在量子網路的量子計算與量子資訊處理任務，通常需要透過量子斷層掃描準確 且可靠地描述量子狀態及量子過程的方法，而閘集斷層掃描(gate-set tomography) 是一種實現在量子電路的自我校準斷層掃描的工具，該方法考慮了實驗設置並非假 設理想的情況，用於量子效應的評估。閘集斷層掃描透過分析實驗結果與理想上的 誤差，透過自校準進行補償，使結果更接近理想條件。然而，在具有普遍噪音的中 等規模量子系統中，當我們進行量子計算時，量子閘中的噪音會限制實際應用中 所能獲得的量子結果。因此，執行的誤差可能超過多數閘集斷層掃描任務所默認 的容錯閾值，在最糟的情況下結果可能失去量子特性，導致實驗結果能被古典物 理所描述。類似的問題也出現在糾纏量子網路中的單向量子計算 (one-way quantum computation)。由於環境干擾或實驗中的不可預期因素，量子特性可能喪失，進而影 響量子計算的過程與結果。為了識別閘集斷層掃描在多大程度上可以被古典模擬所 描述，以及如何將閘集斷層掃描從量子電路的尺度擴展到糾纏量子網路中實現量子 計算。我們提出了在不可信條件下執行閘集斷層掃描的方法以排除任何古典模擬策 略，並計畫在四光子糾纏源使用單向量子計算模型來實現不可信量子聯網的閘集斷 層掃描，精確表徵量子計算的结果。為了想驗證我們的方案，在實驗部分，首先計 畫建立一個高保真度通訊波段的四光子糾纏態來執行理論方法的驗證，我們先是透 過薩格納克干涉的 II 型偏振糾纏光源生成糾纏光子對，將兩對糾纏光子對在確認 滿足不可區辨的條件進行光子融合，並實現以 Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger 態(GHZ state)為目標的四光子糾纏態，在目前的四光子糾纏態可見度為 0.6364 ± 0.0735，以及我們測得的保真度下限為 0.7211 ± 0.0304，這足以證明我們在實驗上得到的是純 的四光子糾纏，且具有四光子的量子操控性。後續，我們將提升可見度作為優化工 作的首要任務，並計劃在通訊波長四光子糾纏源實現不可信量子聯網閘集斷層掃描。

There are many tasks of quantum computing and quantum information processing in quantum networks, in which quantum state and quantum process need to be accurately and reliably described by quantum tomography. Gate-set tomography (GST) is a tool to realize self-calibrating tomography in quantum circuits. This method considers the situation that the experimental setup is not assumed to be ideal and is used to evaluate quantum effects. By analyzing the error between the experimental results and the ideal and compensating by self-calibration, the GST makes the results closer to the ideal conditions. However, in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) system with general noise, when we implement quantum computation, the noise in the quantum gate will limit the quantum results that can be obtained in practical applications. Therefore, the error may exceed the default fault-tolerance thresh- old for most GST tasks, and in the worst case, the results may lose quantum characteristics, leading to the experimental results being described by classical physics. Similar problems also appear in one-way quantum computation (OWQC) in entangled quantum networks. Due to environmental interference or unexpected factors in the experiment device, quantum char- acteristics may be lost, which will affect the process and results of quantum calculation. In order to identify the extent to which GST can be described by classical simulation and how to extend GST from the scale of the quantum circuit to the entangled quantum network to realize quantum calculation. We propose a method to execute GST under untrusted conditions to exclude any classical simulation strategy, plan to use an OWQC in a four-photon entanglement source to realize GST of untrusted quantum networking, and accurately characterize the results of quantum computing. To verify our scheme, in the experimental part, we first plan to establish a four-photon entanglement in a high-fidelity telecommunication wavelength to verify the theoretical method. First, we generate entangled photon pairs through Sagnac’s type II polarized entangled light source, and then we make photon fusion of the two entangled photon pairs after confirming the indistinguishable conditions. The four-photon entanglement with the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state (GHZ state) as the target is realized. At present, the visibility of the four-photon entangled state is 0.6364 ± 0.0735, and the lower bound fidelity we measured is 0.7211 ± 0.0304. This is sufficient to prove that what we achieved in the experiment is pure four-photon entanglement, which exhibits four-photon quantum steering. Subsequently, we will first improve visibility as the primary task of optimization work and plan to implement gate-set tomography for untrusted quantum networking on a telecommunication-wavelength four-photon entanglement source.

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