在都市中一旦發生自然災難或是火災，受困者人數眾多且多受困在建築物中，搜救團隊必需於災難現場實地搜救，如果有一便宜簡單的搜救系統可以提高救援的速度。便宜的搜救系統可以提供給每個救難人員，如此一來救難人員可以加快搜救的進度並增加受害者獲救的速度，在確定無受困者時可以儘快撤離不安全的場域。
手機是現代人們隨身不離的物品，不管是通訊、消費等都仰賴手機。也因此當有災難發生時，手機也容易伴隨在人們身邊，這時如果手機可以化身為災難搜尋的工具，不管是對於被受困的人，或是前來救援的救難人員都有很大的幫助。在災難發生的當下，手機的通話功能很可能無法運作，且受困人員也沒有足夠的體力一直發出聲音求救。本研究在利用手機中的藍芽信標發出訊息，目前手機上的藍芽都採用BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy) 具有低功率消耗的特性，可以持續的傳送訊號，可以指引救難人員定位受困人員的位置。救難人員可以利用筆記型電腦的藍芽功能讀取手機的藍芽RSSI(Receive Signal Strength Indicator) 訊號強度，不用進行災難現場量測，直接用量測到的 RSSI 訊號進行分群，不同的訊號群用不同的 n 值進行距離推估，使手機跟筆記型電腦變成搜救定位的工具，能夠定位出受困人員的位置。使得救難人員在搜救時不會受限於數量相對少的生命搜尋儀器，或是受限於特殊救難隊，一般地區性的消防員只要具備簡單電腦操作的能力，就可以使用本研究的系統並在黃金72小時的搜救時效內，儘快的找到受困人員，也減少搜救人員待在不安全場域的時間。

In the event of a natural disaster or fire in a city, the number of victims is large and many are trapped in buildings. The search and rescue team must search and rescue on the spot at the disaster site. If there is a cheap and simple search and rescue system, the speed of rescue can be increased. Cheap and simple search and rescue systems can be provided to each rescuer, so that rescuers can speed up the progress of search and rescue and can evacuate unsafe areas as soon as it is determined that no one is trapped..
The mobile phone is an inseparable item of modern people, whether it is communication, consumption, etc., all rely on mobile phones. Therefore, when a disaster occurs, the mobile phone is also easy to with people. If the mobile phone can be turned into a disaster search tool, it will be of great help to the trapped people or the rescuers who come to rescue. At the moment of the disaster, the call function of the mobile phone may not work, and the trapped people do not have enough physical strength to keep sounding for help. In this study, the bluetooth beacon in the mobile phone is used to send a message. At present, the Bluetooth on the mobile phone adopts BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy), which has the characteristics of low power consumption, can continuously transmit the signal, and can guide the rescuers to locate the position of the trapped person. Rescuers can use the Bluetooth function of the laptop to read the Bluetooth RSSI(Receive Signal Strength Indicator) signal strength of the mobile phone. They do not need to measure the disaster scene, but directly use the measured RSSI signal to group. Different signal groups use different n values are used for distance estimation, making mobile phones and laptops a tool for search and rescue positioning, and can locate the position of trapped persons. The rescue personnel will not be limited by a relatively small number of life search instruments or by special rescue teams during search and rescue. As long as the general regional firefighters have the ability to operate a simple computer, they can use the system of this study and Within the golden 72-hour search and rescue time limit, the trapped people can be found as soon as possible, and the time spent by the search and rescue personnel in unsafe areas is also reduced.

中央氣象局(2022,Feb. 22)。臺灣的地震頻率如何。https://scweb.cwb.gov.tw/zh-tw/guidance/faqdetail/55。
內政部消防署(2022, Feb. 24) 。熱源搜索之一例。 http://enews.nfa.gov.tw/V4one-news.asp?NewsNo=20521
內政部消防署(2022, Feb. 24) 。生命探測設備之一例　二氧化碳偵測器。http://enews.nfa.gov.tw/V4one-news.asp?NewsNo=17077
內政部消防署(2022, Feb. 24) 。心跳生命探測器。 http://enews.nfa.gov.tw/V4one-news.asp?NewsNo=11881
內政部消防署(2022, Feb. 24) 。影音生命探測器組。
https://www.leader-group.company/en/usar-victim-search-equipment/usar-life-detectors-search-cameras/victim-search-camera/life-detector-camera-leader-cam
內政部消防署(2022, Feb. 24) 。聲納生命探測器。 http://enews.nfa.gov.tw/V4one-news.asp?NewsNo=12083
內政部消防署(2022年4月3日) 。熱源搜索者之一例。 http://enews.nfa.gov.tw/issue/1030508/images/engine.htm
內政部消防署(2022年4月3日) 。生命探測設備之一例　二氧化碳偵測器。 http://enews.nfa.gov.tw/issue/1010112/images/engine.htm
內政部消防署(2022年4月3日) 。心跳生命探測器。http://enews.nfa.gov.tw/issue/980205/images/tool.htm
林耀盛、 陳淑惠、 洪福建、曾旭民 (2005) 。差異的聲音: 不同性別震災受創者心理社會反應之比較分析。 臨床心理學刊，2(1) ，31-40。
陳奕(2018年2月7日)。救災總動員直播！北北桃台中高屏消防局搜救隊連夜整備出發救援。Newtalk新聞。
https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2018-02-07/113510
陳孟朔 (2022年5月19日)。全球Q1手機出貨年減11%，三星市占24%拿下第一，蘋果淪為老二。財訊快報。https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4857996
許家華 (2022年4月23日) 。調查：5年來安卓市占率下滑8% iOS上升6%。鉅亨網。
https://ww2.money-link.com.tw/RealtimeNews/NewsContent.aspx?SN=1778047002&PU=0010
張濤、尚紅、許建華、劉亢、張媛、王金萍(2012)。機器人技術在地震廢墟搜索救援中的應用。自然災害學報，21(5) ，108-112。
楊振宇(2013) 。雅安的啟示。中國青年，(10) ，33-35。
嘉義市消防局(2018年2月7日) 。救災好利器 光纖生命探測器。 https://www.cyfd.gov.tw/news/more?id=85539461be5149e78f0de775a003f640
蔡立勳(2021年8月3日) 。每月480工時超過勞、1人扛1500人安全，消防改革為何困難？。天下雜誌。 https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5117572?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=3OX.t0yCUv1Al2SN1hE13WFLgrKf.NV1_uGm.V8_Nl4-1639728445-0-gaNycGzNC5E
環境資訊中心(2022, Feb. 22)。瓦礫冒險家 身處地震帶 台灣要有自己的特種搜救隊。
https://e-info.org.tw/node/227096
Albanese, A., Sciancalepore, V., & Costa-Pérez, X. (2021). SARDO: An automated search-and-rescue drone-based solution for victims localization. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 21(9), 3312-3325.
Baniukevic, A., Jensen, C. S., & Lu, H. (2013, June). Hybrid indoor positioning with wi-fi and bluetooth: Architecture and performance. In 2013 IEEE 14Th international conference on mobile data management (Vol. 1, pp. 207-216). IEEE.
Balaji, B., Xu, J., Nwokafor, A., Gupta, R., & Agarwal, Y. (2013, November). Sentinel: occupancy based HVAC actuation using existing WiFi infrastructure within commercial buildings. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (pp. 1-14).
Chiu, W. T., Arnold, J., Shih, Y. T., Hsiung, K. H., Chi, H. Y., Chiu, C. H., Huang, Willian C. & Huang, W. C. (2002). A survey of international urban search‐and‐rescue teams following the Ji Ji earthquake. Disasters, 26(1), 85-94.
Chen, K. M., Huang, Y., Zhang, J., & Norman, A. (2000). Microwave life-detection systems for searching human subjects under earthquake rubble or behind barrier. IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering, 47(1), 105-114.
Deleforge, A., Di Carlo, D., Strauss, M., Serizel, R., & Marcenaro, L. (2019). Audio-based search and rescue with a drone: highlights from the IEEE signal processing cup 2019 student competition [SP competitions]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 36(5), 138-144.
Fasano, L., Sergi, I., Almeida, A., Jayo, A. B., Rametta, P., & Patrono, L. (2020, September). Performance Evaluation of Indoor Positioning Systems based on Smartphone and Wearable Device. In 2020 5th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Fasano, L., Sergi, I., Almeida, A., Jayo, A. B., Rametta, P., & Patrono, L. (2020, September). Performance Evaluation of Indoor Positioning Systems based on Smartphone and Wearable Device. In 2020 5th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Filippoupolitis, A., Oliff, W., & Loukas, G. (2016, October). Occupancy detection for building emergency management using BLE beacons. In International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (pp. 233-240). Springer, Cham.
Filippoupolitis, A., Oliff, W., & Loukas, G. (2016, December). Bluetooth low energy based occupancy detection for emergency management. In 2016 15th international conference on ubiquitous computing and communications and 2016 International Symposium on Cyberspace and Security (IUCC-CSS) (pp. 31-38). IEEE.
Hahnel, D., Burgard, W., Fox, D., Fishkin, K., & Philipose, M. (2004, April). Mapping and localization with RFID technology. In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA'04. 2004 (Vol. 1, pp. 1015-1020). IEEE.
Hashmi, A. (2021). A Novel Drone-based Search and Rescue System using Bluetooth Low Energy Technology. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 11(2), 7018-7022.
Ho, Y. H., Chen, Y. R., & Chen, L. J. (2015, May). Krypto: assisting search and rescue operations using Wi-Fi signal with UAV. In Proceedings of the first workshop on micro aerial vehicle networks, systems, and applications for civilian use (pp. 3-8).
Huang, Y., Zheng, J., Xiao, Y., & Peng, M. (2015). Robust localization algorithm based on the RSSI ranging scope. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(2), 587318.
Jayakody, J. A., Lokuliyana, S., Chathurangi, D., & Vithana, D. (2016). Indoor positioning: Novel approach for Bluetooth networks using RSSI smoothing. International Journal of Computer Applications, 137(13), 26-32.
Krug, S., Siracusa, M. F., Schellenberg, S., Begerow, P., Seitz, J., Finke, T., & Schroeder, J. (2014, June). Movement patterns for mobile networks in disaster scenarios. In Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks 2014 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Kodinariya, T. M., & Makwana, P. R. (2013). Review on determining number of Cluster in K-Means Clustering. International Journal, 1(6), 90-95.
Leader(2022, Feb. 22). Life detector device with seismic sensors Leader search.
https://www.leader-group.company/en/usar-victim-search-equipment/usar-life-detectors-search-cameras/life-victim-detector/life-detector-device-seismic-sensors-leader-search
Leader(2022, March 8).Life detector camera Leader cam. https://www.leader-group.company/en/usar-victim-search-equipment/usar-life-detectors-search-cameras/victim-search-camera/life-detector-camera-leader-cam
Li, N., & Becerik-Gerber, B. (2011). Performance-based evaluation of RFID-based indoor location sensing solutions for the built environment. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 25(3), 535-546.
Luo, J., Yin, X., Zheng, Y., & Wang, C. (2018). Secure indoor localization based on extracting trusted fingerprint. Sensors, 18(2), 469.
Nagatani, K., Ishida, H., Yamanaka, S., & Tanaka, Y. (2003, October). Three-dimensional localization and mapping for mobile robot in disaster environments. In Proceedings 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003)(Cat. No. 03CH37453) (Vol. 4, pp. 3112-3117). IEEE.
Noertjahyana, A., Wijayanto, I. A., & Andjarwirawan, J. (2017, September). Development of mobile indoor positioning system application using android and bluetooth low energy with trilateration method. In 2017 international conference on soft computing, intelligent system and information technology (ICSIIT) (pp. 185-189). IEEE.
Peleg, K., Reuveni, H., & Stein, M. (2002). Earthquake disasters--lessons to be learned. The Israel Medical Association journal: IMAJ, 4(5), 361-365.
Półka, M., Ptak, S., & Kuziora, Ł. (2017). The use of UAV's for search and rescue operations. Procedia engineering, 192, 748-752.
Public Warning System(2022, Feb. 8). http://www.emfsite.org.tw/PWS/p1-2.html
Rosen, L., Carrier, L. M., Miller, A., Rokkum, J., & Ruiz, A. (2016). Sleeping with technology: cognitive, affective, and technology usage predictors of sleep problems among college students. Sleep health, 2(1), 49-56.
Schillén, A. (2017). Aid system for finding trapped earthquake victims.
Shchekotov, M. (2014, October). Indoor localization method based on Wi-Fi trilateration technique. In Proceeding of the 16th conference of fruct association (pp. 177-179).
Ta, V. C., Dao, T. K., Vaufreydaz, D., & Castelli, E. (2018, September). Smartphone-based user positioning in a multiple-user context with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. In 2018 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN) (pp. 206-212). IEEE.
Tai, Y., & Yu, T. T. (2022). Using smartphones to locate trapped victims in disasters. Sensors, 22(19), 7502.
Tekler, Z. D., Low, R., Yuen, C., & Blessing, L. (2022). Plug-Mate: An IoT-based occupancy-driven plug load management system in smart buildings. Building and Environment, 223, 109472.
Thaljaoui, A., Val, T., Nasri, N., & Brulin, D. (2015, March). BLE localization using RSSI measurements and iRingLA. In 2015 IEEE international conference on industrial technology (ICIT) (pp. 2178-2183). IEEE.
Tran, J., Ferworn, A., Ribeiro, C., & Denko, M. (2008, June). Enhancing canine disaster search. In 2008 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
UniversalBeaconLibrary(2022, Jan. 18). https://www.nuget.org/packages/UniversalBeaconLibrary
Vijayaragavan, M. S., & Tech, B. (2013). Live Human Detecting Robot for Earthquake Rescue Operation. International Journal of Business Intelligents, 2(01).
Wang, A., Ji, X., Wu, D., Bai, X., Ding, N., Pang, J., ... & Fang, D. (2017). GuideLoc: UAV-assisted multitarget localization system for disaster rescue. Mobile Information Systems, 2017.
Wojcicki, P., Zientarski, T., Charytanowicz, M., & Lukasik, E. (2021). Estimation of the Path-Loss Exponent by Bayesian Filtering Method. Sensors, 21(6), 1934.
Yeh, C. H., Loh, C. H., & Tsai, K. C. (2006). Overview of Taiwan earthquake loss estimation system. Natural hazards, 37(1), 23-37.
Zeagler, C., Byrne, C., Valentin, G., Freil, L., Kidder, E., Crouch, J., Starner, T. & Jackson, M. M. (2016, November). Search and rescue: dog and handler collaboration through wearable and mobile interfaces. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction (pp. 1-9).
Zhang, K., Zhang, Y., & Wan, S. (2016, October). Research of rssi indoor ranging algorithm based on gaussian-kalman linear filtering. In 2016 IEEE Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC) (pp. 1628-1632). IEEE.
Zhao, X., Xiao, Z., Markham, A., Trigoni, N., & Ren, Y. (2014, May). Does BTLE measure up against WiFi? A comparison of indoor location performance. In European Wireless 2014; 20th European Wireless Conference (pp. 1-6). VDE.
Zheng, J., Wu, C., Chu, H., & Xu, Y. (2011). An improved RSSI measurement in wireless sensor networks. Procedia engineering, 15, 876-880.