本文欲透過十九世紀末、二十世紀初英國宗教發展的脈絡，以及柴斯特頓（Gilbert Keith Chesterton, 1874-1936）自身的思想歷程，來呈現其作品在當代的宗教意義。作為新聞記者和多產的通俗作家，柴斯特頓在皈依傳統基督教後，選擇以寫作為信仰辯護。在他數量可觀的名著中，《回到正統》（Orthodoxy, 1908）不僅是他智識發展的顛峰之作，更是他首次完整呈現自己的信仰。該書的內容也是他一生對基督教信仰的基本聲明。與《回到正統》並肩出版的《異端》（Heretics, 1905），則是由柴斯特頓早期發表在《每日新聞》（Daily News）上的文章集結而成。除了檢視當代「異端」的哲學思想，柴斯特頓也在書中隱約地描繪出他所認為的正統。因此，這兩部作品是本文主要的分析文本。
在《異端》與《回到正統》中，柴斯特頓批判時下流行的科學自然主義（scientific naturalism），以及向科學陣營靠攏的自由主義神學（liberalism in theology）。他不僅在作品中反映時代的思想樣貌，更積極地回應當時傳統基督教所面臨的困境。本文將指出，對該時代而言，其作品有幾層意義：其一，他掌握時代媒介，以獨特的方式向大眾傳達其理念。其二，在社會普遍對傳統基督教冷漠的時刻，他重新燃起與「異端」之間的戰火，再次引起人們的注意。其三，在傳統基督教失勢且被抨擊為教條主義（dogmatic）的年代，他仍然立基於教義，並透過重新詮釋其內涵，使之在個人與公眾層面都與該時代產生連結。柴斯特頓的辯護行動確有其時代性，但今日的我們仍能從中體認宗教與社會互動的複雜性，進而對宗教實踐有更寬廣的理解。

This thesis tries to indicate the religious significance of Gilbert Keith Chesterton’s (1874-1936) two works—Orthodoxy (1908) and Heretics (1905)—to his time by placing them within the context of religion in late 19th-century and 20th-century Britain and Chesterton’s personal intellectual development. As a journalist and prolific popular writer, Chesterton chose to defend his faith by writing after he converted to traditional Christianity. Among his masterpieces, Orthodoxy was not only the culmination of his intellectual development, but also his first complete confession of his faith. This book remained his main statement of belief throughout his lifetime. Heretics, a precursory work of Orthodoxy, was a collection of Chesterton’s early articles from The Daily News. The work while criticizing contemporary philosophies which he considered as heretics, revealed to an extent his thought on Christian orthodoxy.
In Heretics and Orthodoxy, Chesterton criticized scientific naturalism, the popular scientific ideology at the time. He targeted liberalism in theology too, an intellectual respond by some church members who tried to reconcile religion with science. His works not only reflected the social reality, but also positively responded to the difficulties of traditional Christianity. This thesis argues for the following religious implications of Chesterton’s works to his time. Firstly, he made good use of the characteristics of the newly-emerged medium of New Journalism and successfully communicated to readers through his unique way of writing. Secondly, he rose against the “heretics” again at the moment when people were growing increasingly indifferent to traditional Christianity, attempting to revive discussions about faith. Finally, he still stood for the conventional Christian creed amidst the anti-dogmatic atmosphere in the general society, and interpreted it in a new way by constantly drawing connections between Apostles’ Creeds and modern people’s private and public life.

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