傳統之地形圖係以圖元及文字註記來描述空間現象，主要以提供視覺展示為主。隨著地理資訊系統技術的快速發展，“視覺描述”的概念已逐漸無法滿足不同領域對資料的大量需求，因此近年已有以“圖徵”（feature）為基礎之概念產生。圖徵是以物件為基礎模擬空間現象，圖徵資料庫具有儲存管理大量空間資料的優點，並提供空間資料的維護、查詢等功能，以圖徵為基礎的地形資料庫將可大量支援GIS應用，提供圖徵資料所需的“空間描述”部分。然而空間現象在不同比例尺地形圖上具有不同空間表示，地形資料庫必須能夠模擬多重空間表示之現象，以便能直接使用以現有地形圖為來源之資料。
以圖徵為基礎之多重空間表示資料庫能有效建立並維持不同空間表示間相關圖徵之關聯。本研究首先探討地圖縮編操作如何影響地形圖徵在不同比例尺之空間表示，接著提出地形圖徵之基本描述架構，並經由標準化圖徵識別碼串連同一圖徵之相關空間表示。資料庫架構考量資料來源比例尺及時間因素來管理所有累積的地形圖徵，因此使用者可容易地從給定時空查詢條件獲得特定圖徵及其所有相關之空間表示。為維持資料庫的一致性，本研究提出一系列圖徵資料庫更新與維護作業流程。當特定圖徵更新時，原有資料轉移至歷史資料庫，不同版本之圖徵透過標準化識別碼串連。這樣設計的資料庫可滿足不同應用需求，例如可了解圖徵之時空變化過程。現有的地形圖是空間資料的主要來源，多重空間表示地形圖徵資料庫可將地形圖從原本做為“視覺描述之參考”角色轉換為“以圖徵為基礎”之GIS應用資料供應者角色。

Mainly used for visual inspection, traditional topographic maps rely on simple graphic elements and text labels to depict spatial phenomena. As the GIS technology rapidly developed, this “visual illustration” concept can no longer meet the tremendous data demands from various domains, the “feature-based” concept has therefore received a lot of attention recently. Feature is one type of spatial data modeling on the basis of individual object. On a feature basis, a feature-based database has the advantage of storing and managing a great quantity of spatial data, as well as providing various functions like query and maintenance of spatial data. A feature-based topographic database is no doubt a great aid to feature-based GIS applications, as it can provide the necessary “spatial description” component for a particular feature. However, because a spatial phenomenon may be represented differently in maps of diverse scales, a feature-based topographic database must be able to model this multiple spatial representations nature in order to use existing topographic maps as its data source.
For a given feature, a feature-based database with “multiple spatial representation” capability can effectively establish and maintain necessary links among all of its related spatial representations. We first investigate how generalization operations influence the spatial representation of topographic feature in diverse scales of maps, and continue to propose a common description framework of topographic feature. The linking among related spatial representations of the same feature is implemented via the developed standardized identifier. The database architecture then manages all of the accumulated topographic features based on the consideration of theme, map scale of the original source and temporal status of the feature. Users can therefore easily retrieve all of the spatial representations about a specific feature with a given spatio-temporal constraint. To maintain the consistency of the feature-based topographic database, a series of operation procedures for data update and maintenance are also proposed. Whenever the status of a specific feature is updated, its original data is transferred into historical database and all versions of this feature are maintained via the proposed standardized identifier. Such a design allows the database to fulfill the requirements of various applications, e.g., spatio-temporal change monitoring. Existing topographic maps are valuable data sources, we believe the feature-based topographic database with “multiple spatial representation” can serve as a solid foundation for transforming the roles of topographic maps from “visual illustration reference” to “feature-based” GIS applications.

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