【研究背景】
行政院衛生署公佈的國人十大死亡原因與死亡率統計資料顯示出台灣青少年自殺的情況逐年嚴重，其成因相當值得探討。過去許多相關研究都證實媒體自殺新聞暴露頻率會增加自殺行為；針對青年族群的研究，發現媒體自殺新聞報導有引發青年自殺增加的可能性。然而，亦有研究結果認為媒體自殺新聞報導與繼發自殺率之間並沒有顯著的關聯存在。因此，在媒體自殺新聞報導對自殺行為之影響的發現與結論並不一致。此外，因研究證實直接暴露於自殺楷模中如暴露於親友自殺企圖之下的個體，其自殺行為的影響會受到憂鬱的調節；且基於符號互動論於媒體效應上之應用，故推論處在某種特定條件下如個體有較高的憂鬱、焦慮可能會較易受到自殺新聞的影響。再者，過去研究曾發現自殺新聞對青少年自殺行為的影響程度高於對成人自殺行為的影響，顯示年紀較輕的族群似乎較易受媒體影響；且女性自殺行為較男性自殺行為易於受自殺新聞的影響。
由於台灣目前甚少探討媒體效應之研究，故本研究希望利用自陳式問卷，以閱聽人的角度來探討媒體自殺新聞暴露頻率與台灣大學生憂鬱嚴重度、自殺行為之關係，並澄清媒體自殺新聞頻率對自殺行為的影響是否會受到性別、年齡、或憂鬱情緒的調節。

【研究方法】
參與者：本研究採「南區大專院校學生身心健康調查小組」之資料，於2004年共回收3,222份問卷，排除媒體經驗量表及柯氏憂鬱量表填寫不完全者後，所得之有效問卷為2,602份（佔回收問卷之80.%）。研究工具與程序：採用媒體報導經驗量表、柯氏憂鬱量表，以團體施測方式分別測量大學生的媒體自殺新聞暴露頻率、憂鬱嚴重度。施測時，先向受訪者說明施測目的與流程，強調保密性，而後進行同意書填寫與問卷填答。

【研究結果】
由點二系列相關之分析發現憂鬱嚴重度可顯著預測「接觸到他人自殺的新聞報導會讓你對人生感到沒有希望」、「接觸他人自殺的新聞報導會讓你覺得這是一個引起別人注意的方法」、「接觸他人自殺的新聞報導會讓你覺得自殺可以解決或不要再面對現在的問題」、「接觸到他人自殺的新聞報導會讓你從中學到自殺的方法」、「接觸到他人自殺的新聞報導會讓你從中學到自殺的地點」；自殺新聞暴露頻率與「接觸到他人自殺的新聞報導會讓你從中學到自殺的方法」、「接觸到他人自殺的新聞報導會讓你從中學到自殺的地點」皆有顯著正相關。此外，憂鬱嚴重度與自殺強度兩者間有顯著正相關，自殺新聞暴露頻率與憂鬱嚴重度、自殺強度之相關則未達顯著。
以階層式回歸檢驗自殺新聞暴露頻率對自殺強度之影響是否受性別、年齡、憂鬱嚴重度的調節，結果發現性別、年齡、自殺新聞暴露頻率與憂鬱嚴重度的交互作用對自殺強度的預測力達顯著水準，進一步將受試者分組，進行單純主要效果分析則發現僅在重度憂鬱組當中，自殺新聞暴露頻率能顯著預測自殺強度，證實憂鬱嚴重度為自殺新聞暴露頻率與自殺強度間關係之調節變項。

【結論與討論】
本研究主要發現是自殺新聞暴露頻率對自殺強度之影響會受憂鬱嚴重度的調節。以社會學習理論模式來看，經由暴露於媒體對自殺之渲染的環境中，可能會讓某些個體易於接受「自殺」的行為，而讓潛在的自殺衝動易於表現出來。行為傳染論時則曾提到行為之所以會傳染，常是由於個體本身先具有執行該行為的動機，然後透過某些管道來得知相關的訊息與觀察他人如何執行這樣的行為，在看過他人的示範後，自己也跟著從事同樣的行為。將此一歷程應用於本研究之發現，我們可以推論，嚴重憂鬱情緒的個體可能已具有較高的自殺危險性，倘若又時常暴露於媒體對自殺新聞的報導情境當中，或許會因接觸這些新聞而令其對人生產生失望與無望的感覺，或覺得能藉由自殺來吸引注意、逃避問題…等等，相當於增強其自殺動機。再者，憂鬱情緒較嚴重的個體比一般人更易於從媒體對自殺的報導當中習得自殺的方法以及可前往的自殺地點，讓原先可能僅是抱持有自殺意念的個體變得會去嘗試自殺的舉動，亦即令個體的自殺強度往更嚴重的一端邁進。造成嚴重憂鬱的個體在接觸愈多自殺新聞報導時，愈容易產生自殺意念、自殺計劃、甚至是自殺企圖等情況。

研究限制：(1)本研究之樣本主要是以大學生為主，故若欲將此結果推論至其他族群則可能會受到限制；(2)本研究中未考慮到自殺新聞報導的內容所可能會造成的影響。；(3)本研究僅測量個體過去一年接觸自殺新聞的頻率，未評估接觸時間的長度； (4)本研究所採用的工具主要是自陳式問卷，不排除會有填答者的反應偏誤存在；(5)本研究僅採單一題目來測量自殺強度，未來可考慮以更完整的相關量表來進行評估與分析；(6)本研究設計為横斷式（cross-sectional）研究，於因果關係的推論上需有所保留；(7)本研究未考慮台灣目前的社會文化與結構，未來可將文化脈絡納入探討議題內，更可瞭解與西方研究結果的差異究竟源於何處。

貢獻與應用：本研究對於媒體自殺新聞報導與憂鬱嚴重度、自殺強度三者間影響歷程之澄清將更有利於建立完整的媒體效應模式。除了希望能藉此引起社會大眾及有關單位的注意外，並期待能建立媒體播報自殺新聞時的相關規範。希望減少媒體自殺新聞報導對心理疾病及自殺行為所造成的效應，減少心理疾病與自殺行為的風險因子，期使達到第一級預防。

Suicide has become the second leading cause of youthful deaths in Taiwan, and the issue on whether suicide news elevate rate of suicide have been debated for a long time. In order to clarify the conflicting results regarding the effect of media on suicide, the study was designed to examine whether age, gender, and depression level may moderates the effect of exposure to suicide news on the suicidality among college students in Taiwan.
There were 3,222 college students recruited from Southern Taiwan with a total of 2,602 useable surveys returned. The exposure to suicide news was assessed through a question in regards to the frequency of exposure to suicide news in the past year. The level of depression and suicidality within the past week were measured by Ko’s Depression
Inventory.
A hierarchical regression analysis, performed to examine the moderating effect of age, gender, and depression level on the relationship between exposure to suicide news and the suicidality. The results showed that only depression level reached a significant moderating effect. We further examined the effect of exposure to suicide news on the suicidality in the non-depressed, moderately-mild depressed and severely depressed groups. We found that the exposure to suicide news significantly predicted suicidality solely in the severely depressed group. The results revealed that the exposure to suicide news increased the suicidality in the severely depressed students, suggesting the role of establishing media guidelines when reporting suicidal news in the prevention of increased suicide rate in
Taiwan should be considered and evaluated.

一、中文部份
孔繁鍾與孔繁錦編譯（民85）。DSM-IV精神疾病診斷手冊。台北市：合記出版社。
行政院主計處（2005）。94年家庭收支調查報告。行政院主計處網頁（http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/）。
行政院衛生署統計資料(2004)，行政院衛生署網頁(www.doh.gov.tw)。
林憲（民75）。自殺及其預防。台北市：水牛出版社。
李明濱主編（民88）。實用精神醫學。台北市：台大醫學院。
柯慧貞與陸汝斌（民91）。認識憂鬱症。學生輔導，80，16-27。
柯慧貞（民91）。憂鬱症的心理因素。學生輔導，80，38-51。
柯慧貞（民91）。憂鬱症的認知心理治療。學生輔導，80，68-75。
柯慧貞（民92）。大專校院學生身心健康追蹤調查與高危險群之篩檢與介入調查。行政院教育部民國92年委託研究計劃報告書。
柯慧貞（民93）。教育部校園安全暨災害防治通報事件中有關自我傷害事件之分析及防治策略。行政院教育部民國93年委託研究計劃報告書。
徐婉如（民90）。「維特效應-自殺瀰」：報紙自殺新聞影響之研究。南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文。
高慧芬譯；Israel Orbach著（民89）。不想活下去的孩子—自殺心理分析及治療。台
北市：心理出版社。
易之新譯；凱‧傑米森著（民89）。夜，驟然而降：了解自殺。台北市：天下遠見。
陳秀蓉（民91）。自殺的預測因子與衡鑑。學生輔導，80，84-95。
陳美君等合譯；Robert et al.著（民92）。變態心理學。台北市：五南。
陸蘭之譯；派翠西亞‧赫姆斯著（民84）。親愛的，請別輕生：青少年自殺真相。台北市：幼獅。
張平吾（民77）。自殺原因論。台北市：五南。
張明永（民91）。媒體與自殺。台灣精神醫學，16(1)，1-2。
張春興（民78）。張氏心理學辭典。台北：東華書局。
張錦華與黃浩榮（民90）。監督媒體DIY：抗爭媒體的六大實例。台北市：法蘭克福工作室。
楊明仁（民91）。台灣的社會與憂鬱。學生輔導，80，52-59。
趙居蓮譯；安‧偉伯著（民87）。社會心理學。台北市：桂冠。
鄭凱譯；Hyde & Forsyth著（民80）。自殺：潛伏的流行病。台北市：方智。
廖培真譯；哥德著（民92）。少年維特的煩惱。台北市：華成出版。
謝永齡（民89）。青少年自殺：認識、預防及危機處理。香港：中文大學出版社。

二、英文部份
Abramson, L. Y.（1998）. Suicidality and cognitive vulnerability to depression among college students: a prospective study. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 473-487.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D.(1986). The moderator-mediator variables distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Beautrais, A. L.(2000). Risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide among young people. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(3), 420-36.
Beautrais, A. L., John, H. L.,& Fergusson, D. M.(2004). Knowledge and attitudes about suicide in 25-year-olds. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(4), 260-5.
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intentions; The Scale for Suicide Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 343-352.
Beck, A. T., & Beamsdorfer, A. (1974). Assessment of depression: the depression inventory. Pharmacopsychiatry, 7, 151-169.
Becker, K.(2004). Suicidality in childhood and adolescence- Introduction to the special issue. Kindheit und Entwicklung, 13(1), 1-4.
Beckham, E. E.,& Adams, R. L.(1984). Coping behavior in depression: Report on a new scale. Behavior Research, 22, 71-75.
Bennett, J. A.(2000). Mediator and moderator variables in nursing research: Conceptual and statistical differences. Research in Nursing & Health, 23, 415-420.
Bennett, S., Coggan, C., Adams, P.(2003). Problematising depression: young people, mental health and suicidal behaviours. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 289-299.
Berman, A.(1988). Fictional depiction of suicide in television films and imitation effects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 982-986.
Berman, A. L.,& Jobes, D. A.(1992) Suicide prevention in adolescents (age 12-18).
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 25(1), 143-54
Blumer, H.(1969). Suggestions for the study of media effects. In H. Blumer (Ed.), Symbolic interactionism (Ch. 11). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bollen, K. A., & Phillips, D. P.(1982).Imitative Suicides: A national study of the effects of television news stories. American Sociological Review, 47, 802-809.
Brener, N. D., Hassan, S. S., & Barrios, L. C.(1999). Suicidal ideation among college students in the united states. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 1004-1008.
Bryant, J.,& Zillmann, D.(1984) Using television to alleviate boredom and stress: Selective exposure as a function of induced excitational states. Journal of Broadcasting, 28, 1-20.
Burl, E. G., & Richard, K. J.(1993). Crisis intervention strategies(2nd ed).California: Wadsworth.
Cheng, A. T., Hawton, K., Chen, T. H., Yen, A. M., Chang, J. C., Chong, M.Y., Liu, C. Y., Lee, Y., Teng, P. R., & Chen, L. C. (2007a). The influence of media reporting of a celebrity suicide on suicidal behavior in patients with a history of depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorder (In Press).
Cheng, A. T., Hawton, K., Chen, T. H., Yen, A. M., Chen, C. Y., Chen, L. C., & Teng, P. R. (2007b). The influence of media coverage of a celebrity suicide on subsequent suicide attempts. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(6), 862-6.
Chung, W. S., Leung, C. M. (2001). Carbon monoxide poisoning as a new method of suicide in Hong Kong. Psychiatric Services, 52(6), 836-7
Cole, D. A.(1989). Psychopathology of adolescent suicide：hopelessness, coping beliefs and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 248-255
Crabb, P. B.(2005). The material culture of suicidal fantasies. Journal of Psychology, 139(3), 211-20.
Davidson, L. E.(1989). Suicide clusters and youth. Suicide Among Youth: Perspectives on Risk And Prevention(pp83-99). New York: American Psychiatric Press.
Davidson, L.,& Gould, M. S.(1991). Contagion as a risk factor for youth suicide. In L. Davidson & M. Linnoila (Eds.), Risk factors for youth suicide (pp. 72-93). New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Davison & Neale.(2001). Abnormal psychology(8th ed). U.S.: John Willy & Sons.
Eagles, J. M., Carson, D. P., Begg, A.,& Naji, S. A.( 2003). Suicide prevention: a study of patients' views. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 261-265.
Eckersley, R., Dear, K.(2002). Cultural correlates of youth suicide. Social science and medicine, 55, 1891-1904.
Etzersdorfer, E., Sonneck, G.,& Nagel-Kuess, S.( 1992). Newspaper reports and suicide. New England Journal of Medicine, 327(7) , 502-503.
Etzersdorfer, E., Voracek, M.; Sonneck, G.(2001). A dose-response relationship of imitational suicides with newspaper distribution. Australian & New Zealand Journal of psychiatry, 35(2), 251.
Fishman, G.,& Weimann, G.( 1997). Motives to commit suicide: Statistical versus mass-mediated reality. Archives of Suicide Research, 3(3), 199-212.
Frei, A., Schenker, T., Finzen, A., Dittman, V., Kraeuchi, K.,& Hoffmann-Richter, U.( 2003). The Werther effect and assisted suicide .Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33(2), 192-200.
Gould, M. S.,& Shaffer, D.(1986). The impact of suicide in television movies: Evidence imitation. New England Journal of Medicine, 315(11), 690-694.
Goldney, R. D.( 1989). Suicide: The role of the media. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23(1), 30-34.
Gould, M.S.(1990). Suicide clusters and media exposure. In S. J. Blumenthal & D. J. Kupfer(Eds.), Suicide over the life cycle: Rick factors, assessment, and treatment of suicidal patients(pp.517-532). Washington, DC: American psychiatric press.
Gould, M.S.(2001). Suicide and the media. In H. Hendin & J. J. Mann(Eds.), Suicide prevention: Clinical and scientific aspects(pp.200-224). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Gould, M. S., Petrie, K., Kleinman, M. H.,& Wallenstein, S.(1994). Clustering of attempted suicide: New Zealand national data. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23(6), 1185-1189.
Graham,M.( 1998). Media influence to suicide: The search for solutions. Archives of Suicide Research, 4(1), 51-66.
Howton, K.(1998). Why has suicide increased in young males? Crisis, 19(3), 119-124.
Howton, K., & Williams, K.(2002). Influences of the media on suicide. British Medical Journal, 325(7377), 1374-1375.
Ishii, K.(1991). Measuring mutual causation: Effects of suicide news on suicide news on suicides in Japan. Social Science Research, 20(2), 188-195.
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Arata, C., Bowers, D., O’Brien, N., & Morgan, A.(2004).Suicidal behavior, negative affect, gender, and self-reported delinquency in college students. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior,34(3), 255-266.
Jobes, D. A., Berman, A. L., O’Carroll, P. W., Eastagard, S. (1996). The Kurt Cobain suicide crisis: Perspectives from research, public health and the news media. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 26(3), 260-271.
Johnston, W. M., Davey, G. C. L. (1997). The psychological impact of negative TV news bulletins: the catastrophizing of personal worries. British Journal of Psychology, 88, 85-91.
Jonas, K.( 1992). Modelling and suicide: A test of the Werther effect. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31(4), 295-306.
Jorm , A. F. (1987). Sex and age differences in depression: a quantitative synthesis of published research. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 21(1), 46-53.
Kleinke, C. L.(1988). The Depression Coping Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 516-526.
Kessler, R. C., Downey, G., Milavsky, J.,& Stipp, H.(1988). Clustering of teenage suicides after television news stories about suicides: A reconsideration. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(11), 1379-1383.
Kessler, R. C., Downey, G., Stipp, H.,& Milavsky, J.( 1989). Network television news stories about suicide and short-term changes in total U.S. suicides. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 177(9), 551-555.
Kisch, J., Leino E. V., Silverman, M. M.(2005). Aspects of suicidal behavior, depression, and treatment in college students: results from the spring 2000 national college health assessment survey. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 35(1), 3-13.
Klose, M., & Jacobi, F.(2004). Can gender differences in the prevalence of mental disorders be explained by sociodemographic factors? Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 7, 133-148.
Konick, L.C., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2005). Testing a model of suicide ideation in college students. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(2), 181-192.
Leonard,E. C.(2001). Confidential death to prevent suicidal contagion: an accepted, but never implemented, nineteenth-century idea. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 31(4), 460-6.
Lucht M, Schaub RT, Meyer C, Hapke U, Rumpf HJ, Bartels T, von Houwald J, Barnow S, Freyberger HJ, Dilling H, John U.(2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: a general population survey of adults between age 18 to 64 of German nationality.Journal of Affective Disorder, 77(3), 203-11.
Martin, G., & Koo, L. (1997). Celebrity suicide: did the death of Kurt Cobain influence young suicides in Australia. Archives of Suicide Researches, 3, 187-198.
McNaughton-Cassill, M. E.(2001). The news media and psychological distress. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 14(2), 193-211.
Mercy, J. A., Kresnow, M. J., O'Carroll, P. W., Lee, R. K., Powell, K. E., Potter, L. B., Swann, A. C., Frankowski, R. F.,& Bayer, T. L. (2001). Is suicide contagious? A study of the relation between exposure to the suicidal behavior of others and nearly lethal suicide attempts. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154(2), 120-7.
Motto, J. A.( 1970). Newspaper influence on suicide: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23(2), 143-148.
Meilman, P. W., Pattis, J.A. (1994). Suicide attempts and threats on one college campus: policy and practice. Journal of American College Health, 42(4), 147-154.
Neeleman, J., Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W.(2004). The suicidal process; prospective comparison between early and later stages. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 43-52.
Oehberg, A.(1998). The role of suicide methods in suicide prevention. Psychiatria Fennica, 29, 141-149.
Pfeffer, C. R.(1988). Risk factors associated with youth suicide: A clinical prerspective. Psychiatric Annals, 18(11), 652-656.
Phillips, D. P.(1974). The influence of suggestion on suicide: Substantive and theoretical implications of the Werther effect . American Sociological Review, 39(3), 340-354.
Phillips, D. P.(1977). Motor vehicle fatalities increase just after publicized suicide stories. Science, 196(4297), 1464-1465
Phillips, D. P.(1978). Airplane accident fatalities increase just after newspaper stories about murder and suicide. Science, 201(4357), 748-750.
Phillips, D. P.(1979). Suicide, motor vehicle fatalities, and the mass media: Evidence toward a theory of suggestion. American Journal of Sociology, 84(5), 1150-1174.
Phillips, D. P.(1980). Airplane accidents, murder, and the mass media: Towards a theory of imitation and suggestion. Social Forces, 58(4), 1001-1024.
Phillips, D. P.(1982). The impact of fictional television stories on U.S. adult fatalities: New evidence on the effect of the mass media on violence. American Journal of Sociology. 87(6), 1340-1359.
Phillips, D. P.(1985). The Werther effect. Suicide and other froms of violence are contagious. The Sciences, 7/8, 32-39.
Phillips, D. P.( 1989). Recent advances in suicidology: The study of imitative suicide. In R. F. Diekstra, R. Maris, S. Platt, A. Schmidtke & Sonneck (Eds), Suicide and its Prevention: The Role of Attitude and Imitation, pp. 299-312. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
Phillips, D. P.,& Carstensen, L. L.(1986). Clustering of teenage suicides after television news stories about suicide. New England Journal of Medicine, 315(11), 685-689.
Phillips, D. P.,& Carstensen, L. L.( 1988). The effect of suicide stories on various demographic groups, 1968-1985 .Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 18(1), 100-114.
Phillips, D. P., Carstensen, L. L.,& Paight, D. J.(1989). Effects of mass media news stories on suicide, with new evidence on the role of story content. Suicide Among Youth: Perspectives on Risk And Prevention(pp.101-115). New York: American Psychiatric Press.
Pirkis, J., & Blood, R.(2001). Suicide and the media: Part I. Reportage in nonfictional media. Crisis, 22(4), 146-154.
Pirkis, J. E., Burgess, P. M., Francis, C., Blood, R. W., & Jolley D. J. (2005). The relationship between media reporting of suicide and actual suicide in Australia. Social Science & Medicine, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 4 January 2006.
Potts, R., & Sanchez, D.(1994). Television viewing and depression: No news is good news. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38(1), 79-90.
Rudd, M. D. (1989). The prevalence of suicidal ideation among college students. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 19, 173-83.
Rudmin, F. W., Ferrada-Noli, M., & Skolbekken, J.(2003). Questions of culture, age and gender in the epidemiology of suicide. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 373-381.
Sonneck, G., Etzersdorfer, E.,& Nagel-Kuess, S.( 1994). Imitative suicide on the Viennese subway. Social Science & Medicine, 38(3), 453-457.
Stack, S.(1983). The effect of the Jonestown suicides on American suicide rates. Journal of Social Psychology, 119, 145-146.
Stack, S.(1987). Celebrities and suicide: A taxonomy and analysis,1948-1983. American Sociological Review, 52(3), 401-412.
Stack, S.( 1989). The effect of publicized mass murders and murder-suicides on lethal violence, 1968-1980: A research note. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 24(4), 202-208.
Stack, S.(1990). A reanalysis of the impact of non celebrity suicides: A research note. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25(5), 269-273.
Stack, S.(1992). The effect of the media on suicide: The great depression. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 22(2), 255-267.
Stack, S.(1993). The media and suicide: A nonadditive model,1968-1980. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 23(1), 63-66.
Stack, S.(1996). The effect of the media on suicide: Evidence from Japan, 1955-1985. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 26(2), 132-142.
Stack, S.(2000). Media impacts on suicide: A quantitative review of 293 findings. Social Science Quarterly, 81(4), 957-971.
Stack, S.(2003). Media coverage as a risk factor in suicide. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(4), 238-240.
Stack, S.(2005). Suicide in the media: a quantitative review of studies based on non-fictional stories. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(2), 121-33.
Thorson, J.,& Oeberg, P.(2003). Was there asuicide epidemic after Goethe’s Werther? Archives of Suicide Research, 7(1), 69-72.
Tousignant, M., Mishara, B. L., Caillaud, A., Fortin, V.,& St-Laurent, D.(2005). The impact of media coverage of the suicide of a well-known Quebec reporter: the case of Gaetan Girouard. Social Science & Medicine, 60(9),1919-26.
Velting, D. M.,& Gould, M. S.(1997). Suicide contagion. In Maris, R. W., Silverman, M. M.,& Canetto, S. S.(Eds.), Review of suicidology(pp.96-137). New York: The Guiford Press.
Wade, T. J., Cairney, J., Pevalin, D.(2002). Emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence: national panels results from three countries. Journal of America Academic of Child and Adolescent, 41(2), 190-198.
Wasserman, I. M.(1984). Imitation and suicide: A reexamination of the Werther effect. American Sociological Review, 49(3), 427-436.
Wasserman, I. M.(1992). The impact of epidemic, war, prohibition and media on suicide: United States,1910-1920. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 22(2), 240-254.
Wilhelm, K., & Parker, G.(1989). Is sex necessarily a risk factor to depression. Psychological Medicine, 19, 401-413.
Williams, L.(1997). Perceptions of suicidal contagion, and attitudes and beliefs about suicide among black college student. The University of HOWARD PH.D. Research. Washington: A Bell & Howell.
Wong SY, Chan D, Leung PC. (2006). Depressive symptoms in middle-aged men: results from a household survey in Hong Kong. Journal of Affective Disorder, 92(2-3),215-20.
Wong, P. S., Stewart, S. M., Ho, S. Y., Rao, U., & Lam, T. H. (2005). Exposure to suicide and suicidal behaviors among Hong Kong adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 591-599.
Yamasaki, A., Sakai, R., & Shirakawa, T. (2005). Low income, unemployment, and suicide mortality rates for middle-age persons in Japan. Psychological Reports, 96(2), 337-348.
Zahl, D. L.,& Hawton, K.( 2004). Media influences on suicidal behavior: An Interview study of young people. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32(2), 189-198.
Zillmann, D.,& Bryant, J.(1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant(Eds.), Selective exposure to communication(pp.157-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erbaum.
Zhang, J., McKeown, R. E., Hussey, J. R., Thompson, S. J., Woods, J. R.(2005).
Gender differences in risk factors for attempted suicide among young adults: findings from the Third National Heath and Nutrition Examination Survey. Annals of Epidemiology, 15(2), 167-174.