像幅式相機用於攝影測量時，會有視域範圍的限制。全景相機可克服像幅式相機拍照範圍有限的問題，使用全景影像進行攝影測量時，可提升製圖的效率。由於攝影測量的準確度有賴於完善的影像畸變改正及幾何穩定度，欲使用全景影像進行攝影測量時，全景影像的品質以及幾何穩定度是該課題的關鍵。
市面上雖有多種全景相機系統，但並非皆適合用於攝影測量。目前最適合用於攝影測量之系統為多相機系統，例如: PPIMS、Ladybug5，但這些系統有體積較大或是需要搭載電腦才能運作等限制，所以本文希望利用搭載廣角鏡頭且輕巧的運動型相機GoPro Hero4，以較少台相機組裝成一套更加方便攜帶的全景相機系統，進行攝影測量，並測試於室內與室外進行攝影測量所能達到的精度。
使用GoPro Hero4全景影像進行攝影測量時，首先需檢定系統內五部相機的內方位與透鏡畸變參數，以及每部相機的相對方位，並使用這些資訊拼接全景影像。接著要建立全景影像的共同投影中心、全景影像球點、物點之共線關係。最後透過光束法平差，解算全景影像的外方位元素與物空間坐標值。
本文進行兩個實驗，將GoPro全景相機於室內與室外設站拍照，平差解算全景影像外方位元素以及物空間坐標值，並藉由檢核點驗證成果。室內獲取全景影像時，攝影物距約略為10公尺，計算成果RMSE為X=0.035m，Y=0.025m，Z=0.010m。室外獲取全景影像時，攝影物距約略80公尺，計算成果的RMSE為E=0.199m，N=0.156m，H=0.081m。本研究成果顯示將GoPro全景影像用於近景攝影測量時，可達到低精度(RMSE大於1公尺)需求以及中精度(RMSE介於30~100公分)需求。

Frame camera has limitation of field of view (FOV) when using in photogrammetry. Panoramic camera solve the problem of limited FOV. Using panoramic images to do photogrammetry can increase efficiency of map-mapping. This study develop a panoramic camera system equipped with sport-camera GoPro Hero4. By using less cameras to assembly a panoramic camera system which is more convenient to carry, and using panoramic image acquired by this system to do photogrammetry and evaluate the precision of indoor positioning and outdoor positioning. When using panoramic images to do photogrammetry, we must calculate interior orientation and additional parameters of each camera in the system and calculate relative orientation among all cameras in advance. Next, collinearity equation of projection center of panoramic image, panoramic image point, and object point must be derived. Finally, calculate exterior orientation of panoramic images and unknown object coordinates by bundle adjustment.
In this study, two experiments using GoPro panoramic images for bundle adjustment are done, and both theirs are validated with check points. One acquire panoramic images indoors, taking distance approximates 10 meters, the result of RMSE values in three directions X=0.035m, Y=0.025m, Z=0.010m. The other acquire panoramic images outdoors, taking distance approximates 80 meters, the result of RMSE values in three directions E=0.199m, N=0.156m, H=0.081m. This result of this study shows GoPro panoramic images using in close-range photogrammetry can achieve low accuracy demand and medium accuracy demand.

Freedom360
https://freedom360.us/product-category/360-camera-systems/

Ladybug5 technical reference
http://www.ptgrey.com/support/downloads/10128

PointGray
https://www.ptgrey.com/360-degree-spherical-camera-systems

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