前言: 4-6歲是身體發展之重要階段，此時期若未適當發展、模仿與學習基本動作技能，將對未來身體活動、日常生活甚至心理造成困難，但目前尚未有針對此年齡層完整項目之常模對照。
目的: 本研究目的在於探討4-6歲幼兒核心運動能力，並訂定幼兒基本動作技能之檢測項目，發展運動能力演算法與常模，以做為教師、家長或相關體能師之參照，並探討影響運動能力之行為習慣相關研究。
方法: 本研究找尋七位專家學者，舉行五次線上專家會議，使用修正式德菲法選定適合4-6歲幼兒的運動能力與基本動作技能檢測項目，並訂定運動能力演算法公式。以立意取樣方式招募自願參與並完成檢測之南部4到6歲幼兒，共565位，實施基本動作技能檢測與家長問卷調查。研究結果以描述性統計(平均數、標準差、百分等級)、皮爾森積差相關分析(Pearson Correlation)、獨立樣本t檢定(Independent samples t-test)以及單因子變異數分析(One-way ANOVA)與共變數分析(Analysis of Covariance, ANCOVA )，制定4-6歲男、女幼兒運動能力與基本動作技能常模，以及比較不同睡眠、飲食、運動習慣與親子運動時間之行為習慣組間與運動能力成績之差異。
結果: 4-6歲運動能力發展核心為爆發力、速度力、協調力、肌耐力、敏捷力、平衡力(簡稱六力) ，本研究利用立定跳遠、十公尺跑、手腳併走八字、網球擲遠、雙手正撐、左右橫跳、閉眼單足立七項基本動作技能測驗分析幼兒運動能力，並透過專家學者以德菲法與專家會議制定運動能力換算之演算法。進一步統計分析結果發現:年齡、身高、體重皆與基本動作技能成績、運動能力有顯著相關，BMI與此兩者則無顯著相關；在基本動作技能成績表現，除閉眼單足立於六歲才開始顯著成長外，多數均於五歲即開始發展。在性別差異部分:立定跳遠(+3.85%)、十公尺跑(-5.71%)與網球擲遠(+29.27%)中，男幼兒成績顯著優於女幼兒；而在運動能力的六力中，平衡力、敏捷力與爆發力皆於五歲開始發展成熟。於敏捷力、爆發力與協調力可見女幼兒成績分別高於男幼兒9.4%、18.2%與7.4%，由此可女生單一運動能力較男生佳，但綜合能力(基本動作技能)則為男生較佳。在比較有參與體適能活動者的各項運動能力中，肌耐力(+9.86%)、平衡力(+11.35%)、敏捷力(+12.66%)、爆發力(+14.88%)、速度力(+18.97%)、協調力(+12.61%)顯著優於未參與者。參與高強度運動之幼兒，於六力成績上顯著優於輕度運動與中強度運動者，於敏捷力、爆發力、速度力與協調力參與中強度運動者，成績優於輕度運動者。每次運動總時長達41分鐘以上者，於平衡力、速度力表現較佳。坐式生活一次不超過一小時者，於敏捷力(+9.7%)、爆發力(+12.2%)與協調力(+10.6%)成績優於超過一小時者。睡眠品質佳者，速度力(+11.6%)相對較佳。未睡午覺者於爆發力(+11.6%)、速度力(+11.6%)相對睡午覺超過一小時以上者優異。飲食是否偏食與飲食不均，於組間六力成績無顯著差異，然而每日攝取含糖飲料在敏捷力與爆發力成績相對其他組別(皆不攝取、每週1-6天)較差；甜食攝取一週1-4天者，於敏捷力、爆發力與協調力成績優於皆不攝取或攝取5天以上者；油炸類食物皆不攝取者於肌耐力、敏捷力成績優於一週攝取1-2天者。親子運動時間與六力成績皆無顯著組間差異。
結論: 本研究制定4-6男、女幼兒六項運動能力與七項基本動作技能檢測常模，並建議運動總時長需達41分鐘以上、中至高強度且一次坐式生活不宜超過一小時；整日睡眠總時長，包含夜間睡眠與午休時間累積達10小時以上；減少油炸食物攝取，維持體重將有助於幼兒運動能力之提升。

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the relationship between motor competence (MC), fundamental movement skills (FMS), and behavior habits in children aged four to six based on the establishment of an assessment model of FMS for child development in MC.
Methods: The study adopted the modified Delphi method to define the core abilities of MC, testing items of FMS testing, and algorithm based on three questionnaire surveys and five online conferences for expert opinions. A total of 565 children (292 males and 273 females) aged four to six were recruited to undergo seven FMS tests, including standing long jump (SLJ),10 meters running (10M), bear crawl (BC), tennis throw (TT), hands hold (HH), lateral jump (LJ), standing on one-leg with closed-eye (SOL). Meanwhile, their parents were surveyed with a questionnaire composed of items on children’s exercise, sleep and eating habits, and parent-child relationship.
Results: As a result of calculating the quartile difference and other variables by the Delphi research method, the core abilities of MC for children aged four to six were identified as power, speed, coordination, endurance, agility and balance (Six Abilities). Seven FMS tests were used to construct MC through algorithm. FMS and MC were significantly correlated in terms of age, height, weight. Post-hoc comparisons found that there were significant differences in FMS among all age groups. Furthermore, in SOL, performance differences became significant at the age of six. In terms of SLJ (+3.85%), 10M (-6.06%) and TT (+29.3%), boys outperformed girls significantly. Notably, girls performed better than boys (p <.05) in terms of agility (+9.4%), power (+18.2%) and coordination (+7.6%). No gender differences were found in endurance, speed and balance. Performance differences became significant at the age of five in balance, agility and power. According to the questionnaire, children who participated in physical fitness activities performed better in endurance (+9.87%), balance (+11.29%), agility (+12.59%), power (+14.85%), speed (+18.87%), coordination (+12.54%) than non-participants. Participants in high-intensity exercise performed better in MC than those in light to moderate intensity exercise (p <.05). Children with a daily exercise for more than 41 minutes performed better in balance and speed. Those with a sedentary behavior for less than one hour at a time performed better in agility (+9.7%), power (+12.2%) and coordination (+10.6%) than those with a sedentary behavior for more than one hour (p <.05). A better sleep quality allowed children to perform better in speed (+11.6%). Those with a daily intake of sweetened beverages performed worse in agility and power than those with no intake or less intake throughout a week. Those ate dessert 1-4 days a week performed better in agility, power, and coordination. Those who did not eat fried food performed better in endurance and agility than those who did (p <.05).
Conclusion: The age of five is a critical stage for child development in physical balance, agility, and strength. According to the norms of MC and FMS for children, established in this study, children at this age should carry out moderate to high intensity exercise for a minimum duration of 41 minutes; avoid the sedentary behavior for more than an hour and too much fried food; sleep, including naps, for at least 10 hours.

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