本論文係嘗試以歷史性的角度來探索雅典在415年所爆發的宗教褻瀆和政治衝突，以及其在雅典政治史的意義。雅典政制是先王政、貴族政治而後民主政治。在政治演變過程中，雅典的「人民」（demos）與貴族之間不斷的競爭。雅典政制也在這不斷的競爭中，建立了政體的芻型與遊戲規則。大致而言，較富彈性的demos在競爭中漸漸得勢，貴族勢力漸次失勢。508年之後雅典民主大致成形，貴族只得慢慢退守；伯里克利斯之後，貴族勢力幾乎完全不能與demos競爭，轉而隱於地下。
這群隱於地下的、不願接受民主政治發展的貴族，於是透過他們的財富、教育、對外關係等方法，希望在政界保持一定的影響力，並且透過酒宴與兄弟會等組織在檯面下維持其勢力及組織。
415年的「西西里遠征」是雅典政界在五世紀末發生的重要事件，這事件使得雙方爭議檯面化。政治上的爭執先以宗教褻瀆的形式爆發，而由於所涉及之政治籌碼極大，甚至會徹底改變雅典政治生態，使得雙方—貴族與demos雙方立場激進化。一向以溝通協調為重心的雅典民主政制轉換步調，改採以暴力獵巫行為來系統性迫害原本隱伏在地下的這些反民主貴族份子。但很弔詭地，這政治獵巫行動反而促使到目前為止有如一盤散沙的貴族團體團結起來，有共同的政治目標。加上國際情勢的變化，所以這些反對民主份子雅典於西西里戰敗後，一舉顛覆原以穩定發展的雅典民主政制，建立411年及404年的寡頭政權。雅典民主政治從這次的衝突學到教訓，所以將以更成熟的方式繼續在四世紀執政。

This thesis is an attempt to discover a moment of intense religious and political conflict at Athens in 415 BCE in a historical perspective, and find out its meaning in the political history of Athens. The political constitution of Athens started from kingship, evolved into aristocracy and became democratic. In this process, demos competed with aristocrats continually and in general, demos got the competitive advantage for their imaginative flexibility. After 508 BCE, democracy had shaped the future course of Athens’ history, and aristocrats were forced to retreat and cultivated their social style to maintain a precarious political identity. They used their wealth, education and foreign connections (xenia), hoped that they could keep their influence. They tried to maintain their power and organization through the social institution of symposium and hetaireia. They were tolerated in Athens because they were not political involved in any large scale.
Yet, the Sicilian Expedition in 415 changed all of these. The decision to launch an expedition made the dispute rise to the surface. This political conflict was initiated by a religious scandal and soon it ran out of control as a political persecution by the demos against the aristocrats. This is because of the political leverage involved with thus expedition, which came to an extent to a permanent change of the political ecology in Athens. The political attitudes on both sides were hardened and even became radical. The political consensus and the willingness to reach it through political debates of which Athenian democracy was so proud of were now abandoned and judicial violence was used against the aristocrats. Paradoxically, such a political witch hunts made the disunited aristocrats getting together, prompting them to form a common front and formulate a common political target. This, compounded with the change of international situation, helped these anti-democracy aristocrats succeed in the two subvertions of Athenian democracy respectively in 411 and 404 in the form of oligarchic regime. Athenian democracy would then learn its lessons from this conflict and became more mature in the 4th Century.

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