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研究生: 林揚軒
Lin, Yang-Hsuan
論文名稱: 求解隨機微分方程重建量子軌跡
Reconstructing Quantum Trajectory by Solving Stochastic Differential Equation
指導教授: 楊憲東
Yang, Ciann-Dong
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 航空太空工程學系
Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 98
中文關鍵詞: 量子力學複數力學統計力學尤拉-丸山法福克-普朗克方程式
外文關鍵詞: Quantum mechanics, Complex mechanics, Statistic mechanics, Euler-Maruyama Method, Fokker-Planck equation
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  • 軌跡論與機率論是量子力學的二種不同詮釋。複數力學透過複數軌跡的疊加,證實所得軌跡落點的統計分布與機率論的預測相符,從而統一了軌跡論與機率論二種詮釋。然而這二種詮釋的一致性目前仍存在著二種細微的偏差。第一種偏差是源自求解複數軌跡的數值誤差,第二種偏差是源自複數軌跡樣本數不足所產生的統計誤差,而本論文的目的即在提出解決之道,分別克服這二種誤差。
    對於求解複數力學隨機微分方程式所產生的數值誤差,本論文引入歐拉-丸山(Euler-Maruyama)方法,這是一種專門求解隨機微分方程式的數值方法,用以取代傳統的ODE45方法。這一方法的引入除了獲得較好的數值精確度外,在數值計算的效率上也大幅提升。在另一方面,對於複數軌跡樣本數不足所產生的統計誤差,本論文透過Fokker-Planck PDE方程式的求解,直接獲得描述軌跡落點的機率密度函數,而不需以疊加數萬條軌跡的方式去取得統計資料,從而避開了因樣本數不足所產生的統計誤差。本論文針對統計力學與複數力學所對應的Fokker-Planck PDE,利用有限差分法加以求解,所得結果證實複數軌跡的純實部落點統計曲線會與統計力學所對應的Fokker-Planck PDE的解相同,而複數軌跡的實部投影統計曲線則會與複數力學所對應的Fokker-Planck PDE的解一致。

    Trajectory interpretation and probability interpretation are two opposite interpretations of quantum mechanics. The complex mechanics unifies the two interpretations by showing that the distribution of the collected trajectory points follows the statistic pattern predicted by the probability interpretation. However, there still exist slight discrepancies between the two interpretations. The first discrepancy comes from the numerical errors in the computation of trajectory points, while the second comes from the statistical error caused by the inadequacy of the adopted sample space of trajectories. The aim of this thesis is to provide workable methods to remedy the discrepancies.
    Regarding the numerical errors in generating trajectory points by solving stochastic differential equations (SDE), we adopt the Euler-Maruyama method, which is specialized in solving SDE, to replace the conventional ODE45 method, and remarkable reductions in computation error and computation time have been observed. On the other hand, regarding the statistical error caused by the inadequacy of the adopted sample space of trajectories, we obtain directly the probability density function (PDF), which describes the distribution of the collected trajectory points, by solving the associated Fokker-Planck PDE. This approach allows us to obtain the PDF without having to generate thousands of trajectories to form the required sample space. The Fokker-Planck PDE is solved by finite difference method and the solutions are found to be consistent with the distributions of trajectories computed by statistic mechanics and complex mechanics.

    中文摘要 I Abstract III 誌謝 VI 目錄 VII 表目錄 X 圖目錄 XI 符號表 XV 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 文獻回顧 1 1.2 研究目標 8 1.3 各章概述 9 第二章 量子系統 12 2.1 量子力學的詮釋 12 2.2 量子隨機最佳導引律 15 2.3 複數力學 19 2.4 複數力學隨機運動方程式 21 2.5 統計力學 24 第三章 量子簡諧振子系統的軌跡重建 27 3.1 解隨機運動方程式的方法 27 3.1.1 ODE45方法 27 3.1.2 Euler-Maruyama方法 28 3.1.3 幾何布朗運動模型之模擬及比較 29 3.2 簡諧振子的複數軌跡的純實部統計 37 3.2.1 量子簡諧振子模型 37 3.2.2 量子簡諧振子n=1的純實部落點統計 40 3.3 影響相關係數的參數 43 3.3.1 積分步長 44 3.3.2 統計的組距大小 47 3.3.3 初始位置 49 3.4 高階簡諧振子純實部統計 55 3.4.1 量子簡諧振子n=2的純實部統計 55 3.4.2 量子簡諧振子n=3的純實部統計 57 3.4.3 量子簡諧振子n=4的純實部統計 59 第四章 Fokker-Planck 偏微分方程式的求解 62 4.1 Fokker-Planck PDE的介紹 62 4.2 有限差分法 63 4.3 範例驗証 67 4.4 量子簡諧振子的Fokker-Planck方程式 71 4.4.1 n=1量子簡諧振子的Fokker Planck Equation 71 4.4.2 n=3量子簡諧振子的Fokker-Planck Equation 81 第五章 結論 93 5.1 結果與討論 93 5.2 未來研究方向 94 參考文獻 95

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