國內酒駕相關罰則歷經多次修正，雖然對整體酒駕件數有所趨緩，然而具前科犯罪（再犯）人數卻不減反增，回顧國內外過去針對酒駕再犯相關之研究，發現酒駕再犯者多伴隨酒精使用障礙與其他精神疾病之共病情況，而人格特質與罹患疾病具有關聯性，此外，現今看待健康有別以往生理觀點，改為著重於全人照顧，意即患者整體生活品質，因此本研究透過探討D型人格、生活品質、飲酒動機與酒精使用障礙等變數對酒駕行為意圖之影響，以期改善國內酒駕再犯問題。
本研究採橫斷式研究，對至中部監理機關參加酒駕講習之酒駕再犯者發放紙本問卷，研究工具包含基本背景問卷、臺灣版D 型人格量表、臺灣簡明版生活品質問卷、飲酒動機量表與酒精使用疾患確認檢測等，並以統計方法進行分析與假設驗證。研究結果顯示，受測者241人中9成為男性，D型人格與酒精使用障礙盛行率分別為31%與80%，非 D 型人格罹患酒精使用障礙機率為D型人格的0.314倍(95% CI 0.134-0.737, p<0.008)，且酒駕再犯者D型人格組相較非D型人格組有統計意義上較低生活品質、較高的飲酒動機與酒精使用障礙，及較高的酒駕行為意圖傾向，另外結構方程模式分析結果顯示D型人格會正向顯著影響飲酒動機、負向顯著影響生活品質；飲酒動機正向顯著影響酒精使用障礙；酒精使用障礙正向顯著影響酒駕行為意圖。
建議臨床上可篩檢具D型人格特質者及早進行醫療干預，並同時評估其生活品質，以強化其社會復歸效果，針對酒精使用障礙應了解其飲酒動機，幫助酒駕再犯者提升對飲酒問題的健康識能。

In Taiwan the penalties related to drinking and driving have repeatedly undergone amendments. Although the overall number of drinking and driving has slowed down, the number of re-offenders have not decreased but has increased. The study explores the influence of variables such as type D personality, quality of life, drinking motivation, and alcohol use disorder on the intention of drunk driving behavior, with a view to improving the domestic drunk driving recidivism problem.
This study adopts a cross-sectional study. The research tools include basic background questionnaires, Taiwan version Type D personality scale, WHOQOL-BREF(TW) and drinking motivation scale and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, etc. The results of the study showed that 90% of the 241 subjects were men, and the prevalence rates of type D personality and alcohol use disorder were 31% and 80%. The probability of non-type D personality was 0.314 times more likely to suffer from alcohol use disorder than type D personality(95%CI 0.134-0.737, p<0.008), and the type D personality group of recidivists had lower quality of life, higher drinking motivation and alcohol use disorder, and higher intentional tendency of drunk driving behavior than the non-type D personality group, and structural equation model analysis results show that type D personality can positively and significantly affect drinking motivation and significantly negatively affect the quality of life; drinking motivation significantly positively affects alcohol use disorder; alcohol use disorder significantly positively affects drunk driving behavior intention.

中文部分：
1.丁秀雲. (2015). 住院慢性精神病患院內工作訓練對工作自我效能與生活品質之成效探討. 臺北醫學大學醫務管理學研究所學位論文(2015 年), 1-80.
2.方雅青. (2016). 應用計畫行為理論探討駕駛人酒後駕車行為意圖之研究-以臺南市為例.
3.李俊珍, 黃詠瑞, & 熊建璋. (2017). 酒駕受刑人心理健康, 拒酒自我效能與酒癮嚴重程度之研究. 矯政期刊, 6(2), 45-68.
4.李姿儀. (2012). D 型人格與內皮細胞功能之關連性. 中正大學臨床心理學研究所學位論文, 1-72.
5.林冠綸, 楊哲宜, & 季力康. (2012). SBL 籃球員飲酒行為與動機之調查研究. 中原體育學報(1), 225-235.
6.林美足. (2002). 家庭功能與男性酒精依賴患者之飲酒行為與生活品質之相關性研究. 成功大學行為醫學研究所學位論文, 1-109.
7.姚開屏. (2000). 台灣版世界衛生組織生活品質問卷之發展簡介. In: 中華公共衛生雜誌.
8.姚開屏. (2002). 台灣版世界衛生組織生活品質問卷之發展與應用. 台灣醫學, 6(2), 193-200.
9.翁嘉英, 林庭光, 陳志暐, 林俊龍, & 張弘儒. (2015). 心理社會危險因子與心血管疾病. 內科學誌, 26(1), 1-12.
10.張祜銘, 陳亮妤, 范瓊月, 郭彥君, 楊添圍, 鄭婉汝, & 黃名琪. (2019). 台北市成年酒駕初犯者的酒精使用型態, 酒癮及酒駕行為之相關性. 台灣公共衛生雜誌, 38(2), 150-162.
11.郭千哲, 張祜銘, 陳文瑩, 洪翠妹, 張碧凰, 朱智邦, . . . 楊添圍. (2018). 提升精神科病人的生命識能. 北市醫學雜誌, 15, 35-45.
12.陳冠融. (2014). 應用計畫行為理論探討自行車騎士違規行為意圖之研究. 成功大學交通管理科學系學位論文(2014 年), 1-81.
13.陳詩婷. (2019). 從人格特質與工作壓力探討船舶交通服務操作人員之工作滿意度. 成功大學交通管理科學系碩士在職專班學位論文, 1-97.
14.楊雅雯. (2013). 完美主義與 D 型人格及活動熱情於糖尿病與非糖尿病患者之差異分析.
15.鄒啟勳, 陳玉書, & 林健陽. (2020). 單純酒後駕車刑罰政策之德菲調查研究. 矯政期刊, 9(2), 3-35.
16.賴擁連. (2013). 從西方社會成癮性監禁政策檢視我國當前的重刑化刑事政策. 刑事政策與犯罪研究論文集, 43-70.
17.賴靜宜. (2010). 醫務社會工作專業在全人醫療理念中角色與定位之初探---以服務使用者的觀點切入. 暨南大學社會政策與社會工作學系學位論文, 1-141.
18.鍾玉琪. (2011). 台灣版 D 型人格量表: DS14 再次修訂.
19.龔毅珊. (2003). 單純酒癮, 單純焦慮及酒癮合併焦慮患者在性格向度上的比較.
英文部分：
1.Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
2.Bartels, H., Pedersen, S. S., van der Laan, B. F., Staal, M. J., Albers, F. W., & Middel, B. (2010). The impact of Type D personality on health-related quality of life in tinnitus patients is mainly mediated by anxiety and depression. Otology & Neurotology, 31(1), 11-18.
3.Bruce, G., Curren, C., & Williams, L. (2013). Type D personality, alcohol dependence, and drinking motives in the general population. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 74(1), 120-124.
4.Carpenter, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (1998). Reasons for drinking alcohol: Relationships with DSM-IV alcohol diagnoses and alcohol consumption in a community sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(3), 168.
5.Castillo-Carniglia, A., Keyes, K. M., Hasin, D. S., & Cerdá, M. (2019). Psychiatric comorbidities in alcohol use disorder. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(12), 1068-1080. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30222-6
6.Cloninger, C. R., Sigvardsson, S., & Bohman, M. (1996). Type I and type II alcoholism: An update. Alcohol Health and Research World, 20(1), 18.
7.Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117-128. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117
8.Cornah, D. (2006). Cheers? Understanding the relationship between alcohol and mental health. Mental Health Foundation.
9.Cox, W., & Klinger, E. (1990). Incentive motivation, affective change, and alcohol use: A model. Why people drink: Parameters of alcohol as a reinforcer, 291-314.
10.Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of abnormal psychology, 97(2), 168.
11.Crutzen, R., Kuntsche, E., & Schelleman-Offermans, K. (2013). Drinking motives and drinking behavior over time: A full cross-lagged panel study among adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 197.
12.Day, E., Copello, A., & Hull, M. (2015). Assessment and management of alcohol use disorders. BMJ, 350, h715.
13.Deary, I. J., Weiss, A., & Batty, G. D. (2010). Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: How researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(2), 53-79.
14.Dehghani, F. (2018). Type D personality and life satisfaction: The mediating role of social support. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 75-80.
15.Denollet, J. (2000). Type D personality: A potential risk factor refined. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49(4), 255-266.
16.Denollet, J. (2005). DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. Psychosomatic medicine, 67(1), 89-97.
17.Denollet, J., Rombouts, H., Gillebert, T., Brutsaert, D., Sys, S., & Stroobant, N. (1996). Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. The Lancet, 347(8999), 417-421.
18.Eysenck, H. J. (1988). Personality and stress as causal factors in cancer and coronary heart disease. In Individual differences, stress, and health psychology (pp. 129-145): Springer.
19.Eysenck, H. J. (1994). Cancer, personality and stress: Prediction and prevention. Advances in behaviour research and therapy, 16(3), 167-215.
20.Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
21.Ghazanfari, E., Kazemnejad, A., Feizi, A., Fesharaki, M. G., Dinu, I., Keshteli, A. H., & Adibi, P. (2020). The relationship between personality traits and psychosomatic complaints in a sample of Iranian adults. Journal of affective disorders, 261, 253-258.
22.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 5): Prentice hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
23.Ham, L. S., & Hope, D. A. (2003). College students and problematic drinking: A review of the literature. Clinical psychology review, 23(5), 719-759.
24.Jornet-Gibert, M., Gallardo-Pujol, D., Suso, C., & Andrés-Pueyo, A. (2013). Attitudes do matter: The role of attitudes and personality in DUI offenders. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 445-450.
25.Kanten, P., Gümüştekin, G., & Kanten, S. (2017). Exploring the Role of A, B, C and D Personality Types on Individuals Work-Related Behaviors and Health Problems: A Theoretical Model. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 6(7), 29-37.
26.Keating, L. M., Nelson, S. E., Wiley, R. C., & Shaffer, H. J. (2019). Psychiatric comorbidity among first-time and repeat DUI offenders. Addict Behav, 96, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.018
27.Keating, L. M., Nelson, S. E., Wiley, R. C., & Shaffer, H. J. (2019). Psychiatric comorbidity among first-time and repeat DUI offenders. Addictive behaviors, 96, 1-10.
28.Kuntsche, E., & Kuntsche, S. (2009). Development and validation of the drinking motive questionnaire revised short form (DMQ–R SF). Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 899-908.
29.Kuntsche, E., Stewart, S. H., & Cooper, M. L. (2008). How stable is the motive–alcohol use link? A cross-national validation of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised among adolescents from Switzerland, Canada, and the United States. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 69(3), 388-396.
30.Kuntsche, E. N. (2007). Tell me… why do you drink? A study of drinking motives in adolescence: Lausanne (CH): SFA ISPA Press.
31.Kupper, N., & Denollet, J. (2007). Type D personality as a prognostic factor in heart disease: assessment and mediating mechanisms. Journal of personality assessment, 89(3), 265-276.
32.Liskola, J., Haravuori, H., Lindberg, N., Niemela, S., Karlsson, L., Kiviruusu, O., & Marttunen, M. (2018). AUDIT and AUDIT-C as screening instruments for alcohol problem use in adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend, 188, 266-273. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.015
33.MacDonald, S., & Pederson, L. L. (1990). The characteristics of alcoholics in treatment arrested for driving while impaired. British journal of addiction, 85(1), 97-105.
34.Maphisa, J. M., & Young, C. (2018). Risk of alcohol use disorder among South African university students: The role of drinking motives. Addict Behav, 82, 44-49. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.016
35.Mezquita, L., Bravo, A. J., Ortet, G., Pilatti, A., Pearson, M. R., & Ibáñez, M. I. (2018). Cross-cultural examination of different personality pathways to alcohol use and misuse in emerging adulthood. Drug and alcohol dependence, 192, 193-200.
36.Mols, F., & Denollet, J. (2010). Type D personality in the general population: a systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems. Health and quality of life outcomes, 8(1), 9.
37.Mols, F., Thong, M. S., van de Poll-Franse, L. V., Roukema, J. A., & Denollet, J. (2012). Type D (distressed) personality is associated with poor quality of life and mental health among 3080 cancer survivors. Journal of affective disorders, 136(1-2), 26-34.
38.Nelson, S. E., Belkin, K., LaPlante, D. A., Bosworth, L., & Shaffer, H. J. (2015). A prospective study of psychiatric comorbidity and recidivism among repeat DUI offenders. Archives of scientific psychology, 3(1), 8.
39.Nelson, S. E., Shoov, E., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2019). Externalizing and self-medicating: Heterogeneity among repeat DUI offenders. Drug and alcohol dependence, 194, 88-96.
40.Nyklíček, I., van Beugen, S., & Denollet, J. (2013). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on distressed (Type D) personality traits: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(4), 361-370.
41.Potard, C., Kubiszewski, V., Camus, G., Courtois, R., & Gaymard, S. (2018). Driving under the influence of alcohol and perceived invulnerability among young adults: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 55, 38-46. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.033
42.Rafiemanesh, H., Yazdani, K., Nedjat, S., Noroozi, A., Saunders, J. B., Mojtabai, R., & Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (2020). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Validation of the Persian version in an Iranian population. Alcohol, 83, 127-133. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.08.002
43.Roberts, W., & Fillmore, M. T. (2017). Curbing the DUI offender’s self-efficacy to drink and drive: A laboratory study. Drug and alcohol dependence, 172, 73-79.
44.Schiffer, A. A., Pedersen, S. S., Widdershoven, J. W., & Denollet, J. (2008). Type D personality and depressive symptoms are independent predictors of impaired health status in chronic heart failure☆. European journal of heart failure, 10(8), 802-810.
45.Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard review of psychiatry, 12(6), 367-374.
46.Sigvardsson, S., Bohman, M., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of alcoholism: Confirmatory cross-fostering analysis. Archives of general psychiatry, 53(8), 681-687.
47.Srivastava, S., & Bhatia, M. S. (2013). Quality of life as an outcome measure in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Industrial psychiatry journal, 22(1), 41.
48.Subramaniam, M., Mahesh, M. V., Peh, C. X., Tan, J., Fauziana, R., Satghare, P., . . . Chong, S. A. (2017). Hazardous alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and depression. Alcohol, 65, 63-69.
49.Temoshok, L. (1987). Personality, coping style, emotion and cancer: towards an integrative model. Cancer surveys, 6(3), 545-567.
50.Terlecki, M. A., & Buckner, J. D. (2015). Social anxiety and heavy situational drinking: Coping and conformity motives as multiple mediators. Addictive behaviors, 40, 77-83.
51.Van Damme, J., Maes, L., Clays, E., Rosiers, J. F., Van Hal, G., & Hublet, A. (2013). Social motives for drinking in students should not be neglected in efforts to decrease problematic drinking. Health education research, 28(4), 640-650.