此篇論文旨在分析亨利‧詹姆士（1843-1916）最後三本主要小說《奉使記》（1903）、《鴿之翼》（1902）、《金缽》（1904）中歐洲地景與美國經驗錯綜復雜的關係。本研究主張藉由研究各小說中歐洲地景的象徵意義以及其與小說主角的緊密互動，不但可更清晰的窺見主角的內心世界，小說的深層意涵也能逐一呈現。歐洲的幾個主要城市常以黑暗都市叢林的形式出現在詹姆士的小說中，使其小說中的中心人物常陷於其誘惑而無法自拔。表面上，詹姆士看似採用傳統涉世未深的年輕美國男女透過在歐洲痛苦的經驗而更漸成熟的主題。然而，在這三本小說中，這種衝突則以更加複雜的方式呈現。歐洲地景不僅僅勾勒出文化及國情的不同，小說中主角的人格特質也藉由其與地景的互動經驗中呈現出來。而透過與美國主角的互動，歐洲地景的涵義也更加突顯與強化。巴黎、威尼斯與倫敦提供三本小說最主要的歐洲地景。它們不僅呈現出相對於美國的歐洲精緻文化。更重要的，這些地景反映、刺激、並強化主要人物在歐洲的經驗。因此歐洲地景成為一種超感官的遊戲場，使得小說中的主角在悠遊歐洲的同時也進行一場心靈之旅。經由想像力的加持，歐洲地景的涵義也愈加豐富與深奧。它在小說中的角色也由之前的背景提升至前景、由次要成為主要、由平凡升格至獨特。亨利‧詹姆士最後三本小說中的地景已從純粹的地理與文化的範疇逐漸提升至文學的範疇。換言之，地景已透過想像力被虛構化及詩化而呈現出如文學作品般的特質。

This dissertation attempts to analyze how the European landscape is intricately linked with Henry James's American protagonists in his last three major novels: The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Golden Bowl (1904). This study proposes that the European landscape, which serves both as a guiding metaphor throughout the protagonists' foreign experiences in Europe and as a valuable gateway to their consciousnesses, provides one different yet plausible approach to interpret James's last three major novels. The old European cities in James's novels are almost always the very dark jungles in which the central reflector in each novel is confronted with various kinds of temptations and tries to emerge in triumph, either morally or spiritually. On the surface, James adopts the conventional theme of "a young man/woman from the country" whose self-awareness matures through his/her often agonizing experiences. However, these three novels pose a much more complicated issue not only because of the cultural and national differences the European landscape presents but also because of the singularity the innocent American characters (e.g. Lambert Strether, Milly Theale, and Maggie Verver) exhibit in their experiences in Europe. Through the experience of these innocent Americans, the significance of European landscape is exceptionally highlighted and intensified. Places, such as Paris, Venice, and London, are essential because they provide contrastive settings that conserve the very tone and quality of European cultural refinement. More importantly, these places evoke, reflect, and enhance the characters' experience there. The European landscape hence serves as a kind of extrasensory playground for the central reflectors to engage themselves in a different kind of conscious journey concurrent with the physical one. And in a very convoluted but indubitable way, the European landscape is also overwhelmingly enriched by the characters' experiences there so that it is considerately promoted from mere background to foreground, from secondary to primary role, and from generalities to particulars. In Henry James's last three major novels, the European landscape is thus elevated from a mere geographical and cultural territory to that of the literary—to a kind of fictionalized and versified territory similar to literary texts.

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