在腦傷後的急性期階段，醫療人員多致力給予患者醫療及護理介入以提升其存活率，但對於病患之警醒度及認知功能的恢復卻較無法提供具體的協助。感覺刺激介入計畫已被建議做為急性腦傷患者的主要臨床介入策略，用以提升其警醒反應。先前相關研究多藉由聆聽親人聲音為主要的感覺刺激來源，但發現對患者之生理功能和動作表現的影響並不一致。由於相較於一般聽覺刺激，聆聽音樂可能更具有誘發情緒及調節警醒度的作用，在近年來已成為腦傷患者之認知復健的新興療法之一；然而，迄今卻少有研究針對急性期腦傷患者檢驗聆聽音樂的療效。故本研究的目的在於探討聆聽喜愛音樂對加護病房急性期腦傷患者之警醒度和功能復原的影響。本研究於台灣南部地區醫院招募15位神經外科加護病房之腦傷病患，採隨機控制試驗方式分成兩組（喜愛音樂組與親人聲音組）進行。主要介入方式為讓個案每天聆聽兩次喜愛音樂或親人聲音各15分鐘，持續3至5天。成效評量包括顱內壓數值、心跳速率及血壓等生理測量值，以及動作行為的改變量，並在介入後一個月以格拉斯哥昏迷量表（Glasgow Coma Scale）、擴充版格拉斯預後量表（Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended）、簡易智能量表（Mini-mental state examination）及巴氏量表（Barthel Index）評量個案之基本認知功能及日常生活自我照顧能力。研究結果主要發現，喜愛音樂可促進急性期腦傷患者的粗大動作反應，同時改善長期的整體意識恢復狀態；而親人聲音則無此正向效果。本研究的成果初步支持聆聽喜愛音樂對急性期腦傷患者之功能復原的效益。未來研究可擴大樣本數以驗證本研究之成果。

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of listening to pleasant music on the arousal and general function for acute patients with brain injury in the intensive care unit (ICU). In the repeated measures designs study, a total of 15 patients with brain injury in the ICU were recruited and were divided into two groups (pleasant music group and family voice group) with stratified randomized controlled approach. All subjects were given to listening to their preferred pleasant music or family voice for 15 minutes twice a day for up to 3 to 5 days. Outcome measures for the intervention included behavioral performance, physiological function, and other functional assessments. Results revealed that the participants produced more gross motor behaviors while listening to pleasant music, and showed improvement on states of consciousness after the intervention finished and during the follow-up phase. However, participants of family voice group showed no significant differences in all outcome measures. The findings support the positive effects of pleasant music on functional recovery in acute patients with brain injury. Future research with larger study populations is necessary to validate these findings.

台灣臨床失智症學會。（民100）。MMSE TDS建議版。取自： http://www.tds.org.tw/html/front/bin/ptdetail.phtml?Part=mmse20110222&Category=121255
行政院環境保護署。（民103年4月8日）。噪音小百科【部落格文字資料】。取自http://ncs.epa.gov.tw/noise/BB/B-04-01.htm
翁玲子（民99）。急性期聽覺感官刺激對腦損傷病人顱內壓及認知功能復原之影響（碩士論文）。取自Airiti Library華藝線上圖書館。
張瓊尹（民96）。顱內壓監測 ICP monitor。SICU 護理作業規範及程序。台北：國立台灣大學醫學院附設醫院。
李信達（民94）。人體生命徵象。取自：http://mail3.batol.net/~yama/data/94a/9.htm
Abbasi, M., Mohammadi, E., & Sheaykh Rezayi, A. (2009). Effect of a regular family visiting program as an affective, auditory, and tactile stimulation on the consciousness level of comatose patients with a head injury. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 6(1), 21-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2009.00117.x
Adams, J.H., Graham, D.I., & Jennett, B. (2000). The neuropathology of the vegetative state after an acute brain insult. Brain: a journal of neurology, 123 (Pt 7), 1327-1338.
Affleck, A. T., Lieberman, S., Polon, J., & Rohrkemper, K. (1986). Providing occupational therapy in an intensive care unit. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 40(5), 323-332.
Aldridge, D. (1991). Creativity and consciousness: Music therapy in intensive care. The Arts in psychotherapy, 18(4), 359-362.
Almerud, S., & Petersson, K. (2003). Music therapy-a complementary treatment for mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 19(1), 21-30.
Bailey, L. W. & Yates, J. (1996). The Near-Death Experience: A Reader. NY: Routledge.
Baird, A., & Samson, S. (2014). Music evoked autobiographical memory after severe acquired brain injury: preliminary findings from a case series. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 24(1), 125-43. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2013.858642.
Bernardi, L., Porta, C., & Sleight, P. (2006). Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 92, 445–452.
Bigand, E., Vieillard, S., Madurell, F., Marozeau, J., & Dacquet, A. (2005). Multidimensional scaling of emotional responses to music: The effect of musical expertise and of the duration of the excerpts. Cognition and Emotion, 19(8), 1113-1139.
Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(20), 11818-11823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.191355898
Bondoc, S., Lashgari, D., Hermann, V., Finnen, L., Lenore, F., & Alexander, H. (2012). Occupational Therapy in Acute Care . American Journal of Occupational Therapy. [Online fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.aota.org/en/About-Occupational-Therapy/Professionals/RDP/AcuteCare.aspx
Bradt, J., Magee, W. L., Dileo, C., Wheeler, B. L., & McGilloway, E. (2010). Music therapy for acquired brain injury. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,(7), Cd006787. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006787.pub2
Brummel, N. E., Girard, T. D., Ely, E. W., Pandharipande, P. P., Morandi, A., Hughes, C. G., . . . Jackson, J. C. (2014). Feasibility and safety of early combined cognitive and physical therapy for critically ill medical and surgical patients: the Activity and Cognitive Therapy in ICU (ACT-ICU) trial. Intensive Care Med, 40(3), 370-379. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3136-0
Brummel, N. E., Jackson, J. C., Girard, T. D., Pandharipande, P. P., Schiro, E., Work, B., . . . Ely, E. W. (2012). A combined early cognitive and physical rehabilitation program for people who are critically ill: the activity and cognitive therapy in the intensive care unit (ACT-ICU) trial. Physical Therapy, 92(12), 1580-1592. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20110414
Chabris, C. F. (1999). Prelude or requiem for the 'Mozart effect'? Nature, 400(6747), 826-827; author reply 827-828. doi: 10.1038/23608
Chen, M.-C., Tsai, P.-L., Huang, Y.-T., & Lin, K.-C. (2013). Pleasant music improves visual attention in patients with unilateral neglect after stroke. Brain Injury, 27(1), 75-82. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2012.722255.
Chen, R.C., Liu, C.L., Lin, M.H., Peng, L.N., Chen, L.Y., Liu, L.K., Chen, L.K. (2014). Non-pharmacological treatment reducing not only behavioral symptoms, but also psychotic symptoms of older adults with dementia: a prospective cohort study in Taiwan. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 14(2), 440-446. doi: 10.1111/ggi.12126
Chleboun, S., Hux, K., & Snell, J. (2009). Changes in responsiveness when brain injury survivors with impaired consciousness hear different voices. Brain Injury, 23(2), 101-110. doi: 10.1080/02699050802649639
Conti, G. E. (2012). Acquired Brain Injury. . In B. Atchison & D. K. Dirette(Eds.), Conditions in Occupation Therapy: effect on Occupational Performance (pp. 179-198). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Cooke, M., Chaboyer, W., Schluter, P., Foster, M., Harris, D., & Teakle, R. (2010). The effect of music on discomfort experienced by intensive care unit patients during turning: a randomized cross-over study. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(2), 125-131. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2010.01819.x
Craig, D. G. (2008). An overview of evidence-based support for the therapeutic use of music in occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 22(1), 73-95. doi: 10.1080/J003v22n01_06
Davis, A. E., & Gimenez, A. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral recovery in comatose patients following auditory sensory stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 35(4), 202-209, 214.
Dellacherie, D., Bigand, E., Molin, P., Baulac, M., & Samson, S. (2011). Multidimensional scaling of emotional responses to music in patients with temporal lobe resection. Cortex, 47(9), 1107-1115. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.007
Dinglas, V. D., Colantuoni, E., Ciesla, N., Mendez-Tellez, P. A., Shanholtz, C., & Needham, D. M. (2013). Occupational therapy for patients with acute lung injury: factors associated with time to first intervention in the intensive care unit. The American journal of occupational therapy: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 67(3), 355-362. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.007807
Elliott, D. (1994). The effects of music and muscle relaxation on patient anxiety in a coronary care unit. Heart Lung, 23(1), 27-35.
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198.
Foreman, J. (2005). Occupational therapists' roles in intensive care. Occupational Therapy Now, 7(2), 15-18.
Formisano, R., Vinicola, V., Penta, F., Matteis, M., Brunelli, S., & Weckel, J. W. (2001). Active music therapy in the rehabilitation of severe brain injured patients during coma recovery. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 37(4), 627-630.
Forsblom, A., Laitinen, S., Särkämö, T., & Tervaniemi, M. (2009). Therapeutic role of music listening in stroke rehabilitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 426-430. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04776.x
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 359(1449), 1367-1378. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313-332. doi: 10.1080/02699930441000238
Gee, B. M., Thompson, K., & St John, H. (2014). Efficacy of a sound-based intervention with a child with an autism spectrum disorder and auditory sensory over-responsivity. Occupational Therapy International, 21(1), 12-20. doi: 10.1002/oti.1359
Ghajar, J. (2000). Traumatic brain injury. The Lancet, 356(9233), 923-929.
Giovagnoli, A. R., Oliveri, S., Schifano, L., & Raglio, A. (2014). Active music therapy improves cognition and behaviour in chronic vascular encephalopathy: A case report. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 22(1), 57-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.11.001
Gordon, S. M., Jackson, J. C., Ely, E. W., Burger, C., & Hopkins, R. O. (2004). Clinical identification of cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: insights for intensivists. Intensive Care Medicine, 30(11), 1997-2008. doi: 10.1007/s00134-004-2418-y
Gregory, D. (2002). Music listening for maintaining attention of older adults with cognitive impairments. Journal of Music Therapy, 39(4), 244-264.
Greyson, B. (2010). Implications of near-death experiences for a postmaterialist psychology. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(1), 37.
Guetin, S., Soua, B., Voiriot, G., Picot, M. C., & Herisson, C. (2009). The effect of music therapy on mood and anxiety-depression: an observational study in institutionalised patients with traumatic brain injury. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 52(1), 30-40. doi: 10.1016/j.annrmp.2008.08.009
Gunther, M. L., Jackson, J. C., & Ely, E. W. (2007). The cognitive consequences of critical illness: practical recommendations for screening and assessment. Critical Care Clinics, 23(3), 491-506. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2007.07.001
Hars, M., Herrmann, F.R., Gold, G., Rizzoli, R., & Trombetti, A. (2014). Effect of music-based multitask training on cognition and mood in older adults. Age and Ageing, 43(2), 196-200. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft163
Hays, W.L. (1981). Statistics (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston: New York.
Hellweg, S. (2012). Effectiveness of physiotherapy and occupational therapy after traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Research and Practice, 2012, 768456. doi: 10.1155/2012/768456
Hilz, M.J., Stadler, P., Gryc, T., Nath, J., Habib-Romstoeck, L., Stemper, B., Buechner, S., Wong, S., & Koehn, J. (2014). Music induces different cardiac autonomic arousal effects in young and older persons. Autonomic neuroscience: basic & clinical, 183, 83-93. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.02.004
Howell, D.C. (1997). Statistical methods for psychology (4rd ed.). Duxbury Press: Belmont, CA.
Hunter, P. G., Schellenberg, E. G, Schimmach, U. (2010). Feelings and Perceptions of Happiness and Sadness Induced by Music: Similarities, Differences, and Mixed Emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4 (1), 47-56.
Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2002). Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities. Music Perception, 20, 151–171.
Jackson, J. C., Gordon, S. M., Ely, E. W., Burger, C., & Hopkins, R. O. (2004). Research issues in the evaluation of cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors. Intensive Care Medicine, 30(11), 2009-2016. doi: 10.1007/s00134-004-2422-2
Jackson, J. C., Mitchell, N., & Hopkins, R. O. (2011). Cognitive functioning, mental health, and quality of life in ICU survivors: an overview. Anesthesiology Clinics, 29(4), 751-764. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2011.09.012
Jefferies, L., Smilek, D., Eich, E., & Enns, J. (2008). Emotional valence and arousal interact in attentional control. Psychological Science, 19(3), 290-295.
Jennett, B., & Bond, M. (1975). Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage: a practical scale. Lancet, 1, 480-484.
Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2013, January 11). Physical therapy in the intensive care unit is better for patients and the hospital's bottom line. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130111143824.htm
Johnson, D. A., & Roethig-Johnston, K. (1988). Coma stimulation: a challenge to occupational therapy. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 88-90.
Jones, R., Hux, K., Morton-Anderson, K. A., & Knepper, L. (1994). Auditory stimulation effect on a comatose survivor of traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 75(2), 164-171.
Juslin, P. N., & Vastfjall, D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: the need to consider underlying mechanisms. The Behavioral and Brain Science, 31(5), 559-575; discussion 575-621. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x08005293
Kalas, A. (2012). Joint attention responses of children with autism spectrum disorder to simple versus complex music. Journal of Music Therapy, 49(4), 430-452.
Kim, S. J., Kwak, E. E., Park, E. S., & Cho, S. R. (2012). Differential effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation and neurodevelopmental treatment/Bobath on gait patterns in adults with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(10), 904-914. doi: 10.1177/0269215511434648
Lake, J. I., & Goldstein, F. C. (2011). An examination of an enhancing effect of music on attentional abilities in older persons with mild cognitive impairment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112(1), 267-278.
Li, Y. H., Chen, S. M., Chou, M. C., & Huang, T. Y. (2014). The use of music intervention in nursing practice for elderly dementia patients: a systematic review. Hu li za zhi The journal of nursing, 61(2), 84-94. doi: 10.6224/jn.61.2.84
Lord, R. K., Mayhew, C. R., Korupolu, R., Mantheiy, E. C., Friedman, M. A., Palmer, J. B., & Needham, D. M. (2013). ICU early physical rehabilitation programs: financial modeling of cost savings. Critical Care Medicine, 41(3), 717-724. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182711de2
Maclean, L. M., Brown, L. J., & Astell, A. J. (2013). The Effect of Rhythmic Musical Training on Healthy Older Adults' Gait and Cognitive Function. The Gerontologist. Advance online publication.doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt050
MacRae, A. (1992). Should music be used therapeutically in occupational therapy? The American journal of occupational therapy: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 46(3), 275-277.
Magee, W. L. (2005). Music therapy with patients in low awareness states: approaches to assessment and treatment in multidisciplinary care. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 15(3-4), 522-536. doi: 10.1080/09602010443000461
Magee, W.L., & O'Kelly, J. (2015). Music therapy with disorders of consciousness: current evidence and emergent evidence-based practice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337, 256-262. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12633
Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D.W. (1965). Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 61-65.
Meyer, M. J., Megyesi, J., Meythaler, J., Murie-Fernandez, M., Aubut, J. A., Foley, N., . . . Teasell, R. (2010). Acute management of acquired brain injury Part III: an evidence-based review of interventions used to promote arousal from coma. Brain Injury, 24(5), 722-729. doi: 10.3109/02699051003692134
Mitterschiffthaler, M. T., Fu, C. H., Dalton, J. A., Andrew, C. M., & Williams, S. C. (2007). A functional MRI study of happy and sad affective states induced by classical music. Human Brain Mapping, 28(11), 1150-1162. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20337
Mockel, M., Rocker, L., Stork, T., Vollert, J., Danne, O., Eichstadt, H., . . . Hochrein, H. (1994). Immediate physiological responses of healthy volunteers to different types of music: cardiovascular, hormonal and mental changes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(6), 451-459.
Morgenstern, L.B., Hemphill III, J.C., Anderson, C., Becker, K., Broderick, J.P., Connolly Jr, E.S., …Tamargo, R.J. (2010). Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 41(9), 2108-2129. doi: 10.1161/STR.0b013e3181ec611b. Epub 2010 Jul 22.
Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. (2006). Understanding emotions (2nd ed.). Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.
O'Kelly, J., James, L., Palaniappan, R., Taborin, J., Fachner, J., & Magee, W.L. (2013). Neurophysiological and behavioral responses to music therapy in vegetative and minimally conscious States. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 884. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00884
Okumura, Y., Asano, Y., Takenaka, S., Fukuyama, S., Yonezawa, S., Kasuya, Y., & Shinoda, J. (2014). Brain activation by music in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state following diffuse brain injury. Brain Injury, 28(7), 944-50. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.888477
Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Morandi, A., Thompson, J. L., Pun, B. T., . . . Ely, E. W. (2013). Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369(14), 1306-1316. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301372
Pape, T.L., Rosenow, J.M., Steiner, M., Parrish, T., Guernon, A., Harton, B., Patil, V., Bhaumik, D.K., McNamee, S., Walker, M., Froehlich, K., Burress, C., Odle, C., Wang, X., Herrold, A.A., Zhao, W., Reda, D., Mallinson, T., Conneely, M., & Nemeth, A.J. (2015). Placebo-Controlled Trial of Familiar Auditory Sensory Training for Acute Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. pii: 1545968314554626
Paul, S., & Ramsey, D. (2000). Music therapy in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 47(3), 111-118.
Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R.J. (2005). Brain organization for music processing. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 89-114.
Peretz, I., Gagnon, L., & Bouchard, B. (1998). Music and emotion: perceptual determinants, immediacy, and isolation after brain damage. Cognition, 68(2), 111-41.
Peters, J. S. (2000). Music therapy : An introduction. Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas.
Pohlman, M. C., Schweickert, W. D., Pohlman, A. S., Nigos, C., Pawlik, A. J., Esbrook, C. L., . . . Kress, J. P. (2010). Feasibility of physical and occupational therapy beginning from initiation of mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine, 38(11), 2089-2094. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f270c3
Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2009). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Health.
Powell, J. M. (2013). Traumatic brain injury. In M. V. Radomski & C. A. Trombly (Eds.), Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction (7th ed.)(pp. 1042-1075). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Rader, M. A., & Ellis, D. W. (1994). The Sensory Stimulation Assessment Measure (SSAM): a tool for early evaluation of severely brain-injured patients. Brain Injury, 8(4), 309-321.
Rauscher, F. H., & Shaw, G. L. (1998). Key components of the Mozart effect. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 86(3 Pt 1), 835-841.
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365(6447), 611. doi: 10.1038/365611a0
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1995). Listening to Mozart enhances spatial-temporal reasoning: towards a neurophysiological basis. Neuroscience Letters, 185(1), 44-47.
Ribeiro, A.S., Ramos, A., Bermejo, E., Casero, M., Corrales, J.M., & Grantham, S. (2014). Effects of different musical stimuli in vital signs and facial expressions in patients with cerebral damage: a pilot study. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 46(2), 117-124. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0000000000000037
Rose, J. F. (2013). Occupational therapy: Touching a need [Web blog message]. Retrieved from http://healthcaretraveler.modernmedicine.com/healthcare-traveler/news/tags/occupational-therapy/occupational-therapy-touching-need?page=full
Sacks, O. (2006). The power of music. Brain, 129(Pt 10), 2528-2532. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl234
Salvador, B., Donna, L., Valerie, H., Lisa, F., Lenore, F., & Holly, A. (2012). Occupational Therapy in Acute Care. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. Retrieved 6, 62, from http://www.aota.org/en/About-Occupational-Therapy/Professionals/RDP/AcuteCare.aspx
Samson, S., Dellacherie, D., & Platel, H. (2009). Emotional power of music in patients with memory disorders: clinical implications of cognitive neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 245-255. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04555.x
Särkämö, T., & Soto, D. (2012). Music listening after stroke: beneficial effects and potential neural mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252, 266-281. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06405.x
Särkämö, T., Pihko, E., Laitinen, S., Forsblom, A., Soinila, S., Mikkonen, M., . . . Tervaniemi, M. (2010). Music and speech listening enhance the recovery of early sensory processing after stroke. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(12), 2716-2727. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21376
Särkämö, T., Tervaniemi, M., Laitinen, S., Forsblom, A., Soinila, S., Mikkonen, M., . . . Hietanen, M. (2008). Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke. Brain, 131(Pt 3), 866-876. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn013
Schellenberg, E. G. (2001). Music and nonmusical abilities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930, 355-371.
Schellenberg, E. G. (2005). Music and Cognitive Abilities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(6), 317-320. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00389.x
Schellenberg, E. G., Nakata, T., Hunter, P. G., & Tamoto, S. (2007). Exposure to music and cognitive performance: Tests of children and adults. Psychology of Music, 35, 5-19.
Schinner, K. M., Chisholm, A. H., Grap, M. J., Siva, P., Hallinan, M., & LaVoice-Hawkins, A. M. (1995). Effects of auditory stimuli on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 27(6), 348-354.
Schlaug, G. (2009). Part VI introduction: listening to and making music facilitates brain recovery processes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 372-373. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04869.x
Scholz, D. S., Rhode, S., Großbach, M., Rollnik, J. and Altenmüller, E. (2015). Moving with music for stroke rehabilitation: a sonification feasibility study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337, 69–76. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12691
Schultz-Krohn, W. & Pendleton, H. M. (2012). Application of the occupational therapy practice framework to physical dysfunction. In H. M. Pendleton & W. Schultz-Krohn (Eds.), Pedretti’s occupational therapy: Practice skills for physical dysfunction (7th ed.)(pp. 28-54). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Schweickert, W. D., Pohlman, M. C., Pohlman, A. S., Nigos, C., Pawlik, A. J., Esbrook, C. L., . . . Kress, J. P. (2009). Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 373(9678), 1874-1882. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60658-9
Shrout, P.E., & Fleiss, J.L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420-428.
Shukla, D., Devi, B. I., & Agrawal, A. (2011). Outcome measures for traumatic brain injury. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 113(6), 435-441. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.02.013
Smith, A., Waters, B., & Jones, H. (2010). Effects of prior exposure to office noise and music on aspects of working memory. Noise and Health, 12(49), 235-243. doi: 10.4103/1463-1741.70502
Smith, S. E. (2013, April 21). What is an ICU [Web blog message]. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-an-icu.htm
Steelman, V. M. (1990). Intraoperative music therapy. Effects on anxiety, blood pressure. Aorn journal, 52(5), 1026-1034.
Sun, J., & Chen, W. (2015). Music therapy for coma patients: preliminary results. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19(7), 1209-1218.
Takrouri, M. S. M. (2003). Intensive Care Unit. Internet Journal of Health, 3(2). doi: 10.5580/1c97. Retrieved from http://ispub.com/IJH/3/2/10345
Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet, 2(7872), 81-84.
Teasdale, G.M., Pettigrew, L.E., Wilson, J.T., Murray, G., &Jennett, B. (1998). Analyzing outcome of treatment of severe head injury: Areview and update on advancing the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurotrauma, 15, 587-597.
Thaut, M.H., Gardiner, J.C., Holmberg, D., Horwitz, J., Kent, L., Andrews, G., Donelan, B., & McIntosh, G.R. (2009). Neurologic music therapy improves executive function and emotional adjustment in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 406-416. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04585.x.
The Brain Trauma Foundation[BTF]. (2000). The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Indications for intracranial pressure monitoring. Journal of Neurotrauma, 17(6-7), 479-491.
the Dalai Lama, H. H. (1997). Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying: An Exploration of Consciousness. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
The Intensive Care Society[ICS]. (2014). What is Intensive Care? [Web blog message]. Retrieved from http://www.ics.ac.uk/icf/patients-and-relatives/information/about-critical-care/what-is-intensive-care/
The Brain Injury Association of America[BIAA]. (2012, October 12). About Brain Injury [Web blog message]. Retrieved from http://www.biausa.org/about-brain-injury.htm
Thompson, W. F., Schellenberg, E. G., & Husain, G. (2001). Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect. Psychological Science, 12(3), 248-251.
Tipton-Burton, M., McLaughlin, R., & Englander, J. (2012). Traumatic brain injury. In H. M. Pendleton & W. Schultz-Krohn (Eds.), Pedretti’s occupational therapy: Practice skills for physical dysfunction (7th ed.)(pp. 881-915). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Torgersen, J., Hole, J. F., Kvale, R., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Flaatten, H. (2011). Cognitive impairments after critical illness. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 55(9), 1044-1051. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02500.x
Tsai, J.L., Levenson, R.W., & Carstensen, L.L. (2000). Autonomic, subjective, and expressive responses to emotional films in older and younger Chinese Americans and European Americans. Psychology and aging, 15, 684–693.
Tsai, P.-L., Chen, M.-C., Huang, Y.-T., Lin, K.-C, Chen, K.-L., & Hsu, Y.-W. (2013) Listening to Classical Music Ameliorates Unilateral Neglect After Stroke. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(3), 328-335. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.006312.
Tsai, P.-L., Chen, M.-C., Huang, Y.-T., & Lin, K.-C. (2013) Effects of listening to pleasant music on chronic unilateral neglect: A single-subject study. NeuroRehabilitation, 32(1), 33-42.
Updike, P. (1990). Music therapy results for ICU patients. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 9(1), 39-45.
Wang, F., Di, H., Hu, X., Jing, S., Thibaut, A., Di Perri, C., Huang, W., Nie, Y., Schnakers, C., & Laureys, S. (2015). Cerebral response to subject's own name showed high prognostic value in traumatic vegetative state. BMC Medicine, 15, 13:83. doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0330-7
Weir, J.P. (2005). Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 231-240.
Wergin, R., & Modrykamien, A. (2012). Cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: assessment and therapy. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 79(10), 705-712. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.79a.12038
Wilcox, M. E., Brummel, N. E., Archer, K., Ely, E. W., Jackson, J. C., & Hopkins, R. O. (2013). Cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients: risk factors, predictors, and rehabilitation interventions. Critical Care Medicine, 41(9 Suppl 1), S81-98. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16946
Wilson, J.T., Pettigrew, L.E., &Teasdale, G.M. (1997). Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the ExtendedGlasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for Their Use. Journal of Neurotrauma, 15(8), 573-585.
Wilson, J.T., Slieker, F.J., Legrand, V., Murray, G., Stocchetti, N., &Maas, A.I.(2007). Observer variation in the assessment of outcome intraumatic brain injury: experience from a multicenter, international randomized clinical trial. Neurosurgery, 61(1), 123-128;discussion 128-129.
Wilson, S. L., Brock, D., Powell, G. E., Thwaites, H., & Elliott, K. (1996). Constructing arousal profiles for vegetative state patients-a preliminary report. Brain Injury, 10(2), 105-113.
Wilson, S. L., Powell, G. E., Elliott, K., & Thwaites, H. (1991). Sensory stimulation in prolonged coma: four single case studies. Brain Injury, 5(4), 393-400.
Wolters, A. E., Slooter, A. J., van der Kooi, A. W., & van Dijk, D. (2013). Cognitive impairment after intensive care unit admission: a systematic review. Intensive Care Medicine, 39(3), 376-386. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2784-9
Wong, H.L., Lopez-Nahas, V., & Molassiotis, A. (2001). Effects of music therapy on anxiety in ventilator-dependent patients. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 30(5), 376-387.
Yasuda, Y., Nakamura, T., & Beckman, B. (2000). Brain processing of proper names. Aphasiology, 14, 1067-1089.