| 研究生: |
林廣淳 Lin, Kuang-Chun |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
侵權行為法中危險活動責任之研究 Liability for Dangerous Activities in Tort Law |
| 指導教授: |
林易典
Lin, Yi-Ten |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學院 - 法律學系 Department of Law |
| 論文出版年: | 2015 |
| 畢業學年度: | 103 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 151 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 侵權行為 、危險活動 、危險責任 、推定過失責任 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Torts, Dangerous activities, Risk liability, Presumption of negligence |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:99 下載:8 |
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現代民事法侵權行為責任體系中,原則上秉持著「無過失即無責任」之見解以「過失責任主義」作為主軸。惟近代以來,因新興科技快速發展及現代生活需求提高之情況下,日常生活逐漸出現具有高度危險性且易導致嚴重損害之大規模災禍,學者與實務家開始爭論傳統過失責任面對現代型事故之不足之處,為尋求侵權行為人與潛在被害人兩者間之利益平衡,進而逐漸發展出以「控管危險源或從事危險活動」為責任歸責因素之「危險活動責任理論」,以課予危險源製造者或危險活動控管者相較於一般過失侵權責任更加嚴格之侵權行為責任,如德國法之危險責任或英美法之嚴格責任等。
為探討危險活動責任於侵權行為責任體系下之歷史脈絡與立論基礎,並分析危險歸責之正當性與危險活動責任之法制發展,本文分別從理論解釋面及比較法制面加以觀察,以便觀察危險活動責任於理論與實踐情況之整體面貌。在理論解釋面,除自羅馬法制準侵權行為責任及監管者責任尋求其與危險活動責任之關聯性與影響力,並參酌德國危險責任理論、亞里斯多德交換正義之哲學理論分析危險活動者具有分散風險優勢之責任基礎;在比較法制面,則自歐盟法學界草案、德國法制之危險責任理論、英美法制之異常危險活動理論及義大利民法之雙元責任體制,歸納出各國現行危險活動責任體系之規範模式,主要有列舉規範模式、概括規範模式及混合型規範模式,不同規範模式提供實務運作中較安定或較彈性之判斷標準,各國立法者依其侵權責任體系脈絡或相關法律體制選擇妥適之規範模式。
關於我國之危險活動責任法制,除民法第190條至第191條之3等五條規範外,亦可見於以特定危險為對象所規範之民事特別法。其中,我國立法者於民國88年4月21日針對現代型特殊侵權責任所增訂民法第191條之1至第191條之3等新型態危險活動責任規範,民法第191條之3之一般條款更將我國民法危險活動責任自原先之列舉規範模式轉變為混合型規範模式,此參酌義大利民法之新穎立法模式亦導致本條規範之解釋適用上產生眾多爭議。
從而,本文主旨除釐清現代侵權行為責任中危險活動責任之立論基礎及法制實踐情況外,更將焦點聚焦於我國危險活動責任之法制體系,除重新統整我國民法及民事特別法之各項危險活動責任規範外,並特別聚焦於我國民法第191條之3之危險活動責任一般條款之各項責任要件爭論及法院實務運作情況,希冀透過國內外理論分析及法院實務類型化之歸納成果,將民法第191條之3中規範之「致生他人損害之危險活動」建構出一般化之判斷標準,包括:無法確定侵害對象與損害範圍之抽象危險性、產生嚴重損害風險之重大危險性、超越日常生活風險之非通常使用行為等,不僅能降低本條規範之實際運用爭議,更期望其能發揮應有之效用,更靈活地補充未及立法之新興危險活動類型,並達到保障侵權行為雙方當事人權益之目的,建構出我國更加完整之之危險活動責任體制。
SUMMARY
As we pursue higher technology, the basic concept of “no fault, no liability” in the traditional civil tort liability system is no longer “enough” for the balance between the interest of the tortfeasors and potential victims; thus, practitioners and scholars started exploring for a new kind of legislative model, and the “liability for dangerous activities” was introduced. It takes “danger” as the main accountable factor, setting up a new kind of liability in Tort Law.
This thesis explores two topics of liability for dangerous activities. First, it examines foreign legislative systems, such as Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) , Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), German dangerous theory, Common Law and Italian Civil Code. Using these legal systems as base, this thesis tries to find the legitimacy and theoretical foundation of the liability for dangerous activities from traditional tort law. Second, it focuses on the liability for dangerous activities in Taiwan tort law system. In addition to reforming the system of liability for dangerous activities in Taiwan Civil Code and other specific statutes, it especially examines articles and cases relating to Article 191-3 of Civil Code, analyzes its crucial factors and clarifies responsibility. As a result, it sets up a basic examination standard and the types of classified dangerous activities which are applicable for Article 191-3 of Civil Code to reduce disputes in practice.
Key Words: Torts, Dangerous activities, Risk liability, Presumption of negligence
INTRODUCTION
Tort Liability is traditionally based on fault. However, in the nineteenth-century, draftsmen started to argue that fault liability is not longer enough for incidents caused by new technology and tried to introduce the liability for dangerous activities in order to find a balance between the interest of tortfeasors and victims. This type of liability can be compared to risk liability (Gefährdungshaftung) in Germany or strict liability in Common Law.
This thesis researches for historical explanation and theoretical foundation of the liability for dangerous activities in Tort Law. In order comprehensively observe the liability for dangerous activities from different point of views, it reviews several foreign law systems and theories relating to the liability for dangerous activities, including the quasi law of delict in Roman law, the liability for guardian in French Civil Code, two drafts for European Union, the risk liability in German Law, the strict liability in Common Law and the dual liability system in Italian Civil Code.
Additionally, this thesis focuses on the development of the system of liability for dangerous activities in Taiwan Civil Code and other specific statutes, especially the Article 191-3 of Civil Code. It also examines relevant studies and cases from the past two decades in order to reform the system of liability for dangerous activities in Taiwan and establish a more precise standard for the Article 191-3 of Civil Code.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In different law regimes, the legislative model of liability for dangerous activities can be classified into three categories: specific provisions for several kinds of dangerous activities, common provision for the standard of dangerous activities and mixed provisions. Within these three categories are various statutory methods, providing more firm or flexible standards in practice; therefore, legislators should choose a model most suitable for their countries.
In Taiwan, after enacting the Article 191-3 of Civil Code in 1999, mixed provision was adopted for the system of liability for dangerous activities. Hence, the Article 191-3 of Civil Code initiated a lot of debates, including its basic requirements: the subject to liability, the presumption of diligence and causation, the scope of dangerous activities, etc.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of this thesis is to research not only for the legitimacy of liability for dangerous activities, but also to clarify these arguments in practice and provide an adequate standard for Article 191-3 of Taiwan Civil Code.
First, since the core of civil tort liability is damage redistribution, there are reasons why liability for dangerous activities takes “danger” as the main accountable factor to distribute the risk of harm. According to the concept of commutative justice in Nicomachean Ethics and the theory of risk liability in Germany, if the liability for dangerous activities takes danger as its main accountability to make people who engage in dangerous activities take responsibility, the reasons for its legitimacy could be the initiation of the danger, the superior ability to control danger, the profit from the danger.
Second, referring to relevant foreign legal system and court cases, the adequate standard for Article 191-3 of Civil Code should take into account the following factors: the uncertainty of damage, the seriousness of harm and the non-natural behavior. As a conclusion, the purpose of this thesis is to reduce the dispute of Article 191-3 of Civil Code and exhibit the positive effects of developing a more precise examination standard for the liability for dangerous activities in Taiwan more complete.
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