為了生存，動物必須獲取周圍的信息以適應快速變化的環境，動物會發展屬於自己物種間的交流模式以便於彼此交流來傳達和接收資訊。通過同伴的資訊來學習稱為“社交學習”。恐懼是誘導動物去做聯想學習的動機之一，其包括先天性和後天性恐懼。我們初步的研究發現受過厭惡性嗅覺制約訓練的老師果蠅會將學習到的迴避特定氣味的訊息傳遞給未被訓練的學生果蠅。我們的研究進一步表明，學生獲得的這份後天性恐懼的訊息無法形成穩定的記憶，它只能持續幾分鐘。令我們意外的是，如果接下來給予學生一次和訓練老師時相同步驟的訓練，則這種迴避特定氣味的記憶將可以很快地固化。接著我確認了腦中是哪些主要的特定區域來處理這種後天性恐懼且多巴胺和血清素是其中主要的神經傳遞物質，以及主要的嗅覺受體和神經來接受並傳遞後天性恐懼的資訊。此外，儘管社交隔離的學生能夠保持自我學習的能力，但他們無法感知這種後天性恐懼訊息的傳遞。總的來說，我的研究表明，後天性恐懼是可以傳遞的，並且其中的機制是與傳統學習和記憶截然不同的未知機制。重要的是，我的研究是有機會可以研究隔離的環境是如何影響動物的社交能力的。

In order to survive, animals must gain the surrounding information to adapt fast-changing environment. Animals develop own communication patterns to interaction with each other to convey and receive information. This learning from others’ information is called “social learning”. Fear, including innate- and learned-fear, is one of the motivations to induce associative learning. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that experienced animals use social communications to transmit the innate fear to the naïve animals. However, it remains elusive whether learned-fear is also transmittable and the underlying mechanisms. Our preliminary results showed that olfactory aversive conditioning trained flies, teachers, can communicate learned odor avoidance information to the naïve flies, students. Our study further revealed that new acquired information in the students cannot form stable memory; it can only last for few minutes. Surprisingly, if the students were trained in the same protocol as for the teachers this odor avoidance memory would be quickly consolidated. We identified the specific regions and dopamine and serotonin as the major transmitter in the brain to process this learned-fear learning and major olfactory receptor and neurons to mediate this learned-fear information. Furthermore, my data also showed that social isolated students cannot perceive this learned-fear transmission, despite the ability of their self-learning is preserved. Altogether, my study showed that learned-fear is transmittable and employs an unidentified cellular mechanism that is different from the conventional learning and memory. Importantly, my study also provides an opportunity to study how isolated environment affects animal social communication.

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