| 研究生: |
顏睿晟 YEN, Ruei-Chemg |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
論被告過去不當行為的證據能力 The Admissibility of Evidence of the Defendant’s Misconducts |
| 指導教授: |
李佳玟
Lee, Chia-Wen |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學院 - 法律學系 Department of Law |
| 論文出版年: | 2025 |
| 畢業學年度: | 113 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 181 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 被告不當行為證據 、品格證據 、習性推論禁止法則 、無罪推定原則 、證據關聯性 、國民法官制度 、推論鏈結審查 、限制性指示 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | defendant misconduct evidence, character evidence, propensity inference prohibition rule, presumption of innocence, evidence relevance, Citizen Judge System, Chain of Logical Inferences, Enhanced Limiting Instruction Approach |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:32 下載:5 |
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被告的前科記錄及過去其他不當行為是否應該影響法院對其當前指控的判斷,這個問題觸及刑事司法制度的根本價值。人類認知中存在著「過去行為預測未來表現」的直觀邏輯,這在日常生活中看似合理,但在法庭上卻可能使法官基於被告的過往行為而非當前證據作出判斷,從而與無罪推定原則產生根本衝突。這個問題之所以複雜,在於被告過往的不當行為確實可能對案件事實具有證明價值,特別是在證明動機、意圖或犯人身分等方面,但同時也極易引發基於人格評價而非具體證據的錯誤判斷。
本文透過系統性分析最高法院相關判決,揭示了我國司法實務在處理此類證據時的深層問題。表面上,法院援引美國聯邦證據規則的分類架構,聲稱以證明動機、意圖、知識等非傾向性目的使用被告前科,但實際論證過程卻頻繁陷入被禁止的人格推論。更嚴重的是,不同類型案件的審查標準存在顯著差異,從相對寬鬆的動機認定到嚴格的犯人同一性要求,標準不一致的現象不僅影響審判的可預測性,也可能對被告的防禦權造成不當侵害。
美國聯邦證據規則的經驗進一步揭示了制度設計的根本困境。儘管美國聯邦證據規則404(b)建構了完整的審查架構,透過非傾向性目的限制與關聯性檢驗等機制試圖防範人格推論,但實務運作卻暴露出形式審查與實質審查間的嚴重落差。多數聯邦法院僅要求檢方標示適當的證明目的即可通過初步審查,對於推論結構是否真正排除人格評價缺乏深度檢視。而作為最後把關機制的美國聯邦證據規則 403權衡測試,理論上應能透過「證明價值vs.不當偏見危險」的衡量排除問題證據,但在面對檢察官巧妙包裝的推論邏輯時,實務上也經常淪為形式化的審查程序。美國經驗清楚指向一個關鍵問題:無論採取何種形式架構,若未能確保推論過程在邏輯結構上徹底排除人格預設,將難以有效防範人格推論對證據評價正當性的根本侵害。
然而,我國除了面臨此制度困境外,更有進一步的法制缺漏。我國刑事訴訟法對被告不當行為證據並無明文規定,僅有國民法官法施行細則第121條針對特定案件設有相關規範,造成法制適用上的體系性缺口。雖然該細則建構了以「排除人格評價」為基本原則的證據適用架構,但在具體運作上仍缺乏明確的審查標準與程序保障機制,對於法院如何判斷推論目的是否具正當性與邏輯連貫性,未提供具體且具操作性的指引。此外,國民法官制度的引入更使問題複雜化,一般民眾面對不當行為證據時更容易產生「既然過去做過,這次也會做」的直觀推論,即使職業法官提供限制性指示,也難以完全消除這種認知偏差對審判公正性的威脅。
有鑑於此,本文提出「推論鏈結審查機制」的根本性改革建議。此機制要求檢察官在聲請調查被告不當行為證據時,必須依循「事實認定」、「中介命題」與「事實連結」的三段式結構,逐一說明完整的推論路徑,確保每一環節均排除人格預設且具備邏輯正當性。相應地,法院則應逐層檢驗推論結構,任一階段不符合要求者應駁回該證據調查聲請。與此同時,針對國民法官制度的特殊需求,本文進一步提出「三段式限制性說明架構」,要求職業法官明確告知國民法官特定推論目的、說明推論邏輯,並確認推論前提條件,防止不當人格推論影響事實認定。
這些制度設計的核心目標在於建立既能維持事實發現效能、又能充分保障被告權益的審查機制。一方面,透過強制性的推論結構揭示與結構化的限制性指示,可以有效防止以表面合法目的掩蓋實質人格推論的濫用現象;另一方面,為法院提供具體可操作的審查標準,確保每個面臨刑事指控的人都能獲得基於具體事證而非人格評價的公正審判,從而維護法治文明的根本價值。
This study analyzes three fundamental questions regarding defendant misconduct evidence: what constitutes the appropriate scope and limitations for admitting a defendant's prior misconduct in criminal trials, how to establish principled standards for evaluating such evidence that balance probative value against the risk of unfair prejudice, and how Taiwan's courts currently recognize and apply relevant rules in practice.
After analyzing relevant theories, comparative legal frameworks, and judicial decisions, this study finds that: (1) such evidence presents an inherent tension between legitimate probative purposes (e.g., motive, intent, identity) and the prohibition on character reasoning, requiring precise structural analysis of inferential logic; (2) while theoretical justifications for admitting such evidence exist in various evidentiary doctrines, Taiwan's courts apply inconsistent standards and often rely on impermissible inferences, indicating the need for systematic reform; and (3) addressing cognitive vulnerabilities in the Citizen Judge System and gaps in the statutory framework warrants establishing a rigorous Chain-of-Logical-Inferences Review Mechanism and Enhanced Limiting Instruction Protocol to ensure judgments rest on specific evidence, not generalized character assessments.
一、中文文獻
書籍
1. 王兆鵬、張明偉、李榮耕(2023),刑事訴訟法(下),6版,新學林,臺北。
2. 林俊寬(2019),刑事訴訟法基礎理論與實務運用,2版,五南,臺北。
3. 林鈺雄(2024),刑事訴訟法(上冊),13版,元照,臺北。
4. 吳景芳(2006),刑事訴訟法,國立空中大學,臺北。
5. 張麗卿(2023),刑事訴訟法理論與運用,18版,五南,臺北。
6. 黃朝義(2020),刑事訴訟程序基礎理論,新學林,臺北。
專書論文
1. 李榮耕,初探證據關聯性之要求,甘添貴教授七秩華誕祝壽論文集下策,頁702-747。
2. 蕭宏宜,無罪推定的實有與流變,法務部廖正豪前部長七秩華誕祝壽論文集-刑事訴訟法卷,頁33-57。
期刊論文
1. 王兆鵬,刑事舉證責任理論-由英美法理論出發,國立臺灣大學法學論叢,28卷4期,1999年7月,頁167-191。
2. 吳巡龍,交互詰問制度下品格證據的提出方式,法學叢刊,193期,2004年1月,頁121-133。
3. 吳巡龍,刑事證據法入門第一講 刑事舉證責任的分配,月旦法學教室,54期,2007年4月,頁76-87。
4. 吳巡龍,被告品格證據,台灣法學雜誌,195期,2012年3月,頁127-132。
5. 吳巡龍,被告品格之證據能力,月旦法學教室,184期,2018年1月,頁23-25。
6. 吳秋宏,根據同種前科定事實-評日本最高法院昭和41年11月22日第三小法庭裁定(刑集20卷9號1035頁、判時467號65頁、判夕200號135頁),月旦裁判時報,134期,2023年8月,頁68-77。
7. 金孟華,國民法官法第46條之解釋與適用,檢察新論,29期,2021年5月,頁136-149。
8. 林鈺雄,無罪推定作為舉證責任及證據評價規則-歐洲人權法院相關裁判及評析,台灣法學雜誌,145期,2010年2月,頁139-163。
9. 許澤天,為調查原則再伸冤-值得再三檢討的最高法院決議,台灣法學雜誌,193期,2012年2月,頁1-5。
10. 許澤天,刑事法院調查義務與舉證責任,台灣法律人,31期,2024年1月,頁85-98。
11. 許淑媛,刑事程序中被告前科證據應響之研究,月旦裁判時報,90期,2019年12月,頁81-94。
12. 郭吉助,檢察官客觀性義務規定之探討,檢察新論,第13期,2013年1月,頁123-145。
13. 黃惠婷,無罪推定原則之探討,月旦法學教室,第50期,2016年12月,頁95-105。
14. 黃鼎軒,日本裁判員制度品格證據之舉證基準-兼論國民法官法品格證據之適用,東吳法律學報,36卷3期,2025年1月,頁79-132。
15. 謝煜偉,前科、前案等類似事實與犯罪事實認定:台灣高等法院 104 年度上易字第1439 號判決評析,台灣法學雜誌,324期,2017年7月,頁3-22。
碩博士論文
1. 林家萱(2019),性格證據與事實認定-以犯人同一性及主觀要件之證明為中心,國立臺灣大學法律學系碩士班碩士論文。
2. 陳威玹(2004),彈劾證據之研究,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士班碩士論文。
3. 黎家傑(2025),論被告品格證據在國民法官審判中的證據能力及職業法官的指示:與香港、加拿大和英格蘭比較研究,國立臺灣大學法律學系碩士班碩士論文。
翻譯書與翻譯期刊
1. Arthur Best著,蔡秋明、蔡兆誠、郭乃嘉譯(2002),證據法入門美國證據法評釋及實例解說,元照,臺北。
2. 緑大輔著、黃鼎軒譯,刑事裁判中類似事實之舉證(譯文),月旦法學雜誌,2023年6月,第337期,頁171-188。
二、外文文獻
書籍
1. Charles Alan Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence (2023).
2. Christopher B. Mueller & Laird C. Kirkpatrick, Federal Evidence (4th ed. 2013).
3. Edward J. Imwinkelried, Uncharged Misconduct Evidence (rev. ed. 2020).
4. Michael H. Graham, Handbook of Federal Evidence (2d ed. 1986).
5. Paul R. Rice & Roy A. Katriel, Evidence: Common Law and Federal Rules of Evidence (6th ed. 2009).
6. Richard Lempert et al., A Modern Approach to Evidence: Text, Problems, Transcripts and Cases (5th ed. 2013).
7. Roger C. Park et al., Evidence Law: A Student's Guide to the Law of Evidence as Applied in American Trials (1998).
期刊論文
1. 村瀬均,2016年,同種前科・類似事実による立証,法學教室,435期,頁8–11。
2. Ashworth, A. 2006. Four threats to the presumption of innocence. International Journal of Evidence and Proof, 10(4), 241-279.
3. Bavli, H. J. 2022. An objective-chance exception to the rule against character evidence. Alabama Law Review, 74, 121-169.
4. Brown, T. R. 2021. The content of our character. Penn State Law Review, 126, 1-57.
5. Chadwick, G. R. 2018. Reorienting the rules of evidence. Cardozo Law Review, 39, 2116-2162.
6. Collins, E. R. 2023. Evidence rules for decarceration. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 50, 353-375.
7. Garland, N. M. 1995. Some thoughts on the sexual misconduct amendments to the Federal Rules of Evidence. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 22, 355-359.
8. Goode, S. 2021. It’s time to put character back into the character-evidence rule. Marquette Law Review, 104, 709-811.
9. Goodman, C. C. 2007. The color of our character: Confronting the racial character of Rule 404(b) evidence. Law & Inequality, 25, 1-78.
10. Hathorn, B. C. 2011. Federal Rules of Evidence 413, 414, and 415: Fifteen years of hindsight and where the law should go from here. Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy, 7(1), 22-83.
11. Imwinkelried, E. J. 1995. Undertaking the task of reforming the American character evidence prohibition: The importance of getting the experiment off on the right foot. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 22, 285-304.
12. Imwinkelried, E. J. 1988. The meaning of probative value and prejudice in Federal Rule of Evidence 403: Can Rule 403 be used to resurrect the common law of evidence? Vanderbilt Law Review, 41, 879-907.
13. Imwinkelried, E. J. 2006. An evidentiary paradox: Defending the character evidence prohibition by upholding a non-character theory of logical relevance, the doctrine of chances. University of Richmond Law Review, 40, 419-462.
14. Imwinkelried, E. J. 2008. Reshaping the "grotesque" doctrine of character evidence: The reform implications of the most recent psychological research. Southwestern University Law Review, 36, 741-768.
15. Imwinkelried, E. J. 2022. Trial techniques: Limiting instructions on uncharged misconduct evidence under Federal Evidence Rule 404(b). American Journal of Trial Advocacy, 45, 263-296.
16. Karp, D. J. 1994. Symposium on the admission of prior offense evidence in sexual assault cases: Response to Professor Imwinkelried’s comments. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 70, 49-53.
17. Kitai, R. 2002. Presuming innocence. Oklahoma Law Review, 55, 257-295.
18. Klein, D. W. 2020. “Obviate!”: Addressing magical thinking about limiting instructions and character evidence. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 82(1), 135-172.
19. Klein, D. 2022. One step backward: The Ninth Circuit’s unfortunate Rule 404(b) decision in United States v. Lague. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 55, 739-773.
20. Koltuv, B. B. 1962. Some characteristics of intrajudge trait intercorrelations. Psychological Monographs: General & Applied, 76(33), 1-33.
21. Leonard, D. P. 1998. In defense of the character evidence prohibition: Foundations of the rule against trial by character. Indiana Law Journal, 73, 1162-1185.
22. Leonard, D. P. 2001. Character and motive in evidence law. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 34, 439-536.
23. Leonard, D. P. 2002. The use of uncharged misconduct evidence to prove knowledge. Nebraska Law Review, 81, 115-169.
24. Lewis, D. C. 1989. Proof and prejudice: A constitutional challenge to the treatment of prejudicial evidence in federal criminal cases. Washington Law Review, 64, 289-363.
25. Lininger, T. 2023. Prioritizing proof of innocence. Rutgers University Law Review, 75, 1281-1305.
26. Livnah, M. C. 1996. Branding the sexual predator: Constitutional ramifications of Federal Rules of Evidence 413 through 415. Cleveland State Law Review, 44, 169-195.
27. McBaine, J. P. 1954. Burden of proof: Presumptions. Ucla Law Review, 2(1), 13-31.
28. McCauliff, C. M. A. 1982. Burdens of proof: Degrees of belief, quanta of evidence, or constitutional guarantees? Vanderbilt Law Review, 35(6), 1293-1335.
29. Mendez, M. A. 1996. The law of evidence and the search for a stable personality. Emory Law Journal, 45, 221-238.
30. Morris, A. J. 1998. Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b): The fictitious ban on character reasoning from other crime evidence. The Review of Litigation, 17, 181-208.
31. Nance, D. A. 2021. Choice of law for burdens of proof. North Carolina Journal of International Law, 46(1), 235-313.
32. Park, R. C. 1998. Character at the crossroads. Hastings Law Journal, 49, 717-779.
33. Quintard-Morénas, F. 2010. The presumption of innocence in the French and Anglo-American legal traditions. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 58(1), 107-149.
34. Reed, T. J. 1984. Admission of other criminal act evidence after adoption of the Federal Rules of Evidence. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 53, 113-169.
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40. Winiarski, K. L. 2022. Yet another problem with Rule 404(b)? Why the Advisory Committee should codify a higher initial burden for prior acts evidence. Boston College Law Review, 63, 2781-2819.