61. Krucoff, C. and Krucoff, M. (2000). Peak performance. American Fitness, 19, 32-36.
62. Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F. and Pavot, W. (1993). Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life event: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1046-1053.
63. Markland, D. and Hardy, L. (1993). The exercise motivation inventory: Preliminary development and validity of a measure of individuals' reasons for participation in regular physical exercise. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 289–296.
64. Markland, D. and Ingledew, D.K. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 361-376.
65. Marks, G. R., and Lutgendorf, S. K. (1999). Perceived Health Competence and Personality Factors Differentially Predict Health Behaviors in Older. Journal of Aging and Health, 11 (2),221-239.
66. Marshall, G. N., Wortman, C. B., Kusulas, J. W., Hervig, L. K., and Vickers, R. R. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 62, 1067-1074.
67. Mathew, R. J., and Weinman, M. L. (1982). Sexual dysfunction in depression. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 323-328.
68. Mathes, S. and Battista, R. (1985). College men's and women's motives for participation in physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 719-726.
69. McAuley, E., Wraith, S., and Duncan, T. E. (1991). Self-efficacy, perceptions of success, and intrinsic motivation for exercise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 139-155.
70. McCann, I. L. and Holmes, D. S. (1984). Influence of aerobic exercise on depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46 (5), 1142-1147.
71. McCrae, R. R. (1990). Traits and trait names: How well is Openness represented in natural languages? European Journal of Personality, 4, 119-129.
72. McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
73. McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T. Jr. (1997). Conceptions and correlates of Openness to Experience. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 826–848). New York: Academic Press.
74. McCrae, R. R. and John. O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
75. McGuire, R. and Cook, D. (1983). The influence of others and the decision to participate in youth sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 6, 9-16.
76. Nicolosi, A., Moreira, E. D., Villa, M. and Glasser, D. B. (2004). A population study of the association between sexual function, sexual satisfaction and depressive symptoms in men. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 235-243.
77. O'Brien, E. J. and Epstein, S. (1987). The Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
78. Penhollow, T. M., and Young M. (2004). Sexual Desirability and Sexual Performance: Does Exercise and Fitness Really Matter? Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 7, 10.
79. Plonczynski, D. (2000). Measurement of motivation for exercise. Health Education Research, 15 (6), 695–705.
80. Prichard, I. and Tiggemann, M., (2005). Objectification in fitness centers: Self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in aerobic instructors and aerobic participants, Sex Roles, 53 (7), 19-28.
81. Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
82. Resnick, B. (2000). Functional performance and exercise of older adults in long-term care settings. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26 (3), 7–16.
83. Rhodes, R. E., Courneya, K. S., and Bobick, T. M. (2001). Personality and exercise participation across the breast cancer experience. Psycho-Oncology, 10, 380–388.
84. Robinson, J.P. and Shaver, Ph.R. (1973). Measures of social psychological attitudes. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center.
85. Rodin, J. and Plante, T. (1989). The psychological effects of exercise. In R. S. Williams & A. G. Wallis (Eds), The Biological Effects of Physical Activity, pp. 127-137. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
86. Sechrist, KR, Walker, SN, & Pender, NJ. (1987). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 10, 357-365.
87. Sidney, K. and Jette, M. (1987). Attitudinal changes of correctional service officers following an on-site physical exercise program. Canadian Journal of Sports Science, 12 (2), 83-90.
88. Silberstein, L.R., Striegel-Moore, R.H., Timko, C. and Rodin, J. (1988). Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction: Do men and women differ? Sex Roles, 19, 219–231.
89. Sinaki, M., Canvin, J. C., Phillips, B. E. and Clarke, B. L. (2004). Site Specificity of Regular Health Club Exercise on Muscle Strength, Fitness, and Bone Density in Women Aged 29 to 45 Years. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 79, 639-644.
90. Smith, T. W., and Williams, P. G. (1992). Personality and health: Advantages and limitations of the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 60 (2), 395-423.
91. Song, R., June, K. J., Kim, C. G., and Jeon, M. Y. (2004). Comparisons of Motivation, Health Behaviors, and Functional Status Among Elders in Residential Homes in Korea. Public Health Nursing, 21 (4), 361-371.
92. Song, R., and Lee, H. (2001). Managing health habits for myocardial infarction patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38 (4), 375–380.
93. Stanten, N., and Yeager, S. (2003). Four workouts to improve your love life. Prevention, 55, 76-78.
94. Stephens, T. (1988). Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: evidence from four population surveys. Preventive Medicine, 17, 35-47.
95. Steptoe, A. and Cox, S. (1988). Acute effects of aerobic exercise on mood. Health Psychology, 7 (4), 329-340.
96. Steptoe, A., Edwards, S., Moses, J. and Mathews, A. (1989). The effects of exercise training on mood and perceived coping ability in anxious adults from the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33 (5), 537-547.
97. Stern, M. J. and Cleary, P. (1982). The national exercise and heart disease project. Archives of Internal Medicine, 142, 1093-1097.
98. Stone, W. J., Rothstein, D. E., and Shoenhair, C. L. (1991). Coronary health disease risk factors and health related fitness in long term exercising versus sedentary corporate executives. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5 (3), 169-173.
99. Strelan, P., Mehaffey, S. J. and Tiggemann, M. (2003). Self-objection and esteem in young women: The mediating role of reasons for exercise. Sex Roles, 48 (1), 89-95.
100. Summers, J., Machin, V. and Sargent, G.. (1983). Psychosocial factors related to marathon running. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 314-331.
101. Summers, J., Sargent, G.., Levey, A. and Murray, K. (1982). Middle-aged, non-elite marathon runners: A profile. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54, 963-969.
102. Taylor, J. A. (1953). A personality scale of manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 48, 285-290.
103. Tellegen, A. (1982). Brief manual for the Differential Personality Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript. University of Minnesota.
104. Thayer, R.E., (1996). The origin of everyday moods: Managing energy, tension, and stress. , Oxford University Press, New York.
105. Tomporowski, P. D. and Ellis, N. (1986). Effects of exercise on cognitive processes: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99 (3), 338-345.
106. Vena, J. E., Graham, S., Zielany, M., Swanson, M. K., Barnes, R. E. and Nolan, J. (1985). Life time occupational exercise and colon cancer. American Journal of Epidemology, 122, 357-365.
107. Walter, M. B. and Douglas, H. W. (1999). Physical fitness, aging, and sexuality. Western Journal of Medicine, 170, 167-169.
108. Wankel, L. and Kreisel, P. (1985). Factors underlying enjoyment of youth sports: Sport and age group comparisons. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 51-64.
109. Watson, D., and Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465-490.
110. Watson, D., and Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In S. R. Briggs, W. H. Jones, and R. Hogan (Eds.). Handbook of personality psychology. New York: Academic Press.
111. Watson, D., and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234–254.
112. Weiss, J. (1997). Not tonight honey, I’ve got a bodyache. Women’s Sports and Fitness, 19, 66-68.
113. Wiebe, J. S., and Christensen, A. J. (1996). Adherence in chronic illness: Personality and coping in context. Journal of Personality, 64 (4), 815-835.
114. Williams, D. G. (1992). Dispositional optimism, neuroticism, and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 475-477.
115. Wu, W. Y., and Lin, C. H. (2005), Business research Methods.
116. Young, D. R., Gittelsohn, J., Charleston, J., Felix-Aaron, K., and Appel, L. J.(2001). Motivations for exercise and weight loss among African-American women: focus group results and their contribution towards program development. Ethnicity & Health, 6 (3/4), 227–245.
117. Zonderman, A. B., Stone. S. V., and Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989). Age and neuroticism as risk factors for the incidence of diagnoses of psychotic and neurotic disorder. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans.

校內：2007-08-14公開
校外：2007-08-14公開

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文