面對快速工業化、都市化，水資源匱乏成為關鍵議題，比較受重視之電容去離子(Capacitive deionization (CDI))技術因具低耗能、低成本、易操作、無二次污染等優勢，除可應用於海水脫鹽淡化，也可從無機廢水、重金屬汙染地下水等回收有價金屬與水。然而，受制於CDI電極材料與結構技術，致使工程放大與商業化發展不如預期，因此，本研究之目標包括：(1)開發生質廢棄物(例如：棕梠殼)研製活性碳(AC)及石墨烯(G)應用於CDI電極技術；(2)設計新型流體式CDI (FdCDI)及電極，使具模組化工程放大功能。
利用FeCl3及ZnCl2活化棕梠殼高溫碳化回收高值的碳材(例如：AC及G)，做為CDI電極，以元素分析(EA)、傅立葉轉換紅外光譜(FTIR)、X-光繞射(XRD)、拉曼光譜(Raman)、穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)、比表面積分析儀(BET)進行基本特性分析，另以循環伏安法(CV)計算比電容。實驗結果顯示，AC與G電極使CDI呈現穩定、可逆、可再生之電吸附行為(electrosorption)，其中，AC具較高比表面積(1930 m2/g)及合適孔洞大小與分佈，電吸附量高於比表面積較小之G。
新穎流體式CDI (Fluidized CDI (FdCDI))結合穿透式電極(FtCDI)之大電吸附面積及流動式電極(FCDI)之無須添加黏著劑等優勢，進行鹽水(NaCl)去離子及金屬與水回收實驗。實驗結果顯示，在+0.4 (電吸附)- 0 (脫附再生)伏特(V)之操作下，比較FCDI之AC流動電極含量最高僅至20%；FdCDI可高達25%，電極含量及流量也會影響電吸附的效率，當流動電極含量增加至25%時，每克AC之離子(Na+與Cl-)吸附量為2.3毫克，充電效率為65%，另外，當溶液離子強度越高時，電吸附容量呈現正比線性增加。在混合離子溶液之電吸附競爭實驗，也歸納離子之電荷面積(cross section)密度與電吸附容量具正比線性增加。
因此，FdCDI之工程放大或商業化可採模組化設計(每一FdCDI模組含至少有5對電極板(current collectors)，間距約2 mm)，依據進水量可隨之增加電極板面積或增加FdCDI模組數量，另可依廢水之離子強度或電荷面積密度調整流動電極含量，此種設計理念確有助於簡化程序及自動化操作。

The rapid urbanization and industrialization have caused fresh water shortage worldwide, which thus becomes a critical alarm. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising method with the advantages of low energy consumption, low cost, easy operation and less secondary pollution. Capacitive deionization can be used in removal of unwanted metal ions from wastewater (e.g., electroplating wastewater) or metal-contaminated water with recycling of fresh water and valuable metals. Additionally, the characteristics of carbon electrode and architectures of a CDI cell are the critical factors in deciding its electrosorption performance. Therefore, the major objectives of this study were: (1) to recycling of activated carbon (AC) and graphene from biomass by carbonization (e.g., palm-shell wastes) for CDI electrodes and (2) to develop an easy-to-scale up fluidized CDI (FdCDI) process for recycling of fresh water and valuable metals.
Activated carbon and graphene (recycled from palm-shell wastes) were used for CDI electrodes that were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 2D X-ray diffractometer, Raman, ultrahigh resolution analytical electron microscope, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, cyclic voltammetry. During electrosorption, the AC electrode has a relatively high specific surface area (1930 m2/g) and appropriate pore size and distribution for a stable electrosorption and regeneration and high salt adsorption capacity (SAC) (6.83 mg/g).
The new FdCDI cell without a binder is operated at the voltage of +0.4 (for electrosorption) and 0 (regeneration) Voltages. A high SAC (2.3 mg/g) and charge efficiency (65%) for FdCDI of a salt water ([NaCl]=100 ppm) with a high fraction (25%) of the flow AC electrodes in the feed water at the flow rate of 3mL/min are observed. In addition, the ionic strength in the feed salt water for FdCDI has a proportional to its SAC, which allows a predictive electrosorption performances. In the competitive electrosorption, the SAC data of a select salt related to its charge density (based on the cross-section) can also be obtained.
Thus to scale up the FdCDI process, modularization of the FdCDI cell having 5 pairs of current collectors with a non-conductive spacer (2 mm approximately) to avoid short circuit between graphite sheets can be designed to meet the desired salt water feed capacity. In addition, the surface area of the current collectors and module number can be increased to allow more ions in salt water to be deionized (for enrichments).

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